The1970 FIFA World Cup was the 9th edition of theFIFA World Cup, the quadrennial internationalfootball championship formen's senior national teams. Held from 31 May to 21 June in Mexico, it was the first World Cup tournament held outside Europe and South America, and also the first held in North America. Teams representing 75 nations from all six populated continents entered the competition, and itsqualification rounds began in May 1968. Fourteen teams qualified from this process to join host nationMexico and defending championsEngland in the 16-team final tournament.El Salvador,Israel andMorocco made their debut appearances at the final stage.
In thetournament final,Brazil won 4–1 againstItaly, another FIFA two-time champion (andUEFA Euro 1968 winner). Brazil also overcame another two-time champion andSouth American championsUruguay, by 3–1 in the semi-final, anddefending championsEngland 1–0 in the group stage as they were also eliminated byWest Germany in the quarter-finals. This is currently the only time that the winning team defeated the European and South American champions alongside the tournament's defending champions.
Despite the issues of altitude and high temperature,[5] the finals largely produced attacking football which created an average goals per game record not since bettered by any subsequent World Cup Finals.[6][7][8] With the advancements in satellite communications, the 1970 Finals attracted a new record television audience for the FIFA World Cup as games were broadcast live around the world[9] and, in a few cases, in colour—the first time that this was the case.[10][11]
Mexico was chosen as the host nation on 8 October 1964 vote at theFIFA congress inTokyo, where the only other bid submitted was by Argentina, who would go on to host the1978 World Cup.[12] The 1970 selection of Mexico as host would mark several distinctions. It was the first World Cup that was staged in North America and the first to be staged outside of South America and Europe. Further distinction would come to Mexico at the1986 World Cup when it became the first country to host the FIFA World Cup twice after stepping in as a substitute for Colombia, which was struggling financially.[12]
A total of 75 teams entered the 1970 FIFA World Cup, and 73 were required to qualify. Due to rejected entries and withdrawals, 68 teams eventually participated in the qualifying stages, including eight for the first time.[13][14]Mexico as the host nation andEngland as reigning World Cup champions were granted automatic qualification, with the remaining 14 finals places divided among the continental confederations.[13]
Eight places were available to teams fromUEFA (Europe), three forCONMEBOL (South America), one forCAF (Africa), one for a team from either theAFC or theOFC (Asia/Oceania), and one forCONCACAF (North and Central America and Caribbean).[13]
A place in the finals for an African team was guaranteed for the first time: this was a response to the events of 1966, where all 15 entered African nations boycotted the qualifying after FIFAcombined qualifying for Africa, Asia and Oceania into one group, with only one place on offer, and subsequently rejected CAF requests to change the qualifying format or the allocation of places, citing competitive and logistical issues.[15][16][17] Thus, whileMorocco was the first African team to make an appearance in the World Cup sinceEgypt in1934, they were the first to be assured qualification at their own continental zone (Egypt had to play againstthe Britain-occupied Palestine to book their place at the 1934 tournament).
The draw for the qualifying stages was conducted on 1 February 1968 inCasablanca,Morocco,[14] with matches beginning in May 1968 and the final fixtures being concluded in December 1969.North Korea, quarter-finalists at theprevious tournament, were disqualified during the process after refusing to play in Israel for political reasons.[18][19]El Salvador qualified for the finals after beatingHonduras in aplay-off match, which was the catalyst for a four-day conflict in July 1969 known as theFootball War.[20]
Half of the eventual qualifying teams had also been present at the previous World Cup, but three teams qualified for the first time:El Salvador,Israel andMorocco, whilePeru,Romania,Belgium andSweden made their first World Cup appearances since1930,1938,1954 and1958 respectively. Czechoslovakia returned to the World Cup stage after missing out in1966.[21][22]
As of 2022, this was the only time Israel qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals, and also the only timeArgentina failed to qualify (they declined to participate in 1938,1950 and 1954).Chile,Spain andSwitzerland all did not qualify for the first time since 1958, whileHungary did not qualify for the first time since 1950.France also failed to qualify, as didPortugal after finishing in third place at the 1966 tournament.
Five stadiums in five cities were selected to host the World Cup matches. Alternative venues inHidalgo state and the port city ofVeracruz were also considered.[23] Each group was based solely in one city with exception of Group 2, which was staged in bothPuebla andToluca. Aside from theEstadio Luis Dosal, all the stadia had only been constructed during the 1960s, as Mexico prepared to host both the World Cup and the1968 Summer Olympics.[24] The stadium construction cost for the four smaller venues were around US$11 million, while the final stadium in Mexico City cost US$20 million.[25]
The altitude of the venues varied andthe importance of acclimatisation was strongly considered by all the participating teams. As a result, in contrast to the previous tournament staged in England, most teams arrived in the region well in advance of their opening fixturesto prepare for this factor.[26][27] Some teams had already experienced the local conditions when competing in thefootball competition at 1968 Summer Olympics.[8] At an elevation in excess of 2,660 metres (8,730 ft)above sea level,Toluca was the highest of the venues;Guadalajara was the lowest at 1,500 m (4,920 ft). In addition to the altitude, all five locations had hot and rainy weather where temperatures would regularly go past 32 °C (90 °F).
Of the five stadia used for the 32 matches played, the largest and most utilised venue was the Azteca Stadium in Mexico City, which hosted 10 total matches including the final and third place matches, and all of Group 1's matches (which included all of host Mexico's matches). The Jalisco Stadium in Guadalajara hosted eight matches including all of Group 3's matches and a semi-final. The Nou Camp Stadium in Leon hosted seven matches, which consisted of all of Group 4's matches and a quarter-final match. The Luis Dosal stadium in Toluca hosted four matches, and Cuauhtémoc stadium in Puebla hosted three matches and was the only stadium of the five used for this tournament not to host any knockout rounds.
The 16 qualified teams were divided into four groups of four. Each group was played as asingle round-robin in which each team would play each of the others in their group once. Teams were ranked by the number of points earned from their matches (two points were awarded for a win and one for a draw), and goal difference was used as the primary tie-breaker; if two teams finished level on both points and goal difference, lots were drawn to separate them. This method was used to separate the top two teams in Group 1 (Soviet Union and Mexico),[28] but it was not used to separate Bulgaria and Morocco in Group 4, despite them finishing level on points and goal difference, as their final positions did not have any implications for the knockout stage.
The top two teams from each group progressed to the knockout stage. In all knockout matches, extra time was played if the teams were drawn after 90 minutes. If teams were still tied after extra-time, drawing of lots would have been used in all matches other than the final. FIFA did not announce in advance what would happen if the final itself were to be drawn after extra time.[29] In the event, all knockout matches were decided in either regular time or extra time.
Although it was reported in the build-up to the final draw that seedings would be used, as had been the case at the previous two World Cup Finals,[30][31][32] theFIFA Organising Committee ultimately announced on the same day of the draw, that there would be no seeding of teams due to failed attempts to reach a compromise for the seeding criteria.[33] Instead, the 16 qualified teams were divided into four pots comprising 'geographical groupings' decided by a vote of the FIFA Organising Committee, which for the composition of pot 1, 3 and 4 also took into account the teams' strengths and even political considerations.[32] The tournament structure ensured that teams grouped within the same pot would not meet each other before the quarterfinals at the earliest. The system of politically decided pots hereby ensured that Israel and Morocco would not be drawn to face each other after Morocco had earlier threatened to withdraw from the tournament, as they had done from the Olympic football tournament two years earlier,[34] if that were the case.[35]
The draw was staged inMexico City, Mexico on 10 January 1970 in theMaria Isabel Hotel, which served as FIFA's headquarters during the competition.[32][36] The teams were drawn into the four groups, which had their locations defined in advance: Group 1 being staged in Mexico City, Group 2 inPuebla andToluca, Group 3 inGuadalajara and Group 4 inLeón. Ahead of the draw, the FIFA regulations had predetermined that the hostsMexico would be in Group 1 and so based in the capital city, and thatEngland as holders would be based together with Group 3 in Guadalajara,[32][37] the tournament's second largest stadium.[38] Keeping the defending champion (holders) apart from meeting the hosts in the group stage either by seeding or predetermined group positions, was a practiced tradition throughout the history of the FIFA World Cup, with1934 and1954 being the only two exceptions.[33]
Following the opening ceremony host nationMexico faced theSoviet Union; this was the last time until the2006 World Cup that the host nation's first match rather than the World Cup holders' began the tournament.[41] Both this opening match of Group 1 and many others during the competition kicked off at noon for the benefit of European television schedules, meaning play under the midday sun.[10] The match produced a goalless draw, prompting some media to predict the entire tournament would be played at the slow tempo that featured in this game given the conditions involved.[42][43] Following the half-time intervalAnatoliy Puzach became the first substitute to be used in FIFA World Cup history as the Soviets made use of the new competition rule.[21] Both teams won their remaining two games to progress from the group at the expense ofBelgium and World Cup debutantsEl Salvador.
Group 2 was the lowest-scoring of the groups with only six goals in its six matches asUruguay,reigning South America champions, andItaly, thereigning European champions, edged pastSweden andIsrael. Sweden would have progressed if they had produced a two-goal victory against Uruguay in their final game, but it was not until the final minute that they scored the only goal of the game.[44] Hours before the game FIFA elected to replace the scheduled referee after bribery rumours – later dismissed by FIFA[45] – arose in Mexico.[46] The 1–0 result meant Uruguay advanced, to be joined by Italy after they avoided defeat in the group finale against Israel.[47]
Owing to the lack of a seeding system, Group 3 allowed the reigning World Cup holdersEngland to be paired together with the two-time former championBrazil, considered by many the pre-tournament favourites for the trophy.[33] England's preparations were hampered by the arrest of their captainBobby Moore in Colombia forallegedly stealing a bracelet from a jeweller's shop;[48] the charges were later dropped.[49] The attitude of their managerAlf Ramsey and the English media in general was perceived by many locals as unfriendly and xenophobic toward Mexico's hosting of the competition, which meant the English team received a largely hostile response during the competition.[38][50][51][52][53][54][55]
With both having won their opening games – againstCzechoslovakia andRomania, respectively[56][57] – Brazil met England in the group's most famed match.[58] AlthoughGordon Banks in the English goal deniedPelé from close range with a reflex save that Pelé himself cited as the greatest of his career,[59][60] a second half goal fromJairzinho won the match for Brazil, after which England squandered several excellent opportunities to equalise.[61][62] Both teams then won their final group games to progress to the knockout stage.[63]
Play in Group 4 began withBulgaria taking a two-goal lead againstPeru, but a second half comeback gave the South Americans a 3–2 victory.[64]Morocco, the firstAfrican World Cup representatives since 1934,[15] also began strongly by taking the lead against the 1966 runners-upWest Germany, but the Germans came back to win 2–1.[56] West Germany also went behind against Bulgaria in their second match, but aGerd Müller hat-trick helped them recover and win 5–2; the eventualGolden Boot winner Müller hit anotherhat-trick – the only hat-tricks of the entire tournament.[65] – to win the group against Peru.[66]
Mexico and the Soviet Union had finished tied at the top of Group 1 on both points and goal difference, meaning that the drawing of lots was required to rank them. On 12 June, the draw allocated the Soviet Union the group winners' berth, meaning that they would face Uruguay at theEstadio Azteca, while the host nation were paired against Italy in the smallerToluca venue.[45][67] Mexican officials unsuccessfully appealed to FIFA to stage their game in the capital to avoid traffic problems.[45] The hosts took the lead against Italy with aJosé Luis González goal, but his teammateJavier Guzmán equalised with anown goal before half-time. Italy then dominated the second half to progress to the semi-finals with a 4–1 win.[68] The Soviet Union were also eliminated in their quarter-final when aVíctor Espárrago header three minutes from the end of extra-time sent Uruguay through.[69] The Soviets had stopped play during Uruguay's attack leading to the goal, believing that the ball had crossed the touchline.
Official poster
The all-South America tie inGuadalajara was the highest-scoring of the four quarter-finals as Brazil recorded a 4–2 triumph over Peru. The match is considered to be one of the most entertaining matches in World Cup history: Brazil shot 27 times; Peru, 22. Next came a rematch ofthe previous World Cup final between England and West Germany that took place inLeón. The reigning champions took a two-goal lead, butFranz Beckenbauer halved the deficit when his low shot beat England's second-choice goalkeeperPeter Bonetti, who was playing afterGordon Banks suffered food poisoning the day before.[70][71] Eight minutes from time, anUwe Seeler header levelled the score. England'sGeoff Hurst then had an apparently legitimate goal ruled out for offside.[72][73] An extra-time goal fromGerd Müller brought (West) Germany's first-ever competitive victory over England.[74][75]
All four of the semi-finalists were former world champions, with the line-up guaranteeing a final between Europe and South America. In the all-South American tie, controversially switched from the capital to the lower altitude of Guadalajara,[76] Brazil came from behind to defeat Uruguay 3–1 and earn the right to contest their fourth World Cup Final. Two Brazilian goals in the final 15 minutes decided a match that had been evenly-matched until that point.[77] The all-European meeting between Italy and West Germany produced a match regarded by many as one of the greatest World Cup games of all time. Having led from the eighth minute throughRoberto Boninsegna's strike, Italy were pegged back in injury time when sweeperKarl-Heinz Schnellinger scored his only international goal.[78] Extra-time brought five more goals as the lead swung between the two sides untilGianni Rivera gave theAzzurri a decisive 4–3 lead.[79] The match subsequently became known as the "Game of the Century",[80] and today has a plaque outside the Estadio Azteca to commemorate it. West Germany went on to defeat Uruguay 1–0 in the third-place match.[81]
Inthe final, Brazil opened the scoring whenPelé headed in a cross fromRivellino in the 18th minute, butRoberto Boninsegna equalised for Italy after a series of blunders in the Brazilian defence.[82] The match remained level until the 65th minute when a powerful shot fromGérson restored the Brazilians' lead. Further goals fromJairzinho andCarlos Alberto rewarded Brazil's attacking play and secured a 4–1 victory and a record third World Cup triumph, which earned them the right to permanently keep theJules Rimet Trophy.[82][83]
Both theBrazilian team that were crowned champions of the 1970 World Cup and the tournament itself have become regarded as among the very finest in the history of the FIFA World Cup.[1][2][84][85] In contrast to the more physical style of play that had dominated the previous two tournaments, the 1970 Finals are noted for the attacking play adopted by most teams.[6][7][8]
For the first time at a World Cup Finals, referees could issueyellow and red cards (a system that is now commonplace at every level of football worldwide),[86] yet, in contrast to the previous tournaments (besides the 1950 edition) and all subsequent tournaments to date, no player was expelled from play.[87] The officiating of the opening match, commentated by some media as overly strict,[88][89][90] set a standard of discipline that instead helped protect skillful players in accordance with FIFA's stated wish.[55][91][92]
This was the first World Cup to use theTelstar ball fromAdidas (who have supplied every World Cup match ball to date), introduced as the "Telstar Erlast" for the1968 European Football Championship. The Telstar was the first World Cup ball to use the now-familiartruncated icosahedron for its design, consisting of 12 blackpentagonal and 20 whitehexagonal panels.[95][96] The 32-panel configuration had been introduced in 1962 bySelect Sport,[97][98] and was also used in the official logo for the 1970 World Cup.[99] The black-and-white pattern, to aid visibility onblack and white television broadcasts (which was still commonplace then, as colour television was rare in many parts of the world), was also well established before the Telstar.[98][100] The name came from theTelstar communications satellite, which was roughly spherical and dotted with solar panels, somewhat similar in appearance to the football.[95]
Forming a partnership withFIFA in 1970,Panini published its first FIFA World Cupsticker album for the 1970 World Cup, initiating a global craze for collecting and trading stickers.[101][102][103] In 2017, a complete 1970 World Cup Panini sticker album signed byPelé sold for a record £10,450.[104][105]
The first round, or group stage, saw the 16 teams divided into four groups of four teams. Each group was around-robin of six games, where each team played one match against each of the other teams in the same group. Teams were awarded two points for a win, one point for a draw and none for a defeat. The teams finishing first and second in each group qualified for the quarter-finals, while the bottom two teams in each group were eliminated from the tournament.
Tie-breaking criteria
Greater number of points in all group matches
Goal difference in all group matches (replacing the previous usage ofgoal average)
The eight teams that had advanced from the group stage entered asingle-elimination style tournament, which also featured a third place play-off contested between the two losing semi-finalists. In this knockout stage (including the final), if a match was level at the end of 90 minutes,extra time of two periods (15 minutes each) would be played. In matches prior to the final, if the score was still level after extra time then a coin toss by the referee would determine the winner. If the final was still level after 120 minutes' play then the match would instead bereplayed at a later date.
With 10 goals,Gerd Müller was the top scorer in the tournament. In total, 95 goals were scored by 55 players, with only one of them credited as own goal.
In 1986, FIFA published a report that ranked all teams in each World Cup up to and including 1986, based on progress in the competition, overall results and quality of the opposition.[21][107] The rankings for the 1970 tournament were as follows:
