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1963

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This article is about the year 1963. For other uses, see1963 (disambiguation).

From top to bottom, left to right: U.S. PresidentJohn F. Kennedy isassassinated inDallas, Texas;Martin Luther King Jr. gives his "I Have a Dream" speech at theMarch on Washington for Jobs and Freedom; the16th Street Baptist Church bombing inBirmingham, Alabama kills four girls; theBuddhist crisis inSouth Vietnam sparks protests and self-immolations; theRamadan Revolution overthrows Iraq’s monarchy; the SovietVostok 6 sendsValentina Tereshkova as the first woman in space; PopePaul VI succeedsJohn XXIII and continues theSecond Vatican Council; the1963 Indiana State Fairgrounds Coliseum gas explosion kills 81 inIndianapolis; andHurricane Flora devastates the Caribbean, killing thousands.

Calendar year

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1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966
v t e

1963 by topic
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By country
Afghanistan Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Denmark France Germany India Ireland Iran Israel Italy Japan Kuwait Luxembourg Malaysia New Zealand Norway Pakistan Philippines Portugal Singapore South Africa South Korea Soviet Union Spain Sweden Switzerland Thailand Turkey United Kingdom United States
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v t e

1963 in variouscalendars
Gregorian calendar	1963 MCMLXIII
Ab urbe condita	2716
Armenian calendar	1412 ԹՎ ՌՆԺԲ
Assyrian calendar	6713
Baháʼí calendar	119–120
Balinese saka calendar	1884–1885
Bengali calendar	1369–1370
Berber calendar	2913
British Regnal year	11 Eliz. 2 – 12 Eliz. 2
Buddhist calendar	2507
Burmese calendar	1325
Byzantine calendar	7471–7472
Chinese calendar	壬寅年 (Water Tiger) 4660 or 4453 — to — 癸卯年 (Water Rabbit) 4661 or 4454
Coptic calendar	1679–1680
Discordian calendar	3129
Ethiopian calendar	1955–1956
Hebrew calendar	5723–5724
Hindu calendars
-Vikram Samvat	2019–2020
-Shaka Samvat	1884–1885
-Kali Yuga	5063–5064
Holocene calendar	11963
Igbo calendar	963–964
Iranian calendar	1341–1342
Islamic calendar	1382–1383
Japanese calendar	Shōwa 38 (昭和３８年)
Javanese calendar	1894–1895
Juche calendar	52
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar	4296
Minguo calendar	ROC 52 民國52年
Nanakshahi calendar	495
Thai solar calendar	2506
Tibetan calendar	ཆུ་ཕོ་སྟག་ལོ་ (male Water-Tiger) 2089 or 1708 or 936 — to — ཆུ་མོ་ཡོས་ལོ་ (female Water-Hare) 2090 or 1709 or 937

Wikimedia Commons has media related to1963.

1963 (MCMLXIII) was acommon year starting on Tuesday of theGregorian calendar, the 1963rd year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini (AD) designations, the 963rd year of the2nd millennium, the 63rd year of the20th century, and the 4th year of the1960s decade.

Calendar year

Events

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January

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Main article:January 1963

January 1 –Bogle–Chandler case:Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation scientist Dr. Gilbert Bogle and Mrs. Margaret Chandler are found dead (presumed poisoned), in bushland near theLane Cove River, Sydney, Australia.^[1]
January 2 –Vietnam War –Battle of Ap Bac: TheViet Cong win their first major victory.^[2]
January 9 – Atotal penumbral lunar eclipse is visible in the Americas, Europe, Africa and Asia, and is the 56th lunar eclipse ofLunar Saros 114. Gamma has a value of −1.01282. It occurs on the night between Wednesday, January 9 and Thursday, January 10, 1963.
January 13 –1963 Togolese coup d'état: A military coup inTogo results in the installation of coup leaderEmmanuel Bodjollé as president.^[3]
January 17 – A last quarter moon occurs between thepenumbral lunar eclipse and theannular solar eclipse, only 12 hours, 29 minutes after apogee.
January 19 – Soviet spyGheorghe Pintilie is removed from his position asDeputy Interior Minister of theRomanian People's Republic,^[4] as a step in ensuringRomania's political independence; theWorkers' Party Politburo discusses way of neutralizing "Soviet intelligence networks [...] which Gheorghe Pintilie had coordinated."^[5]
January 22 – France and West Germany sign theÉlysée Treaty.^[6]
January 25 – Alarge annular solar eclipse covers 99.5% of the Sun and a narrow path (at most 19.6 km (12.2 mi)). It is visible in Chile, Argentina, South Africa and Madagascar, and is the 26th solar eclipse ofSolar Saros 140. Gamma has a value of -0.48984.
January 26 – TheAustralia Day shootings rockPerth; 2 people are shot dead and 3 others injured byEric Edgar Cooke.
January 29 – French PresidentCharles de Gaulle vetoes the United Kingdom's entry into theEuropean Common Market.

February

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Main article:February 1963

February 5 – TheEuropean Court of Justice's ruling inVan Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen establishes the principle ofdirect effect, one of the basic tenets ofEuropean Union law.
February 8 – Travel, financial and commercial transactions by United States citizens toCuba are made illegal by the John F. Kennedy Administration.
February 10 – Five Japanese cities located on the northernmost part ofKyūshū are merged and become the city ofKitakyūshū, with a population of more than 1 million.
February 12 –Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 705 crashes in the FloridaEverglades, killing all 43 aboard.^[7]
February 14 –Harold Wilson becomes leader of the oppositionLabour Party in the United Kingdom;^[8] in October 1964 he becomes prime minister.
February 21 – The 5.6M_w Marj earthquake affects northern Libya with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), causing 290–375 deaths and 375–500 injuries.
February 27 –Juan Bosch takes office as the 41st president of theDominican Republic.

March

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Main article:March 1963

March 4 – In Paris, six people are sentenced to death for conspiring to assassinate PresidentCharles de Gaulle. De Gaulle pardons five, but the other conspirator,Jean Bastien-Thiry, is executed byfiring squad several days later.
March 5 – Country music starPatsy Cline is killed ina plane crash along with country performersCowboy Copas,Hawkshaw Hawkins, and manager Randy Hughes, during a flight fromKansas City, Missouri, back to Nashville.
March 17 –Mount Agung erupts onBali, killing approximately 1,500.
March 22 – TheBeatles first albumPlease Please Me was released in the UK and became a huge commercial success.
March 23 – "Dansevise" by Grethe & Jørgen Ingmann (music by Otto Francker, text by Sejr Volmer-Sørensen) wins theEurovision Song Contest 1963 (staged in London) for Denmark.
March 30 –Indigenous Australians are legally allowed to drink alcohol inNew South Wales.^[9]

April

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Main article:April 1963

April 6 –The Kingsmen record their influential cover of "Louie Louie" inPortland, Oregon, released in June.^[10]
April 7 –Yugoslavia is proclaimed to be asocialist republic, andJosip Broz Tito is namedPresident for Life.
April 8 – The35th Academy Awards ceremony is held.Lawrence of Arabia winsBest Picture.
April 10 – The U.S. nuclear submarineThresher sinks 220 mi (190 nmi; 350 km) east ofCape Cod; all 129 aboard (112 crewmen plus yard personnel) die.^[11]
April 11 –Pope John XXIII issues his finalencyclical,Pacem in terris, entitledOn Establishing Universal Peace in Truth, Justice, Charity and Liberty,^[12] the first papal encyclical addressed to "all men of good will", rather than to Roman Catholics only.
April 12 – The Soviet nuclear powered submarineK-33 collides with the Finnish merchant vessel M/SFinnclipper in the Danish Straits. Although severely damaged, both vessels make it to port.
April 14 – TheInstitute of Mental Health (Belgrade) is established.
April 16 –Martin Luther King, Jr. issues his "Letter from Birmingham Jail".
April 20 – InQuebec, Canada, members of the terrorist groupFront de libération du Québec bomb aCanadian Army recruitment center, killing night watchman Wilfred V. O'Neill.
April 21–23 – The first election of the Supreme Institution of theBaháʼí Faith (known as theUniversal House of Justice, whose seat is at theBaháʼí World Centre onMount Carmel inHaifa,Israel) is held.
April 22 –Lester Bowles Pearson becomes the 14thPrime Minister of Canada.
April 28 –1963 general election is held inItaly.^[13]
April 29 –Buddy Rogers becomes the firstWWWF Champion.

May

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Main article:May 1963

May 1 –The Coca-Cola Company introduces its first diet drink,Tab cola.
May 2 –Berthold Seliger launches nearCuxhaven a 3-stage rocket with a maximum flight altitude of more than 100 km (62 mi) (the only sounding rocket developed in Germany).
May 4 – The Le Monde Theater fire in Dioirbel,Senegal, kills 64 people.
May 8 –Huế Phật Đản shootings: TheArmy of the Republic of Vietnam opens fire on Buddhists who defy a ban on the flying of theBuddhist flag onVesak, the birthday ofGautama Buddha, killing 9. Earlier, PresidentNgô Đình Diệm allowed the flying of theVatican flag in honour of his brother, ArchbishopNgô Đình Thục, triggering the Buddhist crisis in South Vietnam.
May 13 – Asmallpox outbreak hitsStockholm,Sweden, lasting until July.
May 14 – Kuwait becomes the 111th member of theUnited Nations.
May 15 –Project Mercury:NASA launchesGordon Cooper onMercury-Atlas 9, the last Mercury mission (onJune 12 NASA AdministratorJames E. Webb tells Congress the program is complete).
May 22 –A.C. Milan beatsBenfica 2–1 atWembley Stadium, London and wins the1962–63 European Cup (football).
May 23 –Fidel Castro visits theSoviet Union.
May 25 – TheOrganisation of African Unity is established inAddis Ababa,Ethiopia.

June

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Main article:June 1963

June 3 –Huế chemical attacks: TheArmy of the Republic of Vietnam rainsliquid chemicals on the heads of Buddhist protestors, injuring 67 people. The United States threatens to cut off aid to the regime ofNgô Đình Diệm.
June 4 – President of the United StatesJohn F. Kennedy signsExecutive Order 11110, authorizing theSecretary of the Treasury to continue issuingsilver certificates.
June 5 – The first annualNational Hockey League Entry Draft is held inMontreal, Canada.

June 11 – InSaigon,Buddhist monk Thích Quảng Đức commitsself-immolation to protest the oppression of Buddhists byNgô Đình Diệm’s government.
June 12 – Civil Rights activistMedgar Evers is assassinated by white supremacistByron De La Beckwith
June 13
- The cancellation ofMercury-Atlas 10 effectively ends the United States' crewedspaceflight Project Mercury.
- The New York Commodity Exchange begins trading silverfutures contracts.
June 15 – TheAC Cobra makes its first appearance at the24 Hours of Le Mans. It will go on to win its classthe following year.
June 16 –Vostok 6 carries Soviet cosmonautValentina Tereshkova, the first woman into space.Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman in space | June 16, 1963
June 17 – InAbington School District v. Schempp, theUS Supreme Court ruled that compulsoryprayer and Bible-reading violated theFirst Amendment.
June 19 –Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space, returns to Earth, landing in theSoviet Union.
June 20
- Establishment of theMoscow–Washington hotline (officially, the Direct Communications Link or DCL; unofficially, the "red telephone"; and in fact ateleprinter link) is authorized by the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding in Geneva by representatives of the Soviet Union and the United States.^[14]
- Swedish Air Force ColonelStig Wennerström is arrested as a spy for theSoviet Union.
- War filmThe Great Escape (starringSteve McQueen andRichard Attenborough) is premiered in London.^[15]
June 21 –Pope Paul VI (Giovanni Battista Montini) succeedsPope John XXIII as the 262ndpope.
June 26
- John F. Kennedy gives his "Ich bin ein Berliner" speech inWest Berlin, Germany.^[16]
- David Ben-Gurion is replaced byLevi Eshkol as prime minister of Israel.

July

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Main article:July 1963

July 1 –ZIP codes are introduced by theUnited States Postal Service.
July 5 – Diplomatic relations between theIsraeli and the Japanese governments are raised to embassy level.
July 7 –Double Seven Day scuffle: Secret police loyal toNgô Đình Nhu, brother of PresidentNgô Đình Diệm, attack American journalists includingPeter Arnett andDavid Halberstam at a demonstration during theBuddhist crisis in South Vietnam.
July 11 – South Africa: police raidLiliesleaf Farm to the north ofJohannesburg, arresting a group ofAfrican National Congress leaders.
July 19 – American test pilotJoe Walker, flying theX-15, reaches an altitude of 65.8 miles (105.9 kilometers), making it a sub-orbital spaceflight by recognized international standards.
July 26
- Anearthquake inSkopje,Yugoslavia (present-dayNorth Macedonia) leaves 1,800 dead.
- NASA launchesSyncom 2, the world's firstgeostationary (synchronous)satellite.
July 30 – The Soviet newspaperIzvestia reports that British diplomat anddouble agent Kim Philby has been given asylum in Moscow.

August

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Main article:August 1963

August 28: March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

August 5 – The United States, United Kingdom andSoviet Union sign thePartial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.^[17]
August 8 – TheGreat Train Robbery takes place inBuckinghamshire, England.
August 14 – A huge and devastatingforest fire hits the region aroundParaná State,Brazil. According to government documents, two million hectares (4.94 million acres) are lost to burning and 110 persons perished.^[18]
August 15 –Trois Glorieuses: PresidentFulbert Youlou is overthrown in theRepublic of Congo after a three-day uprising in the capital,Brazzaville.
August 15-King of Prussia Mall opens to the public in thePhiladelphia Metropolitan area and is one of thetop ten largest malls in the U.S.
August 21 –Xá Lợi Pagoda raids: TheArmy of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces loyal toNgô Đình Nhu, brother of PresidentNgô Đình Diệm, vandalise Buddhist pagodas across South Vietnam, arresting thousands and leaving an estimated hundreds dead. In the wake of the raids, theKennedy administration byCable 243 orders theUnited States Embassy, Saigon to explore alternative leadership in the country, opening the way towards a coup against Diệm.
August 22 – American test pilotJoe Walker again achieves a sub-orbital spaceflight according to international standards, this time by piloting theX-15 to an altitude of 67.0 miles (107.8 kilometers).
August 24 – First games played in theBundesliga, the primary professionalAssociation football league inWest Germany, replacing the Oberliga.^[19]
August 28 –Martin Luther King Jr. delivers his "I Have a Dream" speech on the steps of theLincoln Memorial to an audience of at least 250,000, during theMarch on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. It is, at that point, the singlelargest protest in American history.
August 30 – TheMoscow–Washington hotline (a directteleprinter link) is inaugurated by U.S. President John F. Kennedy.^[20]

September

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Main article:September 1963

September 1 –Establishment of language areas and facilities in Belgium comes into effect. This will become the foundation for furtherstate reform in Belgium.
September 6 – TheCentre for International Intellectual Property Studies (CEIPI) is founded.
September 10 –Sicilian Mafia bossBernardo Provenzano is indicted for murder (he is captured 43 years later, onApril 11,2006).
September 15 –American civil rights movement: The16th Street Baptist Church bombing, inBirmingham, Alabama, kills 4 and injures 22.
September 16 –Malaysia is formed through the merging of theFederation of Malaya and the Britishcrown colony ofSingapore,North Borneo (renamedSabah) andSarawak.
September 18 – Rioters burn down the British Embassy inJakarta, to protest the formation ofMalaysia.
September 19 –Iota Phi Theta fraternity is founded atMorgan State College inBaltimore, Maryland
September 23 –King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals is established by a Saudi Royal Decree as theCollege of Petroleum and Minerals.
September 24 – TheUnited States Senate ratifies thePartial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.
September 25 – In theDominican Republic,Juan Bosch is deposed by a coup d'état led by the military with civilian support.
September 29 – The second period of theSecond Vatican Council in Rome opens.

October

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Main article:October 1963

October 1 – U.S. PresidentJohn F. Kennedy toasts EmperorHaile Selassie at a luncheon inRockville, Maryland.
October 2
- Nigeria becomes arepublic; The1st Republican Constitution is established.
- ThePresidential Commission on the Status of Women in the United States issues its final reports to President Kennedy.
October 3 –1963 Honduran coup d'état: A violent coup inHonduras pre-empts the October 13 election, ends a period of reform under PresidentRamón Villeda Morales and begins two decades of military rule under GeneralOswaldo López Arellano.
October 4 –Hurricane Flora, one of the worst Atlantic storms in history, hitsHispaniola andCuba, killing nearly 7,000 people.
October 7 –Buddhist crisis: Amid worsening relations, outspoken South Vietnamese First LadyMadame Ngo Dinh Nhu arrives in the US for a speaking tour, continuing a flurry of attacks on theKennedy administration.^[21]
October 9 – In northeast Italy, over 2,000 people are killed when a large landslide behind theVajont Dam causes a giant wave of water to overtop it.
October 10 –Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, signed onAugust 5, takes effect.^[17]
October 14 – A revolution starts inRadfan,South Yemen, against British colonial rule.
October 16 –Ludwig Erhard replacesKonrad Adenauer as Chancellor of West Germany.^[22]
October 19 –Alec Douglas-Home succeedsHarold Macmillan asPrime Minister of the United Kingdom.^[23]
October 24 – Fire at the Soviet Union'sBaikonur Cosmodrome in anR-9 Desna underground missile silo; seven people are killed.^[24]
October 30 – The car manufacturing firmLamborghini is founded in Italy.
October 31 –1963 Indiana State Fairgrounds Coliseum gas explosion: 81 die in a gas explosion during aHoliday on Ice show at theIndiana State Fairgrounds Coliseum inIndianapolis, United States.

November

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Main article:November 1963

November 1 –Arecibo Observatory, aradio telescope, officially begins operation inPuerto Rico.
November 2 –1963 South Vietnamese coup:Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem, theSouth Vietnamese President.
November 6 –1963 South Vietnamese coup: Coup leader GeneralDương Văn Minh takes over as leader ofSouth Vietnam.
November 7
- 11 German miners are rescued from a collapsed mine after 14 days in what becomes known as the "Wunder von Lengede" ("miracle ofLengede").
- The star-studded movieIt's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World premieres inLos Angeles.
November 8 –Finnair aircraft OH-LCA crashes before landing atMariehamn Airport onÅland.
November 9 – Two disasters in Japan:
- Miike coal mine explosion: Acoal mine explosion kills 458 and sends 839carbon monoxide poisoning victims to the hospital.
- Tsurumi rail accident: A triple train disaster inYokohama kills 161.
November 10 –Malcolm X makes a historic speech inDetroit, Michigan ("Message to the Grass Roots").
November 14 – A volcanic eruption under the sea nearIceland creates a new island,Surtsey.

November 22: Assassination of John F. Kennedy

November 22 –Assassination of John F. Kennedy: In a motorcade inDallas,Texas, U.S. PresidentJohn F. Kennedy is fatally shot byLee Harvey Oswald, andGovernor of Texas John Connally is seriously wounded at 12:30CST. Upon Kennedy's death, Vice PresidentLyndon B. Johnson becomes the 36th president of the United States. A few hours later, President Johnson issworn in aboardAir Force One, as Kennedy's body is flown back to Washington, D.C. Stores and businesses shut down for the next four days, in tribute.
November 23
- TheGolden Age Nursing Home fire kills 63 elderly people nearFitchville, Ohio, United States.
- The long-running sci-fi television seriesDoctor Whopremieres onBBC TV in the United Kingdom.
November 24
- Lee Harvey Oswald, assassin of John F. Kennedy, is shot dead byJack Ruby inDallas, an event seen on live national television.
- Vietnam War: New U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson confirms that the United States intends to continue supportingSouth Vietnam militarily and economically.
November 25 –State funeral of John F. Kennedy: President Kennedy is buried atArlington National Cemetery. Schools around the nation cancel classes that day; millions watch the funeral on live international television. Lee Harvey Oswald's funeral takes place on the same day.^[25]
November 29
- U.S. PresidentLyndon B. Johnson establishes theWarren Commission to investigate theassassination of John F. Kennedy.
- Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 831, aDouglas DC-8 crashes into a wooded hillside after taking-off fromDorval International Airport nearMontreal, killing all 118 on board, the worstair disaster for many years in Canada's history.
- Foundation stone forMirzapur Cadet College is laid in East Pakistan (present-dayBangladesh).
November 30 –1963 Australian federal election:Robert Menzies'Liberal/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with an increased majority to an unprecedented eighth term in office, defeating theLabor Party led byArthur Calwell. (This would be the final lower house election won by Menzies, who would retire from office during the term as the longest-servingPrime Minister in Australian history; he would bereplaced byHarold Holt.)

December

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Main article:December 1963

December 3 – TheWarren Commission begins its investigation into theassassination of US President John F. Kennedy.
December 4 – The second period of theSecond Vatican Council closes.
December 5 – The Seliger Forschungs-und-Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH demonstrates rockets for military use to military representatives of non-NATO-countries nearCuxhaven. Although these rockets land via parachute at the end of their flight and no allied laws are violated, theSoviet Union protests this action.
December 7 – The firstinstant replay system to usevideotape instead of film is used byTony Verna, a CBS-TV director, during a live televised sporting event, theArmy–Navy Game ofcollege football played in Philadelphia, United States.
December 8 – A lightning strike causes the crash ofPan Am Flight 214 nearElkton, Maryland, United States, killing 81 people.
December 10
- Zanzibar gains independence from the United Kingdom, as a constitutional monarchy under SultanJamshid bin Abdullah.
- Chuck Yeager narrowly escapes death while testing an NF-104A rocket-augmented aerospace trainer when his aircraft goes out of control at 108,700 feet (nearly 21 miles up) and crashes. He parachutes to safety at 8,500 feet after vainly battling to gain control of the powerless, rapidly falling craft. In this incident he becomes the first pilot to make an emergency ejection in the full pressure suit needed for high altitude flights.
December 12 –Kenya gains independence from the United Kingdom, withJomo Kenyatta as prime minister.
December 20 – TheFrankfurt Auschwitz Trials begin.
December 21 –Cyprus Emergency: Inter-communal fighting erupts betweenGreek andTurkish Cypriots.
December 22 – The cruise shipTSMSLakonia burns 180 miles (290 km) north ofMadeira, with the loss of 128 lives.
December 25 –İsmet İnönü of theRepublican People's Party (CHP) forms the new government ofTurkey (28th government, coalition partners; independents, İnönü has served ten times as a prime minister, this is his last government).
December 31 –Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland dissolves.

Date unknown

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David H. Frisch and J.H. Smith prove that theradioactive decay ofmesons is slowed by their motion (seeEinstein'sspecial relativity andgeneral relativity).
TheTAT-3 transatlantic communications cable goes into operation.
Philips introduces theCompact Cassette primarily for dictation purposes. By 1965, hardware improvements eventually allow for it to reliably function as a music format.
Ivan Sutherland writes the revolutionarySketchpad program and runs it on theLincoln TX-2 computer atMassachusetts Institute of Technology.
Slavery in Dubai is abolished.
Construction of Moscow'sOstankino Tower begins.
TheIEEE Computer Society is founded.
TheUrdu keyboard is standardised by the Central Language Board inPakistan.
Harvey Ball invents the ubiquitoussmiley face symbol.
The classicPorsche 911 is first produced.
TheReformed Druids of North America is founded.
Hergé'sThe Castafiore Emerald is published.
Marvel releases their Superhero assembly team The Avengers.