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1952 United States presidential election in Virginia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1952 United States presidential election in Virginia

← 1948November 4, 19521956 →
 
NomineeDwight D. EisenhowerAdlai Stevenson
PartyRepublicanDemocratic
Home stateNew York[1]Illinois
Running mateRichard NixonJohn Sparkman
Electoral vote120
Popular vote349,037268,677
Percentage56.32%43.36%

County and independent city results

Eisenhower

  50–60%
  60–70%
  70–80%

Stevenson

  40–50%
  50–60%
  60–70%


President before election

Harry S. Truman
Democratic

Elected President

Dwight D. Eisenhower
Republican

Main article:1952 United States presidential election
Elections in Virginia
U.S. President
Presidential primaries
U.S. Senate
U.S. House
Governor
Lieutenant Governor
Attorney General
Senate
House of Delegates
State elections
Commonwealth's Attorney

The1952 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 4, 1952. Voters chose twelve representatives, or electors to theElectoral College, who voted forpresident andvice president.

For the previous five decades Virginia had almost completelydisenfranchised its black and poor white populations through the use ofa cumulative poll tax and literacy tests.[2] So restricted was suffrage in this period that it has been calculated that a third of Virginia's electorate during the first half of the twentieth century comprised state employees and officeholders.[2]

This limited electorate allowed Virginian politics to be controlled for four decades by theByrd Organization, as progressive "antiorganization" factions were rendered impotent by the inability of almost all their potential electorate to vote.[3] Historicalfusion withthe "Readjuster" Democrats,[4] defection of substantial proportions of theNortheast-aligned white electorate of theShenandoah Valley andSouthwest Virginia overfree silver,[5] and an early move towards a"lily white"Jim Crow party[4] meant Republicans retained a small but permanent number of legislative seats and local offices in the western part of the state.[6] In1928 a combination of growing middle-class Republicanism in the cities and anti-Catholicism againstAl Smith inthe Tidewater[7] allowed the GOP to carry Virginia and elect three Congressmen, including one representing the local district of emerging machine leader Byrd.[8] However, from1932 with the state severely affected bythe Depression, Republican strength declined below its low pre-1928 level, although Byrd himself became highly critical ofFranklin D. Roosevelt'sNew Deal policies as early as 1940.[9]

Largely because of fear of losing several seats inthe House to resurgent Republicans, Virginia's federal officeholders, although all firmly opposed toHarry S. Truman's civil rights bills, did not endorseStrom Thurmond in 1948.[10] However, Byrd became almost completely opposed to the Truman administration's policies during the ensuing presidential term,[11] and after initially preferred nomineeRichard Russell Jr. called for repealing theTaft–Hartley Act, the Byrd Organization refused to endorse any Democratic nominee,[11] explicitly rejecting eventual nomineesIllinois GovernorAdlai Stevenson II andAlabama SenatorJohn Sparkman.[12]

Campaign

[edit]

Following the end ofReconstruction Virginia voted for everyDemocratic presidential nominee except forAl Smith in the1928 election.[13] U.S. SenatorHarry F. Byrd opposed PresidentHarry S. Truman's support for civil rights and chose to remain neutral in presidential elections. This allowed his political machine to support Republican presidential candidates while voting for Democratic candidates down ballot.[13]

Following this election Virginia would support everyRepublican presidential nominee from 1952 to 2004 except forLyndon B. Johnson in the1964 election. In2008, the state voted for DemocratBarack Obama and has since remained a Democratic-leaning state, largely due to the huge growth of Northern Virginia and the D.C. suburbs.[14] By2020,Joe Biden became the first Democrat to post a double-digit victory sinceRoosevelt himself in1944. Virginia was the only southern state thatDemocratic nomineeJimmy Carter failed to win in the1976 election.[15]

Despite polls being uncertain, Virginia would be comfortably won by Republican nominees,Columbia University PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower, running withCalifornia SenatorRichard Nixon.

Polls

[edit]
SourceRatingAs of
Lansing State Journal[16]TossupSeptember 17, 1952
The Salt Lake Tribune[17]Tilt DOctober 24, 1952
Lubbock Morning Avalanche[18]TossupOctober 24, 1952
The Greeneville Sun[19]Lean DOctober 25, 1952
The New York Times[20]Lean R(flip)October 25, 1952
The Modesto Bee[21]Lean R(flip)October 27, 1952
work=The New York Times[22]Lean DOctober 27, 1952

Results

[edit]
1952 United States presidential election in Virginia[23]
PartyCandidateVotesPercentageElectoral votes
RepublicanDwight Eisenhower349,03756.32%12
DemocraticAdlai Stevenson268,67743.36%0
Socialist LaborEric Hass1,1600.19%0
Social DemocratDarlington Hoopes5040.08%0
ProgressiveVincent Hallinan3110.05%0
Totals619,689100.00%12

Results by county or independent city

[edit]
County/City[24]Dwight D. Eisenhower
Republican
Adlai Stevenson
Democratic
Eric Hass
Socialist Labor
Darlington Hoopes
Social Democrat
Vincent Hallinan
Progressive
MarginTotal votes cast
#%#%#%#%#%#%
Accomack2,62653.99%2,22045.64%120.25%40.08%20.04%4068.35%4,864
Albemarle2,52360.32%1,64239.25%80.19%80.19%20.05%88121.07%4,183
Alexandria8,57956.92%6,47142.93%80.15%30.06%10.02%2,10813.99%15,072
Alleghany2,56452.88%2,27446.90%70.14%20.04%20.04%2905.98%4,849
Amelia83253.64%70345.33%80.52%50.32%30.19%1298.31%1,551
Amherst1,40740.20%2,07859.37%110.31%30.09%10.03%-671-19.17%3,500
Appomattox92949.13%95750.61%30.16%20.11%00.00%-28-1.48%1,891
Arlington22,15860.91%14,03238.57%1570.43%50.01%280.08%8,12622.34%36,380
Augusta3,41469.97%1,45329.78%60.15%20.05%40.10%1,96140.19%4,879
Bath76562.65%45136.94%20.16%30.25%00.00%31425.71%1,221
Bedford2,91654.47%2,42645.32%40.07%50.09%20.04%4909.15%5,353
Bland1,00057.21%74342.51%20.11%10.06%20.11%25714.70%1,748
Botetourt2,02161.50%1,26438.47%10.03%00.00%00.00%75723.03%3,286
Bristol1,57452.31%1,43247.59%120.45%80.30%00.00%1424.72%3,009
Brunswick1,09839.97%1,63559.52%50.18%90.33%00.00%-537-19.55%2,747
Buchanan2,33038.65%3,61359.93%691.14%110.18%60.10%-1,283-21.28%6,029
Buckingham81146.58%91952.79%50.29%40.23%20.11%-108-6.21%1,741
Buena Vista51356.62%39243.27%90.06%70.05%60.04%12113.35%906
Campbell2,44747.26%2,71352.39%140.27%20.04%20.04%-266-5.13%5,178
Caroline85847.01%95452.27%120.66%10.05%00.00%-96-5.26%1,825
Carroll3,77468.68%1,71131.14%70.13%10.02%20.04%2,06337.54%5,495
Charles City34240.24%49257.88%80.94%50.59%30.35%-150-17.64%850
Charlotte94936.56%1,63062.79%80.31%70.27%20.08%-681-26.23%2,596
Charlottesville3,29260.14%2,17439.72%10.03%20.07%00.00%1,11820.42%5,474
Chesterfield4,48255.70%3,54644.07%90.11%50.06%40.05%93611.63%8,046
Clarke80952.88%71646.80%40.26%10.07%00.00%936.08%1,530
Clifton Forge93653.46%81146.32%10.11%00.00%00.00%1257.14%1,751
Colonial Heights89651.73%83548.21%20.04%50.09%10.02%613.52%1,732
Craig42546.45%49053.55%00.00%00.00%00.00%-65-7.10%915
Culpeper1,50760.33%98739.51%10.04%20.08%10.04%52020.82%2,498
Cumberland69554.42%57444.95%30.23%50.39%00.00%1219.47%1,277
Danville4,76558.49%3,32340.79%30.17%10.06%00.00%1,44217.70%8,146
Dickenson2,91347.41%3,21052.25%170.28%30.05%10.02%-297-4.84%6,144
Dinwiddie98339.77%1,46259.14%110.44%110.44%50.20%-479-19.37%2,472
Essex61052.45%54546.86%60.52%20.17%00.00%655.59%1,163
Fairfax13,02060.90%8,32938.96%70.03%70.03%160.07%4,69121.94%21,379
Falls Church1,38659.82%93040.14%10.06%00.00%00.00%45619.68%2,317
Fauquier2,06856.27%1,59743.46%80.22%20.05%00.00%47112.81%3,675
Floyd1,62671.69%61927.29%170.75%20.09%40.18%1,00744.40%2,268
Fluvanna72457.74%51941.39%50.40%50.40%10.08%20516.35%1,254
Franklin1,97649.08%2,01249.98%130.32%200.50%50.12%-36-0.90%4,026
Frederick1,80357.53%1,32642.31%40.13%10.03%00.00%47715.22%3,134
Fredericksburg1,53661.20%97038.65%260.32%260.32%60.07%56622.55%2,510
Giles1,93552.94%1,71746.98%30.08%00.00%00.00%2185.96%3,655
Gloucester1,07352.44%96146.97%60.29%40.20%20.10%1125.47%2,046
Goochland71446.12%82052.97%100.65%40.26%00.00%-106-6.85%1,548
Grayson4,44961.78%2,73437.97%100.14%50.07%30.04%1,71523.81%7,201
Greene53767.80%25031.57%30.38%20.25%00.00%28736.23%792
Greensville98843.47%1,25955.39%150.66%60.26%50.22%-271-11.92%2,273
Halifax2,27440.70%3,29658.99%100.18%60.11%10.02%-1,022-18.29%5,587
Hampton5,50552.52%4,94647.19%10.04%00.00%00.00%5595.33%10,481
Hanover2,25759.76%1,51840.19%20.05%00.00%00.00%73919.57%3,777
Harrisonburg2,23877.82%63522.08%20.08%20.08%00.00%1,60355.74%2,876
Henrico10,68266.62%5,33933.30%40.02%70.04%30.02%5,34333.32%16,035
Henry1,87144.34%2,32355.05%170.40%80.19%10.02%-452-10.71%4,220
Highland69662.25%41937.48%20.18%10.09%00.00%27724.77%1,118
Hopewell1,64049.58%1,65750.09%150.14%90.09%60.06%-17-0.51%3,308
Isle of Wight99644.52%1,22754.85%90.40%40.18%10.04%-231-10.33%2,237
James City52760.23%34639.54%20.23%00.00%00.00%18120.69%875
King and Queen41551.23%38747.78%30.37%30.37%20.25%283.45%810
King George57752.94%50346.15%50.46%30.28%20.18%746.79%1,090
King William73057.39%53341.90%70.55%20.16%00.00%19715.49%1,272
Lancaster1,22861.49%75337.71%100.50%60.30%00.00%47523.78%1,997
Lee4,62251.99%4,24247.71%160.18%40.04%70.08%3804.28%8,891
Loudoun2,54054.86%2,07544.82%90.19%30.06%30.06%46510.04%4,630
Louisa1,13552.26%1,02547.19%60.28%40.18%20.09%1105.07%2,172
Lunenburg83735.27%1,52864.39%40.17%30.13%10.04%-691-29.12%2,373
Lynchburg7,09064.75%3,84835.14%20.07%10.03%00.00%3,24229.61%10,949
Madison1,01264.96%54034.66%30.19%10.06%20.13%47230.30%1,558
Martinsville1,77255.83%1,39143.82%50.15%30.09%30.09%38112.01%3,174
Mathews95163.87%53335.80%40.27%10.07%00.00%41828.07%1,489
Mecklenburg1,89142.46%2,52556.69%200.45%150.34%30.07%-634-14.23%4,454
Middlesex70557.74%50741.52%50.41%30.25%10.08%19816.22%1,221
Montgomery3,88170.68%1,60029.14%70.13%20.04%10.02%2,28141.54%5,491
Nansemond1,16832.87%2,36066.42%120.34%120.34%10.03%-1,192-33.55%3,553
Nelson74037.56%1,22262.03%50.25%20.10%10.05%-482-24.47%1,970
New Kent45552.78%40046.40%50.58%10.12%10.12%556.38%862
Newport News2,76940.46%4,05159.20%60.05%20.02%30.03%-1,282-18.74%6,843
Norfolk5,61445.30%6,76654.60%80.06%30.02%10.01%-1,152-9.30%12,392
Norfolk City14,16654.33%11,86245.49%60.19%30.09%20.06%2,3048.84%26,074
Northampton1,30750.12%1,28949.42%60.23%60.23%00.00%180.70%2,608
Northumberland1,23068.11%57331.73%10.06%10.06%10.06%65736.38%1,806
Nottoway1,45451.02%1,38148.46%70.25%40.14%40.14%732.56%2,850
Orange1,52562.17%91637.34%50.20%50.20%20.08%60924.83%2,453
Page2,64964.59%1,44135.14%100.24%10.02%00.00%1,20829.45%4,101
Patrick1,31445.75%1,55454.11%40.14%00.00%00.00%-240-8.36%2,872
Petersburg2,82254.49%2,34245.22%120.18%50.07%60.09%4809.27%5,179
Pittsylvania2,89341.93%3,97657.62%160.23%100.14%50.07%-1,083-15.69%6,900
Portsmouth3,62136.74%6,18862.79%160.06%130.05%170.07%-2,567-26.05%9,855
Powhatan55852.49%49846.85%290.29%100.10%70.07%605.64%1,063
Prince Edward1,35959.34%92640.44%40.38%10.09%20.19%43318.90%2,290
Prince George54146.40%61252.49%20.09%20.09%10.04%-71-6.09%1,166
Prince William1,61949.14%1,65350.17%110.94%20.17%00.00%-34-1.03%3,295
Princess Anne3,18051.04%3,03748.75%140.42%30.09%60.18%1432.29%6,230
Pulaski2,81562.03%1,71537.79%40.06%50.08%40.06%1,10024.24%4,538
Radford1,52357.73%1,10842.00%90.17%50.10%10.02%41515.73%2,638
Rappahannock61954.35%51845.48%60.13%10.02%10.02%1018.87%1,139
Richmond72768.91%32630.90%20.18%00.00%00.00%40138.01%1,055
Richmond City29,30060.28%19,23539.57%10.04%40.15%20.08%10,06520.71%48,610
Roanoke6,01768.95%2,68930.82%10.09%10.09%00.00%3,32838.13%8,726
Roanoke City15,67366.00%8,04233.87%310.06%220.05%220.05%7,63132.13%23,747
Rockbridge2,06865.90%1,05933.75%90.10%50.06%60.07%1,00932.15%3,138
Rockingham4,35073.11%1,59126.74%90.29%10.03%10.03%2,75946.37%5,950
Russell2,93747.33%3,25352.42%40.07%30.05%20.03%-316-5.09%6,206
Scott4,70361.13%2,99038.87%110.18%30.05%20.03%1,71322.26%7,693
Shenandoah4,28471.12%1,73428.78%00.00%00.00%00.00%2,55042.34%6,024
Smyth3,69464.98%1,97234.69%30.05%20.03%10.02%1,72230.29%5,685
South Norfolk1,09837.90%1,78261.51%140.06%70.03%110.05%-684-23.61%2,897
Southampton1,16636.70%2,00062.95%150.26%20.04%20.04%-834-26.25%3,177
Spotsylvania1,17448.98%1,19449.81%110.38%30.10%30.10%-20-0.83%2,397
Stafford1,41156.35%1,07743.01%50.16%40.13%20.06%33413.34%2,504
Staunton2,57873.07%94526.79%40.11%10.03%00.00%1,63346.28%3,528
Suffolk1,62257.17%1,20942.62%20.07%30.11%10.04%41314.55%2,837
Surry41441.15%57256.86%210.88%50.21%30.13%-158-15.71%1,006
Sussex88847.97%95651.65%90.36%40.16%30.12%-68-3.68%1,851
Tazewell3,23255.83%2,52743.65%90.89%111.09%00.00%70512.18%5,789
Virginia Beach1,31059.79%88140.21%00.00%00.00%00.00%42919.58%2,191
Warren1,88857.90%1,36241.77%50.27%10.05%10.05%52616.13%3,261
Warwick3,30754.00%2,80645.82%30.05%50.08%30.05%5018.18%6,124
Washington3,81057.74%2,77842.10%220.38%30.05%50.09%1,03215.64%6,599
Waynesboro1,68069.62%73030.25%20.08%10.04%00.00%95039.37%2,413
Westmoreland1,11759.51%75440.17%80.25%30.09%00.00%36319.34%1,877
Williamsburg79762.12%48337.65%10.08%20.16%00.00%31424.47%1,283
Winchester2,37569.20%1,05530.74%10.03%10.03%00.00%1,32038.46%3,432
Wise3,91145.16%4,72954.61%100.15%10.02%00.00%-818-9.45%8,660
Wythe3,58068.24%1,65431.53%40.21%20.11%00.00%1,92636.71%5,246
York1,33550.53%1,28748.71%140.16%40.05%20.02%481.82%2,642
Totals349,03756.32%268,67743.36%1,1600.19%5040.08%3110.05%80,36012.96%619,689

Counties and independent cities that flipped from Democratic to Republican

[edit]

Counties and independent cities that flipped from Dixiecrat to Democratic

[edit]

Analysis

[edit]

Eisenhower won Virginia by a 12.97 point margin, making this the first time Virginia voted for a Republican since it was won byHerbert Hoover in1928, and the best Republican performance in Virginia to this point. Virginia was Eisenhower's strongest state in the old Confederacy, marking a shift from Virginia being previously regarded as a safeblue state to more of ared state. Eisenhower ultimately won the national election with 55.18 percent of the vote, making Virginia two points more Republican than the nation at-large. This was the first occasion any Confederate State voted more Republican than the nation since Virginia itselfin 1888 voted 0.30 points more Republican while its blacks remained enfranchised and large numbers of whiteReadjusters had joined the GOP.[4]

The key to Eisenhower's win was gains from the large in-migration toNorthern Virginia, where the many new voters were not tied to the Democratic Party as Virginia's older generation was, with the result that Eisenhower gained four-fifths of approximately two hundred thousand new voters since 1948.[12] Like the rest of the former Confederacy, Eisenhower also gained from transfer of 1948Thurmond votes and from increasing upper-class Republican voting in cites such asRichmond.[25] Nevertheless, the basis of Republican strength remained the old Readjuster and pro-gold standard regions of theShenandoah Valley andSouthwest Virginia.[25]

This was also the first election afterColonial Heights was incorporated as an independent city. Eisenhower won Colonial Heights by a close margin of roughly three points. In the decades since, Colonial Heights has established itself as one of the most Republican-leaning independent cities in Virginia, and has yet to be won by a Democratic presidential candidate. Eisenhower's 1952 and 1956 victories in Colonial Heights of three points and four points remain the two lowest margins of victory for a Republican presidential candidate as ofthe 2024 election[update].

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"U.S. presidential election, 1952". Facts on File. Archived fromthe original on October 29, 2013. RetrievedOctober 24, 2013.Eisenhower, born in Texas, considered a resident of New York, and headquartered at the time in Paris, finally decided to run for the Republican nomination
  2. ^abKousser, J. Morgan (1974).The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910. Yale University Press. pp. 178–181.ISBN 0-300-01696-4.
  3. ^Key, Valdimer Orlando (1949).Southern Politics in State and Nation. pp. 20–25.
  4. ^abcHeersink, Boris; Jenkins, Jeffrey A. (March 19, 2020).Republican Party Politics and the American South, 1865-1968. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217–221.ISBN 978-1107158436.
  5. ^Moger, Allen. "The Rift in Virginia Democracy in 1896".The Journal of Southern History.4 (3):295–317.doi:10.2307/2191291.JSTOR 2191291.
  6. ^Phillips, Kevin P. (1969).The Emerging Republican Majority. Arlington House. pp. 193, 219.ISBN 0870000586.
  7. ^Phillips.The Emerging Republican Majority, p. 195
  8. ^Hawkes (junior), Robert T. (July 1974). "The Emergence of a Leader: Harry Flood Byrd, Governor of Virginia, 1926-1930".The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography.82 (3):259–281.
  9. ^Davidson, Chandler; Grofman, Bernard (1994).Quiet revolution in the South: the impact of the Voting rights act, 1965-1990. Princeton University Press. pp. 275–276.ISBN 0691032475.
  10. ^Guthrie, Paul Daniel (1955).The Dixiecrat Movement of 1948 (Thesis). Bowling Green State University. pp. 179–181. Docket 144207.
  11. ^abSweeney, J.R. (1978). "Revolt in Virginia: Harry Byrd and the 1952 presidential election".Virginia Magazine of History and Biography.86 (2).Old Dominion University:180–195.
  12. ^abGrant Jr., Philip A. (Spring 1990). "Eisenhower and the 1952 Republican Invasion of the South: The Case of Virginia".Presidential Studies Quarterly.20 (2) (Eisenhower Centennial Issue ed.):285–293.
  13. ^abMoreland, Steed & Baker 1991, p. 236.
  14. ^Skelley, Geoffrey (July 13, 2017)."The New Dominion: Virginia's Ever-Changing Electoral Map".Sabato's Crystal Ball. RetrievedJune 7, 2024.
  15. ^Moreland, Steed & Baker 1991, p. 235-236.
  16. ^Cornell, Douglas B. (September 17, 1952). "Ike Given 50–50 Chance To Break into Solid South".Lansing State Journal. Lansing, Michigan. pp. 7, 16.
  17. ^Cornell, Douglas B. (October 24, 1952). "Journalists Bet 50–50 Ike Will Dent South".The Salt Lake Tribune. Salt Lake Cit]. pp. 1–2.
  18. ^Cornell, Douglas B. (October 24, 1952). "Most Southern States Continue to Back Demos Despite Sizeable Republican Inroads — GOP Has Even Chance to Carry Virginia, Texas, Florida".Lubbock Morning Avalanche. Lubbock, Texas. p. 11.
  19. ^"US Poll Shows — Eisenhower Leading Stevenson in Electoral Votes, but Governor Has More States in His Column".The Greeneville Sun. Greeneville, Tennessee. Princeton Research Service. October 25, 1952. pp. 1, 8.
  20. ^White, William S. (October 25, 1952). "Eisenhower Edge Seen in Virginia, With Allegiance to Byrd Big Factor".The New York Times. pp. 1, 64.
  21. ^"NY Times Survey Indicates Close Election Tuesday".The Modesto Bee. Modesto, California. October 27, 1952. p. 8.
  22. ^White, William S. (October 27, 1952). "Stevenson Likely To Win in Virginia: Second Survey Finds States' Rights Bloc and Powell's Activity Hurt G.O.P. — Farmers Are Angry; Negro Votes Switching; Incident Widely Used A Subway in Jersey".The New York Times. pp. 1, 13.
  23. ^"Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 4, 1952"(PDF). Clerk of the House of Representatives. p. 45.
  24. ^"VA US President Race, November 04, 1952". Our Campaigns.
  25. ^abStrong, Donald S. (August 1955). "The Presidential Election in the South, 1952".The Journal of Politics.17 (3). University of Chicago Press:343–389.doi:10.1017/S0022381600091064.

Works cited

[edit]
State and district results of the1952 United States presidential election
Electoral map, 1952 election
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1952_United_States_presidential_election_in_Virginia&oldid=1314453995"
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