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1947

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From top to bottom, left to right: ThePartition of India createsIndia andPakistan, sparking mass migrations, violence, and theIndo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 overKashmir; theRoswell incident and the1947 flying disc craze fuel UFO speculation; the1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine escalates after theUN Partition Plan for Palestine; theFebruary 28 incident inTaiwan is violently suppressed, killing 18,000–28,000 and leading to decades of martial law; theMarshall Plan offers U.S. aid to rebuild Europe and counter Soviet influence; theTruman Doctrine commits the U.S. to support nations threatened by communism, marking the start of theCold War; theTexas City disaster kills at least 581 people in a massive explosion; theHachikō Line derailment kills 184 in Japan; andJackie Robinson breaks Major League Baseball’s color barrier with theBrooklyn Dodgers.

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1947 by topic
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v t e

1947 in variouscalendars
Gregorian calendar	1947 MCMXLVII
Ab urbe condita	2700
Armenian calendar	1396 ԹՎ ՌՅՂԶ
Assyrian calendar	6697
Baháʼí calendar	103–104
Balinese saka calendar	1868–1869
Bengali calendar	1353–1354
Berber calendar	2897
British Regnal year	11 Geo. 6 – 12 Geo. 6
Buddhist calendar	2491
Burmese calendar	1309
Byzantine calendar	7455–7456
Chinese calendar	丙戌年 (Fire Dog) 4644 or 4437 — to — 丁亥年 (Fire Pig) 4645 or 4438
Coptic calendar	1663–1664
Discordian calendar	3113
Ethiopian calendar	1939–1940
Hebrew calendar	5707–5708
Hindu calendars
-Vikram Samvat	2003–2004
-Shaka Samvat	1868–1869
-Kali Yuga	5047–5048
Holocene calendar	11947
Igbo calendar	947–948
Iranian calendar	1325–1326
Islamic calendar	1366–1367
Japanese calendar	Shōwa 22 (昭和２２年)
Javanese calendar	1878–1879
Juche calendar	36
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar	4280
Minguo calendar	ROC 36 民國36年
Nanakshahi calendar	479
Thai solar calendar	2490
Tibetan calendar	མེ་ཕོ་ཁྱི་ལོ་ (male Fire-Dog) 2073 or 1692 or 920 — to — མེ་མོ་ཕག་ལོ་ (female Fire-Boar) 2074 or 1693 or 921

Wikimedia Commons has media related to1947.

1947 (MCMXLVII) was acommon year starting on Wednesday of theGregorian calendar, the 1947th year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini (AD) designations, the 947th year of the2nd millennium, the 47th year of the20th century, and the 8th year of the1940s decade.

Calendar year

It was the first year of theCold War, which would last until1991, ending with thedissolution of the Soviet Union.

Events

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January

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Main article:January 1947

January–February –Winter of 1946–47 in the United Kingdom: The worst snowfall in the country in the 20th century causes extensive disruption of travel.^[1] Given the low ratio of private vehicle ownership at the time, it is mainly remembered in terms of its effects on the railway network.^[2]
January 1 – TheCanadian Citizenship Act comes into effect, providing a Canadian citizenship separate from British law.
January 4 – First issue of weeklymagazineDer Spiegel published inHanover,Germany, edited byRudolf Augstein.^[3]
January 10 – TheUnited Nations adopts a resolution to take control of the free city ofTrieste.^[4]
January 11 – TheAfghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947 conclude with theSurrender at Datta Khel.^[5]
January 15 – Elizabeth Short, an aspiring actress nicknamed the "Black Dahlia", is found brutally murdered in a vacant lot in Los Angeles; the mysterious case is never solved.
January 16 –Vincent Auriol is inaugurated as president of France.^[6]
January 19 – FerrySS Heimara sinks in theSouth Euboean Gulf of Greece killing 392.^[7]
January 24 – In the third phase of theGreek Civil War,Dimitrios Maximos forms a monarchist government in Athens and begins a brief term as prime minister.^[8]
January 26 – AKLM Douglas DC-3 aircraft crashes soon after taking off fromKastrup Airport, Copenhagen, killing all 22 people on board, includingPrince Gustaf Adolf, second in line to the Swedish throne, and American opera singerGrace Moore.^[9]

February

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Main article:February 1947

February 3
- The lowest air temperature in North America (−63 degrees Celsius) was recorded inSnag, in theYukon Territory.
- P.L. Prattis becomes the firstAfrican American news correspondent allowed in theUnited States House of Representatives andSenate press galleries.
February 5
- Bolesław Bierut becomes thePresident of Poland.
- The Government of the United Kingdom announces the £25 millionTanganyika groundnut scheme, for cultivation ofpeanuts in theTanganyika Territory.^[10]
February 7 – TheSouth Pacific Commission (SPC) is founded.
February 8 – TheKarlslust dance hall fire in Berlin, Germany, kills over 80 people.
February 10 – In Paris, France, peace treaties are signed between the World War II Allies and Italy, Hungary,Romania,Bulgaria and Finland. Italy cedes most ofIstria to theSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (laterCroatia).
February 12
- Ameteorite creates animpact crater inSikhote-Alin, in theSoviet Union.
- InBurma, thePanglong Agreement is reached between theBurmese government under its leader, GeneralAung San, and theShan,Kachin, andChin ethnic peoples at the Panglong Conference. U Aung Zan Wai,Pe Khin, Major Aung, Sir Maung Gyi, Sein Mya Maung andMyoma U Than Kywe are among the negotiators.
February 17 –Cold War: TheVoice of America begins to transmit radio broadcasts into Eastern Europe and theSoviet Union
February 20
- Anexplosion at the O'Connor Electro-Plating Company inLos Angeles leaves 17 dead, 100 buildings damaged, and a 22-foot-deep (6.7 m) crater in the ground.
- TheU.S. Army Ordnance Corps Hermes program V-2 rocketBlossom I is launched into space, carrying plant material andfruitflies, the first living things to enter space.
February 21 –Edwin Land demonstrates the first "instant camera", hisPolaroid Land Camera, to a meeting of theOptical Society of America inNew York City.
February 23 – TheInternational Organization for Standardization (ISO) is founded.
February 25
- The German state ofPrussia is officially abolished, by theAllied Control Council.^[11]
- Hachikō Line derailment: The worst-ever train accident in Japan kills 184 people.
- John C. Hennessy Jr. brings the firstVolkswagen Beetle to the United States. He purchased the 1946 automobile from the U.S. Army Post Exchange in Frankfurt, Germany, while serving in the U.S. Army. The Beetle is shipped from Bremerhaven, arriving in New York this day.^[12]
February 28 – InTaiwan,civil disorder is put down, with large loss of civilian lives.

March

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Main article:March 1947

March 1
- TheInternational Monetary Fund begins to operate.
- German rocket scientistWernher von Braun marries his first cousin, 18-year-old Maria von Quirstorp.
March 4 – TheTreaty of Dunkirk (effective September 8) is signed between the United Kingdom and France, providing for mutual assistance in the event of attack.
March 12 – TheCold War begins: TheTruman Doctrine is proclaimed, to help stem the spread ofCommunism.
March 14 – TheThames flood and other widespread flooding occurs, as the exceptionally harshBritish winter of 1946–1947 ends in a thaw.^[13]^[14]
March 15 – Hindus and Muslims clash inPunjab.
March 19 – The19th Academy Awards Ceremony is held. The movieThe Best Years of Our Lives wins theAcademy Award for Best Picture, along with several other Academy Awards.
March 25 – Acoal mine explosion inCentralia, Illinois, United States; 111 miners are killed.
March 28 – A World War II Japanesebooby trap explodes onCorregidor Island, killing 28 people.
March 29 – Arebellion against French rule erupts inMadagascar.
March 31 – The leaders of the Kurdish People'sRepublic of Mahabad, the secondKurdish state in the history ofIran, are hanged atChuwarchira Square inMahabad, after the state has been overrun by the Iranian army.

April

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Main article:April 1947

April – The previous discovery of the 'Dead Sea Scrolls' in theQumran Caves (above the northwest shore of theDead Sea) byBedouin shepherds, becomes known.^[15]
April 1
- Jackie Robinson, the firstAfrican American inMajor League Baseball since the 1880s, signs a contract with theBrooklyn Dodgers.
- Paul I becomes King of Greece, aged 45, following the death of his brother,King George II.^[16]
- The1947 Royal New Zealand Navy mutinies begin.
April 4 – TheInternational Civil Aviation Organization begins operations.
April 7
- The ArabBa'ath Party is established by merger inDamascus.
- The largest recordedsunspot group appears on the solar surface.^[17]
April 9
- Multiple tornadoes strike Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas, killing 184 and injuring 970.
- TheJourney of Reconciliation in theSouthern United States begins, organized by theCongress of Racial Equality.
April 15 – Jackie Robinson becomes the first African American to play Major League Baseball since the 1880s.
April 16
- Texas City disaster: Theammonium nitrate cargo of French-registeredLiberty ship SS Grandcamp explodes inTexas City, Texas in one of thelargest man-made non-nuclear explosions in history, killing at least 581, including all but one member of the city fire department, injuring at least 5,000 and destroying 20 city blocks. Of the dead, remains of 113 are never found, and 62 are unidentifiable.
- American financier and presidential adviserBernard Baruch describes the post–World War II tensions between theSoviet Union and the United States as a "Cold War".
- The first public demonstration of aTV camera zoom lens, theJerry Fairbanks Zoomar, is held atNBC studios inNew York.^[18]
April 18
- The BritishRoyal Navy detonates 6,800 tons of explosives, in an attempt to demolish the fortified island ofHeligoland, Germany, in another of the largest man-made non-nuclear explosions in history.^[19]
- 'Mrs. Ples', anAustralopithecus africanus skull, is discovered in theSterkfontein area inTransvaal, South Africa.
April 20 – KingFrederik IX succeeds his father,Christian X, on the throne ofDenmark.^[20]

May

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Main article:May 1947

May 1 –Portella della Ginestra massacre: TheSalvatore Giuliano gang of Sicilian separatists opens fire on aLabour Day parade at Portella della Ginestra,Sicily, killing 11 people and wounding 27.
May 2 – The movieMiracle on 34th Street, a Christmastime classic, is first shown in theaters.
May 3 – The new post-warConstitution of Japan goes into effect.
May 11 – TheKingdom of Laos is officially formed, but is still aFrench protectorate.
TheFerrari 125 S, the first car to bear theFerrari name, debuts.
May 22 – TheCold War begins: To fight the spread ofCommunism, PresidentHarry S. Truman signs an Act of Congress that implements theTruman Doctrine. This Act grants $400 million in military and economic aid toTurkey and Greece. The Cold Warends in1991.
May 25 – Hyundai Togun, the initial name of theHyundai Group, is founded byChung Ju-young.^[21]
May 29
- AnAir Iceland Douglas C-47 on a domestic flight inIceland crashes into a mountainside killing all 25 people on board.
- AUnited States Army Air Forces Douglas C-54 Skymaster crashes on approach toNaval Air Station Atsugi,Japan, killing all 41 on board in the worst aviation accident in Japanese history up to this time.
May 30 –Eastern Air Lines Flight 605: ADouglas C-54 Skymaster crashes nearBainbridge, Maryland, killing all 53 aboard (49 passengers, 4 crew), in America's worst commercial aviation disaster to this date.
May 31 –Alcide de Gasperi forms a new government in Italy, the first postwar Italian government not to include members of theItalian Communist Party.

June

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Main article:June 1947

June – TheDoomsday Clock of theBulletin of the Atomic Scientists is introduced.
June 5 – U.S. Secretary of StateGeorge Marshall outlines theMarshall Plan for American reconstruction and relief aid to Europe, in a speech atHarvard University.
June 7 – The Romanian Army founds theassociation football club CCA (Clubul Central al Armatei – The Army's Central Club), which will becomethe most successful Romanian football team during its time asCSA Steaua București.^[22]
June 10 –SAAB in Sweden produces its first automobile.
June 11–15 – The firstLlangollen International Musical Eisteddfod is held in Wales.^[23]
June 15 – TheEstado Novo in Portugal orders 11 military officers and 19 university professors, who are accused of revolutionary activity, to resign.
June 21 – TheParliament of Canada votes unanimously to pass several laws regarding displaced foreign refugees.
June 23 – TheUnited States Senate follows theHouse of Representatives, in overriding PresidentHarry S. Truman'sveto of theTaft–Hartley Act.
June 24 –Kenneth Arnold makes the first widely reportedUFO sighting nearMount Rainier,Washington. Over800 copycat sightings are reported throughout the US in the coming following weeks.
June 25 –The Diary of a Young Girl byAnne Frank is published for the first time asHet Achterhuis: Dagboekbrieven 14 juni 1942 – 1 augustus 1944 ("The Annex: Diary Notes from 14 June 1942 – 1 August 1944") inAmsterdam, two years after the writer's death inBergen-Belsen concentration camp.

July

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Main article:July 1947

July 1 – TheUnited States begins theNational Malaria Eradication Program, successfully eradicating malaria in1951.
July 6
- 1947 Sylhet referendum: A referendum is held inSylhet to decide its fate in thePartition of India.^[24]
- The first prototypeAK-47 assault rifles are built to the design ofMikhail Kalashnikov.
July 8 –Roswell UFO incident: A supposedly downedextraterrestrial spacecraft is reportedly found nearRoswell, New Mexico.

'Flying Disc' photos published in Phoenix press on July 9

July 9
- 'Flying disc' photographs published in Phoenix
- KingGeorge VI of the United Kingdom announces the engagement of his daughterPrincess Elizabeth toLt. Philip Mountbatten.
July 11 – The shipExodus leaves France forPalestine, with 4,500 JewishHolocaust survivor refugees on board.
July 17 – Indian passenger shipSS Ramdas is capsized by a cyclone atMumbai, India, with 625 people killed.
July 18
- Following wide media andUNSCOP coverage, theExodus is captured by British troops, and refused entry into Palestine at the port ofHaifa.
- PresidentHarry S. Truman signs thePresidential Succession Act into law, which places theSpeaker of the House and thePresident pro tempore of the Senate next in the line of succession, after thevice president.
July 19 – Burmese nationalistAung San, and six members of his newly formed cabinet, are assassinated during a cabinet meeting.
July 26 –Cold War: U.S. PresidentHarry S. Truman signs theNational Security Act of 1947 into law to create theCentral Intelligence Agency, theDepartment of Defense, theJoint Chiefs of Staff, and theNational Security Council.
July 27–28 – English endurance swimmerTom Blower becomes the first person to swim theNorth Channel, fromDonaghadee inNorthern Ireland toPortpatrick in Scotland.
July 29 – After being shut down on November 9, 1946, for a refurbishment, theENIAC computer in the United States is turned back on again, and remains in continuous operation until October 2, 1955.

August

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Main article:August 1947

Flag ofPakistan, the country that gained independence on August 14, 1947

Flag ofIndia, the country that gained independence on August 15, 1947, and became the largest democracy in the world.

August 1 – Indonesian airlineGaruda Indonesia is established.
August 2 –1947 BSAA Avro LancastrianStar Dust accident: A British South American Airways Avro Lancastrian airliner crashes into a mountain during a flight from Buenos Aires, Argentina to Santiago, Chile (the wreckage will not be found until 1998).
August 5 – The Netherlands endsOperation Product, the first of its major military 'police actions' inIndonesia.
August 7
- Thor Heyerdahl'sbalsa wood raft, theKon-Tiki, smashes into thereef atRaroia in theTuamotu Islands, after a 101-day, 4,300 mile, voyage across the Eastern Pacific Ocean, demonstrating that prehistoric peoples could have traveled to the Central Pacific islands from South America.
- TheBombay Municipal Corporation formally takes over theBombay Electric Supply and Transport (BEST).
August 14
- The Muslim majority regions formed by thePartition of India gain independence from theBritish Empire as theDominion of Pakistan. While the transition is officially at midnight on this day, Pakistan celebrates its independence on August 14, compared with India on the 15th, because thePakistan Standard Time is 30 minutes behind the standard time of India.
- Muhammad Ali Jinnah becomes the firstgovernor-general of Pakistan.Liaquat Ali Khan takes office as the firstprime minister of Pakistan.
August 15
- The greater Indian subcontinent, with a mixed population ofHindu,Sikhs,Buddhists,Jains,Zoroasters,Jews,Christians,Muslims and others formed by thePartition of India, gains independence from the British Empire, as theDominion of India. 190 years British rule (1757–1947) in India comes to an end.
- Jawaharlal Nehru takes office as the firstprime minister of India, taking his oath fromLouis Mountbatten, Viscount Mountbatten of Burma,Governor-General of India (but no longerviceroy).
August 16 – In Greece, GeneralMarkos Vafiadis takes over the government until1949.
August 23 – Theprime minister of Greece,Dimitrios Maximos, resigns.
August 27 – The French government lowers the daily breadration to 200 grams, causing riots inVerdun andLe Mans.
August 30 – A fire at a movie theater inRueil, a suburb of Paris, France, kills 83 people.
August 31 – InHungary,communists fail to gain a majority in parliamentary elections (despite widespread fraud) and turn to direct action as part of the country'stransition to Communism (1944–1949).

September

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Main article:September 1947

TheCentral Intelligence Agency (CIA), officially born September 18, 1947

September 9
- Women's suffrage is agreed byArgentina's Congress.
- A moth lodged in arelay is found to be the cause of a malfunction in theHarvard Mark II electromechanical computer, logged as the "First actual case ofbug being found."^[25]^[26]
September 13 – Indian Prime MinisterJawaharlal Nehru suggests the exchange of four million Hindus and Muslims between India andPakistan.
September 15–16 –Typhoon Kathleen strikes theBōsō Peninsula and the entireKantō region in Japan. Heavy rains cause theArakawa andTone Rivers to overflow and embankment collapse. The resulting floods anddebris flow kill between 1,077 and 1,920 people, injuring 1,547^[27] and leaving 853 missing.^[28]
September 17–21 – The1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane in southeasternFlorida, and also inAlabama,Mississippi, andLouisiana causes widespread damage, and kills 50 people.
September 18 – In the United States:
- TheNational Security Act of 1947 becomes effective on this day, creating theUnited States Air Force,National Security Council and theCentral Intelligence Agency.
- TheDepartment of War becomes theDepartment of the Army, a branch of the newDepartment of Defense.
September 22 – The Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties (Cominform) is founded by theInternational Communist Movement.
September 30 –Pakistan andYemen join theUnited Nations.

October

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Main article:October 1947

October – First recorded use of the wordcomputer in its modern sense, referring to an electronic digital machine.^[29]
October 1 – TheNorth American F-86 Sabre jet fighter aircraft makes its first flight.
October 5 – PresidentHarry S. Truman delivers the first televised White House address, speaking on the world food crises.
October 14 –United States Air Force test pilot CaptainChuck Yeager flies aBell X-1 rocket plane faster than thespeed of sound, the first time it has been accomplished.
October 20 – A war begins inKashmir, along the border between India and Pakistan, initiating theIndo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948. Also, Pakistan establishes diplomatic relations with the United States of America.
October 24 – The firstAzad Kashmir Government is established within Pakistan, headed bySardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan as its first President supported by the government of Pakistan.
October 30 – TheGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the foundation of theWorld Trade Organization (WTO), is established.

November

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Main article:November 1947

November 2 – InLong Beach, California, United States, designer and airplane pilotHoward Hughes carries out the one and only flight of theHughes H-4 Hercules ("Spruce Goose"), the largestfixed-wing aircraft ever built and flown. This flight only lasts 8 minutes.
November 6 – The television programMeet the Press makes its debut, on theNBC-TV network in the United States.
November 9 –Junagadh is invaded by the Indian army.
November 10 – The arrest of four steel workers inMarseille begins aFrench communist riot, that also spreads to Paris.
November 13 –Wataru Misaka makes the roster of theNew York Knicks to become the first person of color to play in modern professional basketball, months afterJackie Robinson broke the color barrier inMajor League Baseball for theBrooklyn Dodgers. Misaka has led theUtah Utes to the1944 NCAA and1947 NIT championships.^[30]
November 15
- TheInternational Telecommunication Union becomes a specialized agency of theUnited Nations.
- TheUniversal Postal Union (UPU) becomes a specialized agency of theUnited Nations (effectiveJuly 1 1948).
November 16
- InBrussels, 15,000 people demonstrate against the relatively short prison sentences of BelgianNazi criminals.
- Great Britain begins withdrawing its troops from Palestine.
November 17–December 23 –John Bardeen andWalter Brattain working underWilliam Shockley atAT&T'sBell Labs in the United States demonstrate thetransistor effect, a key element for theelectronics revolution of the 20th century.^[31]
November 17 – TheScreen Actors Guild implements an anti-Communist loyalty oath.
November 18 –Ballantyne's fire: A fire inBallantynes department store inChristchurch, New Zealand, kills 41 people.
November 20
- Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh: Princess Elizabeth (laterElizabeth II), the daughter ofGeorge VI of the United Kingdom, marriesThe Duke of Edinburgh atWestminster Abbey in London.
- Paul Ramadier resigns asPrime Minister of France. He is succeeded byRobert Schuman, who calls in 80,000 army reservists to quell rioting miners in France.
November 21 – The United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment begins inHavana, Cuba. This conference ends in 1948, when its members complete theHavana Charter.
November 24 –McCarthyism: TheUnited States House of Representatives votes 346–17 to approve citations of Contempt of Congress against the "Hollywood Ten", after the screenwriters and directors refuse to co-operate with theHouse Un-American Activities Committee concerning allegations ofcommunist influences in the movie business. The ten men areblacklisted by theHollywood movie studios on the following day.^[32]
November 25
- TheNew Zealand Parliament ratifies theStatute of Westminster, and thus becomes independent of legislative control by theParliament of the United Kingdom.
- The newPakistan Army andPashtun mercenaries overrun Mirpur inKashmir, resulting in the death of 20,000 Hindus and Sikhs.^[33]
November 27 – In Paris, France, police occupy the editorial offices of the communist newspapers.
November 29 – TheUnited Nations General Assembly votes for theUnited Nations Partition Plan for Palestine which will partitionMandatory Palestine between Arab and Jewish regions, resulting in the creation of theState of Israel.

December

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Main article:December 1947

December 3
- French communist strikers derail the Paris-Tourcoing express train because of false rumors that it is transporting soldiers; 21 people are killed.
- TheTennessee Williams playA Streetcar Named Desire, starringMarlon Brando in his first great role, opens at theEthel Barrymore Theatre on Broadway in New York City;Jessica Tandy also stars as Blanche Du Bois.^[34]
December 4 – FrenchInterior Minister Jules S. Moch takesemergency measures against his country's rioters, after six days of violent arguments in theNational Assembly.
December 6
- Arturo Toscanini conducts a concert performance of the first half ofGiuseppe Verdi's operaOtello, for a broadcast onNBC Radio in the United States. The second half of the opera is broadcast a week later.^[35]
- Women are admitted to full membership of theUniversity of Cambridge in England.^[36] following a vote in September.^[37]
December 9 – Frenchlabor unions call off the general strike, and re-commence negotiations with the French government.
December 12 – TheIranian Royal Army takes back power in theAzerbaijan province.
December 14 –Santiago Bernabeu Stadium is officially inaugurated inMadrid, and hosts its first match.^[38]
December 21 – During the mass migration of Hindus and Muslims between the new states of India and Pakistan, 400,000 are slaughtered.
December 22 – TheItalian Constituent Assembly votes to accept the newConstitution of Italy.
December 30
- TheMikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 jet fighter aircraft (NATO reporting name Fagot) makes its first flight in the Soviet Union.
- KingMichael I of Romania is forced to abdicate and the Romanian monarchy is abolished.^[39]