| 1960 presidential election | |
  Nominees Kennedy and Johnson | |
| Convention | |
|---|---|
| Date(s) | July 11–15, 1960 |
| City | Los Angeles, California |
| Venue | Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena andLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum |
| Candidates | |
| Presidential nominee | John F. Kennedy ofMassachusetts |
| Vice-presidential nominee | Lyndon B. Johnson ofTexas |
| ‹ 1956 · 1964 › | |
The1960 Democratic National Convention was held inLos Angeles,California, on July 11–15, 1960. It nominatedSenatorJohn F. Kennedy ofMassachusetts forpresident and Senate Majority LeaderLyndon B. Johnson ofTexas forvice president.
In thegeneral election that November, the Kennedy–Johnson ticket won anelectoral college victory and a narrow popular vote plurality (slightly over 110,000 nationally) over the Republican candidates Vice PresidentRichard M. Nixon andUN AmbassadorHenry C. Lodge II.
Due to its size, theBiltmore Hotel was selected to serve as the headquarters hotel for the Democratic National Committee. It also housed command-posts for the campaigns of the various candidates seeking the nomination, temporary studio spaces for the television networks, and workspaces for select print journalists.[1]
The major candidates for the 1960 Democratic presidential nomination were Kennedy, GovernorPat Brown of California, SenatorStuart Symington of Missouri, Senator Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas, former Illinois GovernorAdlai Stevenson,[2] SenatorWayne Morse of Oregon, and SenatorHubert Humphrey of Minnesota. Several other candidates sought support in their home state or region as "favorite son" candidates without any realistic chance of winning the nomination. Symington, Stevenson, and Johnson all declined to campaign in the presidential primaries. While this reduced their potential delegate count going into the Democratic National Convention, each of these three candidates hoped that the other leading contenders would stumble in the primaries, thus causing the convention's delegates to choose him as a "compromise" candidate acceptable to all factions of the party.
The1958 re-election defeat of New York governorAverell Harriman all but assured that he was no longer a prospective contender for the nomination (while also elevating his successful challengerNelson Rockefeller as a prospective Republican contender). Contrarily,Pat Brown's heavy victory over SenatorWilliam F. Knowland in the1958 California gubernatorial election earned Brown some discussion as a prospective contender for the Democratic nomination and destroyed Senator Knowland's chances at the Republican nomination.[3]
Kennedy was initially dogged by suggestions from some Democratic Party elders (such as former PresidentHarry S. Truman, who was supporting Symington) that he was too youthful and inexperienced to be president; these critics suggested that he should agree to be the running mate for another Democrat. Realizing that this was a strategy touted by his opponents to keep the public from taking him seriously, Kennedy stated frankly, "I'm not running for vice-president, I'm running for president."[4]
Kennedy'sRoman Catholic religion was an issue in the primaries. Kennedy first challenged Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey in the Wisconsin primary and defeated him. Kennedy's sisters, brothers, and wife Jacqueline combed the state looking for votes, leading Humphrey to complain that he "felt like an independent merchant competing against a chain store."[5] However, some political experts argued that Kennedy's margin of victory had come almost entirely from Catholic areas, and thus Humphrey decided to continue the contest in the heavily Protestant state of West Virginia. The first televised debate of 1960 was held in West Virginia, and Kennedy outperformed Humphrey.[6] Humphrey's campaign was low on funds and could not compete for advertising and other "get-out-the-vote" drives with Kennedy's well-financed and well-organized campaign. In the end, Kennedy defeated Humphrey with over 60% of the vote, and Humphrey ended his presidential campaign. West Virginia showed that Kennedy, a Catholic, could win in a heavily Protestant state.
Although Kennedy had only competed in ten presidential primaries,[7] Kennedy's rivals, Johnson and Symington, failed to campaign in any primaries. Even though Stevenson had twice been the Democratic Party's presidential candidate and retained a loyal following of liberals, especially in California, his two landslide defeats to RepublicanDwight Eisenhower led most party leaders and delegates to search for a "fresh face" who could win a national election. Following the primaries, Kennedy traveled around the nation speaking to state delegations and their leaders. As the Democratic Convention opened, Kennedy was far in the lead, but was still seen as being just short of the delegate total he needed to win.
In the week before the convention opened, Kennedy received two new challengers whenLyndon B. Johnson, the powerfulSenate Majority Leader from Texas, andAdlai Stevenson II, the party's nominee in 1952 and 1956, announced their candidacies. Johnson challenged Kennedy to a televised debate before a joint meeting of the Texas and Massachusetts delegations; Kennedy accepted. Most observers felt that Kennedy won the debate, and Johnson was not able to expand his delegate support beyond the South.
Two Johnson supporters, includingJohn B. Connally, brought up the question of Kennedy's health. Connally said that Kennedy hadAddison's disease. JFK's press secretaryPierre Salinger denied the story. A Kennedy physician,Janet Travell, released a statement that the senator'sadrenal glands were functioning adequately and that he was no more susceptible to infection than anyone else. It was also denied that Kennedy was oncortisone.[8]
The Democratic platform in 1960 was the longest yet.[9] They called for a loosening of tight economic policy: "We Democrats believe that the economy can and must grow at an average rate of 5 percent annually, almost twice as fast as our annual rate since 1953...As the first step in speeding economic growth, a Democratic president will put an end to the present high-interest-rate, tight-money policy."[10]
Other planks included national defense, disarmament, civil rights, immigration, foreign aid, the economy, labor and tax reform. SenatorSam Ervin of North Carolina attempted to soften the party's plank on civil rights. A speech by Hawaii delegatePatsy Mink persuaded two-thirds of the party to keep their progressive stance on the issue.[9][11]
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On July 13, 1960, the third day of the convention, Kennedy gained a narrow majority on the first ballot, with campaign managerRobert F. Kennedy securing critical delegates at the last minute. The final tally was:
| Presidential Balloting | ||
|---|---|---|
| Candidate | 1st | Percentage |
| Kennedy | 806 | 52.99% |
| Johnson | 409 | 26.89% |
| Symington | 86 | 5.65% |
| Stevenson | 79.5 | 5.23% |
| Meyner | 43 | 2.83% |
| Humphrey | 41.5 | 2.73% |
| Smathers | 30 | 1.97% |
| Barnett | 23 | 1.51% |
| Loveless | 1.5 | 0.10% |
| Brown | 0.5 | 0.03% |
| Faubus | 0.5 | 0.03% |
| Rosellini | 0.5 | 0.03% |
Presidential Balloting / 3rd Day of Convention (July 13, 1960)
Kennedy was the first senator since 1920 to be nominated for the presidency by either the Democrats or the Republicans.[9] On the last day of the convention, Kennedy delivered his acceptance speech from the adjacentLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum. In the speech he spoke about how Americans may be hesitant about him because of his faith. In his speech he said, "I am fully aware of the fact that the Democratic party, by nominating someone of my faith, has taken on what many regard as a new and hazardous risk." He went on to break down the hesitance some may have about his Catholic faith, "And you have, at the same time, placed your confidence in me, and my ability to render a free, fair, judgment...and to reject any kind of religious pressure or obligation that might directly or indirectly interfere with my conduct of the Presidency in the national interest."[12]
Kennedy's acceptance speech also outlined his vision of "aNew Frontier" which he contrasted withFranklin D. Roosevelt'sNew Deal, being "a set of challenges" rather than "a set of promises". He stated the idea summed up "not what I intend to offer the American people, but what I intend to ask of them."[13]
Theodore H. White wrote inThe Making of the President 1960 that in Washington, Richard Nixon watched Kennedy deliver his speech with two members of his own campaign. Nixon concluded that Kennedy's performance was poor and that he could defeat him in proposed televised debates.[14]
After Kennedy secured the Democratic nomination, he asked Johnson to be his running mate, a move that surprised many, and for several decades, there was much debate about why it was offered to Johnson and why he had accepted. Some speculated that it was a courtesy move for Johnson, who was theSenate Majority Leader, and that Kennedy was surprised when Johnson accepted; Kennedy had preferredStuart Symington of Missouri orHenry "Scoop" Jackson of Washington as his running mate.
A related story is that after Johnson accepted the offer, Robert Kennedy went to Johnson's hotel suite to dissuade Johnson from becoming the vice-presidential nominee.[15] Johnson was offended that "JFK's kid brother" would brashly urge him to stay off the ticket. In response to his blunt confrontation with Robert Kennedy, Johnson called JFK to confirm that the vice-presidential nomination was his, which JFK confirmed. Johnson and Robert Kennedy became so embittered and the episode marked the beginning of the personal and political feud that would have grave implications for the Democratic Party in the 1960s.[citation needed]
In 1993,Evelyn Lincoln, JFK's personal secretary (both before and during his presidency), described how the decision was made in a videotaped interview. She said she was the only witness to a private meeting between John and Robert Kennedy in a suite at the Biltmore Hotel where they made the decision. She said she went in and out of the room as they spoke and, when she was in the room, she heard them say that Johnson had tried to blackmail JFK into offering him the vice presidential nomination with evidence of his womanizing provided by FBI directorJ. Edgar Hoover, discuss possible ways to avoid making the offer, and conclude JFK had no choice. This portion of the videotape of Lincoln's interview was included inThe History Channel'sdocumentary seriesThe Men Who Killed Kennedy, in concluding Episode 9, "The Guilty Men", produced and aired in 2003.[16][17]
Kennedy announced Johnson as his choice of running-mate on the afternoon of July 14.[18] Johnson was nominated by acclamation that evening.[19] TheChicago Tribune reported that there were shouts of protest from the galleries against the motion to suspend the rules to nominate Johnson, and again when he was acclaimed.[20] Johnson is recorded as receiving 100% of the vote.[21]
The Biltmore Hotel served as the convention's headquarters hotel.[22]
The convention was the setting forNorman Mailer's famous profile of Kennedy, "Superman Comes to the Supermarket", published inEsquire.[23]
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