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1944 United States presidential election

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
40th quadrennial U.S. presidential election

1944 United States presidential election

← 1940November 7, 19441948 →

531 members of theElectoral College
266 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout55.9%[1]Decrease 6.6pp
 
NomineeFranklin D. RooseveltThomas E. Dewey
PartyDemocraticRepublican
Home stateNew YorkNew York
Running mateHarry S. TrumanJohn W. Bricker
Electoral vote43299
States carried3612
Popular vote25,612,91622,017,929
Percentage53.4%45.9%


President before election

Franklin D. Roosevelt
Democratic

Elected President

Franklin D. Roosevelt
Democratic

Presidential elections were held on Tuesday, November 7, 1944. The election took place duringWorld War II which ended the following year. TheDemocratic ticket of incumbent PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt and SenatorHarry Truman defeated theRepublican ticket ofNew York GovernorThomas E. Dewey andOhio GovernorJohn Bricker to win an unprecedented fourth term. It was also the fifth presidential election in which both major party candidates were registered in the same home state; the others have been in1860,1904,1920,1940, and2016. Though the margin of victory was still a landslide, this was Roosevelt's weakest performance in his four elections, and the popular vote split was less lopsided.

Roosevelt had become the first president to win a third term with his victory in the1940 presidential election, with little doubt that he would seek a fourth term. Unlike in 1940, Roosevelt faced little opposition within his own party, and he easily won the presidential nomination of the1944 Democratic National Convention. Concerned that Roosevelt's ill health would mean the vice president would likely become president, the conventiondropped Roosevelt's vice presidentHenry A. Wallace in favor of the lesser known SenatorHarry S. Truman of Missouri.[2] Governor Dewey of New York emerged as the front-runner for the Republican nomination after his victory in the Wisconsin primary, and he defeated conservative GovernorJohn W. Bricker at the1944 Republican National Convention.

As World War II was going well for the United States and theAllies, Roosevelt remained popular despite his long tenure. Dewey campaigned against theNew Deal and for a smaller government, but was ultimately unsuccessful in convincing the country to change course. The election was closer than Roosevelt's other presidential campaigns, but Roosevelt still won by a 7.5 percentage point margin in the popular vote and by a wide margin in theElectoral College. Rumors of Roosevelt's ill health, although somewhat dispelled by his vigorous campaigning, proved to be prescient; Roosevelt died less than three months into his fourth term and was succeeded by Truman. Roosevelt would be the last major party candidate to have been nominated by their party for three or more consecutive elections untilDonald Trump in2024.

Nominations

[edit]

Democratic Party nomination

[edit]
Main articles:1944 Democratic National Convention and1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection
Roosevelt/Truman poster
Democratic Party (United States)
Democratic Party (United States)
1944 Democratic Party ticket
Franklin D. RooseveltHarry S. Truman
for Presidentfor Vice President
32nd
President of the United States
(1933–1945)
U.S. Senator fromMissouri
(1935–1945)
In Order of Delegates and Votes Won.
Franklin D. RooseveltHarry F. ByrdJames FarleyJoseph T. FergusonFred H. HildebrandtCordell HullPaul V. McNutt
U.S. President fromNew York

(1933–1945)

U.S. Senator

fromVirginia

(1933–1965)

U.S. Postmaster General fromNew York

(1933–1940)

State Auditor fromOhio

(1936–1940)

U.S. Representative fromSouth Dakota

(1933–1939)

United States Secretary of State

fromTennessee(1933–1944)

High Commissioner to the Philippines fromIndiana

(1937–1939)

1,324,006 votes1,086PD109,000 votes89PD76,919 votes1PD0PD0PD0PD0PD
Convention vote
PresidentVice President
Green tickYFranklin D. Roosevelt1,086Green tickYHarry S. Truman626
Harry F. Byrd89Henry A. Wallace329
James Farley1Prentice Cooper26
Scattering/Other7
Alben W. Barkley6
Paul V. McNutt1
John H. Bankhead II0
Scott W. Lucas0
J. Melville Broughton0

President Roosevelt was the popular, wartime incumbent and faced little formal opposition. Although many Southern Democrats mistrusted Roosevelt's racial policies, he brought enormous war activities to the region and the end of its marginal status was in sight. No major figure opposed Roosevelt publicly, and he was re-nominated easily when the Democratic Convention met inChicago. Some pro-segregationist delegates tried to unite behind Virginia senatorHarry F. Byrd, but he refused to campaign actively against Roosevelt, and did not get enough delegates to seriously threaten the President's chances.

The obvious physical decline in the president's appearance, as well as rumors of secret health problems, led many delegates and party leaders to strongly oppose Vice PresidentHenry A. Wallace for a second term. Opposition to Wallace came especially from Catholic leaders in big cities and moderate Democrats. Wallace, who had been Roosevelt'svice president since January 1941, was regarded by most conservatives as being tooleft-wing and personally eccentric to be next in line for the presidency. He had performed so poorly as economic coordinator that Roosevelt had to remove him from that post. Numerous moderate party leaders privately sent word to Roosevelt that they would fight Wallace's re-nomination as vice president and proposed instead SenatorHarry S. Truman, a moderate from Missouri. Truman was highly visible as the chairman of a Senate wartime committee investigating fraud and inefficiency in the war program. Roosevelt, who personally liked Wallace and knew little about Truman, agreed reluctantly to accept Truman as his running mate to preserve party unity.[3] Even so, many delegates on the left refused to abandon Wallace, and they voted for him on the first ballot.[4] However, enough large Northern, Midwestern, and Southern states supported Truman to give him victory on the second ballot. The fight over the vice-presidential nomination proved to be consequential; the ticket won and Roosevelt died in April 1945, and Truman instead of Wallace became the nation's thirty-third President.[5]

Republican Party

[edit]
Main article:1944 Republican Party presidential primaries
Further information:1944 Republican National Convention
Republican Party (United States)
Republican Party (United States)
1944 Republican Party ticket
Thomas E. DeweyJohn W. Bricker
for Presidentfor Vice President
47th
Governor of New York
(1943–1954)
54th
Governor of Ohio
(1939–1945)
In Order of Delegates and Votes Won.
Thomas E. DeweyDouglas MacArthurEarl WarrenJohn W. BrickerHarold StassenWendell WillkieCharles A. ChristophersonEverett DirksenChapman Revercomb
Governor ofNew York

(1943–1954)

General fromArkansas

(1918–1951)

Governor ofCalifornia

(1943–1953)

Governor ofOhio

(1943–1953)

FormerGovernor ofMinnesota

(1939–1943)

Businessman fromNew YorkRepresentative fromSouth DakotaRepresentative fromIllinoisU.S. Senator fromWest Virginia

(1943–1949; 1956–1959)

278,272votes1,056PD662,127 votes1PD594,439 votes366,444 votes67,508 votes0 votes0PD0 votes0PD0 votes0PD0 votes0PD
Convention vote
PresidentVice President
Green tickYThomas E. Dewey1,056Green tickYJohn W. Bricker1,057
Douglas MacArthur1Abstaining2

As 1944 began, the frontrunners for the Republican nomination appeared to beWendell Willkie, the party's 1940 nominee, SenatorRobert A. Taft from Ohio, the leader of the party's conservatives, New York GovernorThomas E. Dewey, the leader of the party's moderate eastern establishment, GeneralDouglas MacArthur, then serving as anAllied commander in the Pacific theater of the war, and former Minnesota GovernorHarold Stassen, then serving as a U.S. naval officer in the Pacific. Taft surprised many by declining to run for president as he wanted to remain in the Senate; instead, he voiced his support for a fellow Ohio conservative, GovernorJohn W. Bricker.[6]

With Taft out of the race some Republican conservatives favored General MacArthur. However, MacArthur's chances were limited by the fact that he was leading Allied forces against Japan, and thus could not campaign for the nomination. His supporters entered his name in the Wisconsin primary nonetheless. The Wisconsin primary proved to be the key contest, as Dewey won by a surprisingly wide margin. He took fourteen delegates to four for Harold Stassen, while MacArthur won the three remaining delegates. Willkie was shut out in the Wisconsin primary; he did not win a single delegate. His unexpectedly poor showing in Wisconsin forced him to withdraw as a candidate for the nomination. However, at the time of his sudden death in early October 1944, Willkie had endorsed neither Dewey nor Roosevelt. At the1944 Republican National Convention in Chicago, Dewey easily overcame Bricker and was nominated for president on the first ballot. Dewey, a moderate to liberal Republican, chose the conservative Bricker as his running mate. Dewey originally preferred fellow liberal California GovernorEarl Warren, but agreed on Bricker to preserve party unity (Warren would go on to run with Dewey in the1948 election). Bricker was nominated for vice president byacclamation.

General election

[edit]

Polling

[edit]
Polling aggregates
Candidates
  Franklin Roosevelt
  Thomas Dewey
  Undecided
% supportDate010203040506012/15/19423/15/19448/16/194411/5/1944Franklin RooseveltThomas DeweyUndecidedPolling results for the 1944 United States p...
Poll SourceField Date(s)Sample SizeFranklin Roosevelt
Democratic
Thomas Dewey
Republican
OthersUndecidedLeading by
(points)
Election ResultsNovember 7, 194453.4%45.9%0.7%-7.5
Fortune[7]November 5, 194450.9%44.1%-5.0%~7
Gallup Poll News ServiceNovember 3, 19443,085 (A)46.5%45.6%0.4%7.6%0.9
Fortune[8]October 20, 1944??-?7.0
Gallup Poll News ServiceOctober 17, 19442,404 (A)47.8%42.5%0.3%9.5%5.2
Gallup Poll News ServiceOctober 12, 19442,743 (A)46.1%43.1%0.4%10.3%3.0
Gallup Poll News ServiceOctober 6, 19442,616 (A)48.6%40.0%0.3%11.1%8.6
Gallup Poll News ServiceOctober 3, 19442,601 (A)44.2%44.4%0.4%9.8%0.2
Gallup Poll News ServiceSeptember 20, 19442,988 (A)47.0%43.2%-9.8%3.9
Gallup Poll News ServiceSeptember 14, 19442,917 (A)48.6%40.7%0.7%10.1%7.8
Fortune[9]49.3%44.4%-6.3%4.9
Gallup Poll News ServiceSeptember 6, 1944615 (A)44.6%34.6%-20.8%9.9
Gallup Poll News ServiceAugust 29, 19443,021 (A)46.4%42.3%-11.3%4.1
Gallup Poll News ServiceAugust 16, 19441,171 (A)48.8%38.2%-13.1%10.6
Fortune[10]52.5%43.9%-3.6%8.6
Gallup Poll News ServiceAugust 1, 19441,231 (A)46.8%41.7%-11.5%5.1
Fortune[8]July 20, 194450.8%42.2%-7.0%8.6
Gallup Poll News ServiceJuly 18, 19443,020 (A)49.5%41.0%-9.6%8.5
Gallup Poll News ServiceJune 20, 19442,910 (A)51.0%43.5%-5.5%7.5
Gallup Poll News ServiceJune 7, 19442,718 (A)50.6%45.1%-4.3%5.4
Gallup Poll News ServiceMay 23, 19443,009 (A)50.3%44.7%-5.0%5.6
Gallup Poll News ServiceMay 9, 19442,631 (A)51.2%42.9%-5.9%8.3
Gallup Poll News ServiceApril 25, 19441,566 (A)48.0%46.2%-5.8%1.9
Gallup Poll News ServiceMarch 29, 19442,982 (A)51.2%41.2%-7.6%10.1
Gallup Poll News ServiceMarch 15, 19441,400 (A)53.4%42.4%-4.2%11.0
Gallup Poll News ServiceMarch 1, 19441,643 (A)53.1%42.2%-4.7%11.0
Gallup Poll News ServiceFebruary 1, 19442,980 (A)48.8%[a]44.6%[b]-6.6%4.2
Gallup Poll News ServiceJanuary 4, 19443,006 (A)54.3%37.3%-8.4%17.0
Gallup Poll News ServiceNovember 9, 19433,026 (A)53.9%39.9%-6.2%14.0
Gallup Poll News ServiceOctober 26, 19432,918 (A)48.5%[c]43.4%[d]-8.1%5.1
Gallup Poll News ServiceSeptember 14, 19432,645 (A)58.0%33.7%-8.3%24.3
Gallup Poll News ServiceJuly 7, 19433,033 (A)52.3%38.3%-9.5%14.0
Gallup Poll News ServiceJune 2, 19431,442 (A)51.9%[e]40.2%[f]-7.9%11.8
Gallup Poll News ServiceMay 12, 19431,497 (A)47.1%[g]36.3%[h]-16.6%10.8
Gallup Poll News ServiceApril 27, 19431,486 (A)51.6%[i]36.8%[j]-11.6%14.7
Gallup Poll News ServiceJanuary 7, 19432,808 (A)49.7%32.7%-17.6%17.0
Gallup Poll News ServiceDecember 15, 19421,380 (A)41.1%35.8%-23.1%5.3

Fall campaign

[edit]
Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for the winning candidate. Shades of blue are for Roosevelt (Democratic), shades of red are for Dewey (Republican), and shades of green are for "No Candidate" (Texas Regulars).

The Republicans campaigned against theNew Deal,[11] seeking a smaller government and less-regulated economy as the end of the war seemed in sight. Nonetheless, Roosevelt's continuing popularity was the main theme of the campaign. To quiet rumors of his poor health, Roosevelt insisted on making a vigorous campaign swing in October and rode in an open car through city streets.

Numerous campaign songs for F.D.R. were written, possibly in an effort to advertise on radio duringradio's Golden Age. These included 1940's "Franklin D. Roosevelt's Back Again" and "Mister Roosevelt, Won't You Please Run Again." In 1944, Broadway actressMary Crane Hone[12][13] published piano march "Let's Re-Re-Re-Elect Roosevelt."[14][15][16] Its lyrics were:

Let's make each one of our blows felt

For the causes of humanity and war.

Withworld peace just around the corner,

His leadership is necessary still.

So - Let's Re-Re-Re-Elect Roosevelt...[14]

Poster from 1944 presidential campaign

A high point of the campaign occurred when Roosevelt, speaking to a meeting oflabor union leaders, gave a speech carried on national radio in which he ridiculed Republican claims that his administration was corrupt and wasteful with tax money.[17] He particularly derided a Republican claim that he had sent a US Navy warship to pick up hisScottish TerrierFala in Alaska, noting that "Fala was furious" at such rumors.[18] The speech was met with loud laughter and applause from the labor leaders. In response, Governor Dewey gave a blistering partisan speech inOklahoma City a few days later on national radio, in which he accused Roosevelt of being "indispensable" to corrupt big-city Democratic organizations andAmerican Communists;[19] he also referred to members of Roosevelt's cabinet as a "motley crew". However, American battlefield successes in Europe and the Pacific during the campaign, such as theliberation of Paris in August 1944 and the successfulBattle of Leyte Gulf in thePhilippines in October 1944, made President Roosevelt unbeatable.[20]

Results

[edit]

Throughout the campaign, Roosevelt led Dewey in all thepolls by varying margins. On election day, the Democratic incumbent scored a fairly comfortable victory over his Republican challenger. Roosevelt took 36 states for 432 electoral votes (266 were needed to win), while Dewey won twelve states and 99 electoral votes. In the popular vote, Roosevelt won 25,612,916 (53.4%) votes to Dewey's 22,017,929 (45.9%). Dewey conceded in a radio address the following morning, but declined to personally call or to send a telegram to President Roosevelt. Roosevelt sent Dewey a telegram reading, "I thank you for your statement, which I heard over the air a few minutes ago."[21] Roosevelt's victory made him the only person ever to win the presidential popular vote four times, and neither party would again win the popular vote four consecutive times until the Democrats did so in all four elections from2008 to2020.

The important question had been which leader,[22] Roosevelt or Dewey, should be chosen for the critical days of peacemaking and reconstruction following the war's conclusion. Most American voters concluded that they should retain the governing party, and particularly the president who represented it. They also felt it unsafe to do so in "wartime", in view of ever-increasing domestic disagreements.

Dewey did better against Roosevelt than any of Roosevelt's previous three Republican opponents: Roosevelt's percentage and margin of the total vote were both less than in 1940. Dewey flipped the states of Wyoming, Wisconsin, and Ohio from the previous election, while Roosevelt flipped Michigan. Dewey also gained the personal satisfaction of finishing ahead of Roosevelt in his hometown ofHyde Park, New York, and ahead of Truman in his hometown ofIndependence, Missouri.[23] Dewey would again become the Republican presidential nominee in 1948, challenging President Truman (who had assumed that office on FDR's death), and would again lose, though by somewhat smaller popular- and electoral-vote margins.

Roosevelt's net vote totals in the twelve largest cities increased from 2,112,000 votes in the 1940 election to 2,230,000 votes.[24] Of the 3,095 counties/independent cities making returns, Roosevelt won the most popular votes in 1,751 (56.58%) while Dewey carried 1,343 (43.39%). The Texas Regular ticket carriedone county (0.03%). In New York, only the combined support of the American Labor and Liberal parties (pledged to Roosevelt but otherwise independent of the Democrats to maintain their identities) enabled Roosevelt to win the electoral votes of his home state.

In 1944, the constantly growing Southern protest against Roosevelt's leadership became clearest in Texas, where 135,553 people voted against Roosevelt but not for the Republican ticket. The Texas Regular ticket resulted from a split in the Democratic Party in its two state conventions, May 23 and September 12, 1944. This ticket, which represented the Democratic element opposing the re-election of President Roosevelt, called for the "restoration ofstates' rights which have been destroyed by the Communist New Deal" and "restoration ofthe supremacy of the white race".[25] Its electors were uninstructed.

Results

[edit]

Until1996 this was the last time in which an incumbent Democratic president won re-election after serving a full term in office. This was also the last election until 2012 in which the incumbent Democratic president received over 50 percent of the popular vote after receiving over 50 percent of it in the previous election. As of 2025, this was the most recent presidential election in which a Democratic ticket has won every state of the former Confederacy as well as the entire southern region. This was the first election since1892 that a Democrat won without taking Wyoming and Ohio. Roosevelt is the only president to serve for more than two terms; in 1951, theTwenty-second Amendment was ratified, limiting the number of terms a person may be president.

As he had in1940, Roosevelt was the third of just four presidents in United States history to win re-election with a lower percentage of the electoral vote than in their prior elections; the other three areJames Madison in1812,Woodrow Wilson in1916, andBarack Obama in 2012. Additionally, Roosevelt was the fourth of only five presidents to win re-election with a smaller percentage of the popular vote than in prior elections; the other four are Madison in 1812,Andrew Jackson in1832,Grover Cleveland in 1892, and Obama in 2012.

This is the last election in which New Hampshire and Oregon voted Democratic until1964 and the last in which Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania did so until1960.

The 432 electoral votes received by Roosevelt, added to the 449 electoral votes he received in1940, and the 523 electoral votes he received in1936, and the 472 electoral votes he received in1932, gave him the most total electoral votes received by any candidate who was elected to the office of president since he is the only president to serve more than two terms (1,876).

Electoral results
Presidential candidatePartyHome statePopular voteElectoral
vote
Running mate
CountPercentageVice-presidential candidateHome stateElectoral vote
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Incumbent)DemocraticNew York25,612,91653.39%432Harry S. TrumanMissouri432
Thomas Edmund DeweyRepublicanNew York22,017,92945.89%99John William BrickerOhio99
NoneTexas Regulars(n/a)143,2380.30%0None(n/a)0
Norman Mattoon ThomasSocialistNew York79,0170.16%0Darlington HoopesPennsylvania0
Claude A. WatsonProhibitionCalifornia74,7580.16%0Andrew Nathan JohnsonKentucky0
Edward A. TeichertSocialist LaborPennsylvania45,1880.09%0Arla ArbaughOhio0
Other11,8160.02%Other
Total47,977,063100%531531
Needed to win266266

Source (Popular Vote):Leip, David."1944 Presidential Election Results".Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. RetrievedAugust 1, 2005.Source (Electoral Vote):"Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996".National Archives and Records Administration. RetrievedAugust 1, 2005.

Popular vote
Roosevelt
53.39%
Dewey
45.89%
No Candidate
0.28%
Thomas
0.16%
Others
0.28%
Electoral vote
Roosevelt
81.36%
Dewey
18.64%

Geography of results

[edit]
  • Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote
    Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote

Gallery of maps

[edit]
  • Presidential election results by county
    Presidential election results by county
  • Democratic presidential election results by county
    Democratic presidential election results by county
  • Republican presidential election results by county
    Republican presidential election results by county
  • "Other" presidential election results by county
    "Other" presidential election results by county

Results by state

[edit]

[26]

States/districts won byRoosevelt/Truman
States/districts won byDewey/Bricker
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Democratic
Thomas E. Dewey
Republican
No Candidate
Southern Democrat/
Texas Regulars
Norman Thomas
Socialist
OtherMarginState total
Stateelectoral
votes
#%electoral
votes
#%electoral
votes
#%electoral
votes
#%electoral
votes
#%electoral
votes
#%#
Alabama11198,91881.281144,54018.20----1900.08-1,0950.45-154,37863.08244,743AL
Arizona480,92658.80456,28740.90-------4210.31-24,63917.90137,634AZ
Arkansas9148,96569.95963,55129.84----4380.21----85,41440.11212,954AR
California251,988,56456.48251,512,96542.97----2,5150.07-16,8310.48-475,59913.513,520,875CA
Colorado6234,33146.40-268,73153.216---1,9770.39-----34,400-6.81505,039CO
Connecticut8435,14652.308390,52746.94----5,0970.61-1,2200.15-44,6195.36831,990CT
Delaware368,16654.38356,74745.27----1540.12-2940.23-11,4199.11125,361DE
Florida8339,37770.328143,21529.68----------196,16240.65482,592FL
Georgia12268,18781.741259,88018.25----60.00-360.01-208,30763.49328,109GA
Idaho4107,39951.554100,13748.07----2820.14-5030.24-7,2623.49208,321ID
Illinois282,079,47951.52281,939,31448.05----1800.00-17,0880.42-140,1653.474,036,061IL
Indiana13781,40346.73-875,89152.3813---2,2230.13-12,5740.75--94,488-5.651,672,091IN
Iowa10499,87647.49-547,26751.9910---1,5110.14-3,9450.37--47,391-4.501,052,599IA
Kansas8287,45839.18-442,09660.258---1,6130.22-2,6090.36--154,638-21.07733,776KS
Kentucky11472,58954.4511392,44845.22----5350.06-2,3490.27-80,1419.23867,921KY
Louisiana10281,56480.591067,75019.39-------690.02-213,81461.20349,383LA
Maine5140,63147.45-155,43452.445------3350.11--14,803-4.99296,400ME
Maryland8315,49051.858292,94948.15----------22,5413.70608,439MD
Massachusetts161,035,29652.8016921,35046.99-------4,0190.21-113,9465.811,960,665MA
Michigan191,106,89950.19191,084,42349.18----4,5980.21-9,3030.42-22,4761.022,205,223MI
Minnesota11589,86452.4111527,41646.86----5,0730.45-3,1760.28-62,4485.551,125,529MN
Mississippi9168,47993.56911,6016.44----------156,87887.12180,080MS
Missouri15807,80451.3715761,52448.43----1,7510.11-1,3950.09-46,2802.941,572,474MO
Montana4112,55654.28493,16344.93----1,2960.63-3400.16-19,3939.35207,355MT
Nebraska6233,24641.42-329,88058.586----------96,634-17.16563,126NE
Nevada329,62354.62324,61145.38----------5,0129.2454,234NV
New Hampshire4119,66352.114109,91647.87----460.02----9,7474.24229,625NH
New Jersey16987,87450.3116961,33548.95----3,3580.17-11,1940.57-26,5391.351,963,761NJ
New Mexico481,38953.47470,68846.44-------1480.10-10,7017.03152,225NM
New York473,304,23852.31472,987,64747.30----10,5530.17-14,3520.23-316,5915.016,316,790NY
North Carolina14527,39966.7114263,15533.29----------264,24433.43790,554NC
North Dakota4100,14445.48-118,53553.844---9430.43-5490.25--18,391-8.35220,171ND
Ohio251,570,76349.82-1,582,29350.1825----------11,530-0.373,153,056OH
Oklahoma10401,54955.5710319,42444.20-------1,6630.23-82,12511.36722,636OK
Oregon6248,63551.786225,36546.94----3,7850.79-2,3620.49-23,2704.85480,147OR
Pennsylvania351,940,47951.14351,835,05448.36----11,7210.31-7,5390.20-105,4252.783,794,793PA
Rhode Island4175,35658.594123,48741.26-------4330.14-51,86917.33299,276RI
South Carolina890,60187.6484,6104.46-7,7997.54----3650.35-82,80280.10103,375SC
South Dakota496,71141.67-135,36558.334----------38,654-16.66232,076SD
Tennessee12308,70760.4512200,31139.22----7920.16-8820.17-108,39621.23510,692TN
Texas23821,60571.4223191,42516.64-135,43911.77-5940.05-1,2680.11-630,18054.781,150,331TX
Utah4150,08860.44497,89139.42----3400.14----52,19721.02248,319UT
Vermont353,82042.93-71,52757.063------140.01--17,707-14.12125,361VT
Virginia11242,27662.3611145,24337.39----4170.11-5490.14-97,03324.98388,485VA
Washington8486,77456.848361,68942.24----3,8240.45-4,0410.47-125,08514.61856,328WA
West Virginia8392,77754.898322,81945.11----------69,9589.78715,596WV
Wisconsin12650,41348.57-674,53250.3712---13,2050.99-1,0020.07--24,119-1.801,339,152WI
Wyoming349,41948.77-51,92151.233----------2,502-2.47101,340WY
Totals:53125,612,91653.3943222,017,92945.8999143,2380.30-79,0170.16-123,9630.26-3,594,9877.4947,977,063US

States that flipped from Democratic to Republican

[edit]

States that flipped from Republican to Democratic

[edit]

Close states

[edit]

Margin of victory less than 1% (25 electoral votes):

  1. Ohio, 0.37% (11,530 votes)

Margin of victory less than 5% (165 electoral votes):

  1. Michigan, 1.02% (22,476 votes)
  2. New Jersey, 1.35% (26,539 votes)
  3. Wisconsin, 1.80% (24,119 votes)
  4. Wyoming, 2.47% (2,502 votes)
  5. Pennsylvania, 2.78% (105,425 votes)
  6. Missouri, 2.94% (46,280 votes)
  7. Illinois, 3.47% (140,165 votes)
  8. Idaho, 3.49% (7,262 votes)
  9. Maryland, 3.70% (22,541 votes)
  10. New Hampshire, 4.24% (9,747 votes)
  11. Iowa, 4.50% (47,391 votes)
  12. Oregon, 4.85% (23,270 votes)
  13. Maine, 4.99%(14,803 votes)

Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (138 electoral votes):

  1. New York, 5.01% (316,591 votes) (tipping point state)
  2. Connecticut, 5.36% (44,619 votes)
  3. Minnesota, 5.55% (62,448 votes)
  4. Indiana, 5.65% (94,488 votes)
  5. Massachusetts, 5.81% (113,946 votes)
  6. Colorado, 6.81% (34,400 votes)
  7. New Mexico, 7.03% (10,701 votes)
  8. North Dakota, 8.35% (18,391 votes)
  9. Delaware, 9.11% (11,419 votes)
  10. Kentucky, 9.23% (80,141 votes)
  11. Nevada, 9.24% (5,012 votes)
  12. Montana, 9.35% (19,393 votes)
  13. West Virginia, 9.78%(69,958 votes)

Statistics

[edit]

[26]

Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)

  1. Armstrong County, South Dakota 100.00%
  2. Leake County, Mississippi 99.15%
  3. Chesterfield County, South Carolina 98.77%
  4. Taliaferro County, Georgia 98.48%
  5. Barnwell County, South Carolina 98.41%

Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)

  1. McIntosh County, North Dakota 91.98%
  2. Jackson County, Kentucky 91.56%
  3. Sevier County, Tennessee 87.24%
  4. Logan County, North Dakota 86.47%
  5. Owsley County, Kentucky 86.11%

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^With Henry Wallace
  2. ^With Douglas MacArthur
  3. ^With Henry Wallace
  4. ^With Douglas MacArthur
  5. ^With Henry Wallace
  6. ^With Douglas MacArthur
  7. ^With Henry Wallace
  8. ^With Douglas MacArthur
  9. ^With Henry Wallace
  10. ^With Douglas MacArthur

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections".The American Presidency Project.UC Santa Barbara.
  2. ^Smith, Jean Edward (2007).FDR. New York: Random House. pp. 617–619.ISBN 978-1-4000-6121-1.OCLC 71350593.
  3. ^Alonzo L. Hamby,Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman (1995) ch 17
  4. ^Miles S. Richards, “The Progressive Democrats in Chicago, July 1944,”South Carolina Historical Magazine, 102 (July 2001), 219–37.
  5. ^Weintraub, Stanley.Final Victory: FDR's Extraordinary World War II Presidential Campaign, pp. 29-59ISBN 0306821133
  6. ^Taft, Robert Alphonso and Wunderlin, Clarence E.;The Papers of Robert A. Taft: 1939-1944, p. 397ISBN 0873386795
  7. ^"Roosevelt Is Favored In Final Fortune Poll".The New York Times.
  8. ^ab"FORTUNE POLL GIVES EDGE TO ROOSEVELT".The New York Times.
  9. ^"Sharp Drop in Popularity of Roosevelt Sequel to Liberation of Paris, Poll Finds".The New York Times.
  10. ^"ROOSEVELT GAINS IN FORTUNE'S POLL; Re-election Is Found Favored by 52.5%, Against 43.9% for Governor Dewey".The New York Times.
  11. ^Jordan, David M.;FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944, pp. 119ISBN 0253356830
  12. ^Acorn Hall's National Register of Historic Places Registration Form,National Park Service,USDotI
  13. ^"History",Daily Record, July 26, 2015.
  14. ^ab"Let's Re-Re-Re-Elect Roosevelt-5075".Legacy Americana. RetrievedAugust 10, 2022.
  15. ^Holloway, Diane (2001).American History in Song: Lyrics from 1900 to 1945. Authors Choice Press.ISBN 978-0-595-19331-8.
  16. ^Archivist, Morristown (July 30, 2015)."Morristown National Historical Park Museum and Library: Acorn Hall Book Promotes Morristown History Beyond Washington".Morristown National Historical Park Museum and Library. RetrievedAugust 10, 2022.
  17. ^Nash, Gerald D.;Franklin Delano Roosevelt, p. 66ISBN 0133305147
  18. ^Weintraub;Final Victory, pp. 144-149ISBN 0306821133
  19. ^Jordan;FDR, Dewey and the Election of 1944, p. 266
  20. ^"On this day: Term limits for American Presidents".constitutioncenter.org. February 27, 2023. RetrievedApril 12, 2023.
  21. ^"No modern presidential candidate has refused to concede. Here's why that matters".History & Culture. November 8, 2020. Archived fromthe original on November 7, 2020. RetrievedNovember 14, 2020.
  22. ^Jordan;FDR, Dewey and the Election of 1944; pp. 111, 214
  23. ^"Franklin D. Roosevelt: Campaigns and Elections".Miller Center. October 4, 2016.
  24. ^Murphy, Paul (1974).Political Parties In American History, Volume 3, 1890-present.G. P. Putnam's Sons.
  25. ^Cunningham, Sean;Cowboy Conservatism and the Rise of the Modern Right; p. 26ISBN 081317371X
  26. ^ab"1944 Presidential General Election Data - National". RetrievedApril 14, 2013.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Anderson, Michael James. "The presidential election of 1944" (PhD thesis University of Cincinnati ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1990. 9108602).
  • Briggs, Philip J. "General MacArthur and the Presidential Election of 1944."Presidential Studies Quarterly (1992): 31–46.online
  • Davis, Michael.Politics as Usual: Thomas Dewey, Franklin Roosevelt, and the Wartime Presidential Campaign of 1944 (Cornell UP, 2014).
  • Divine, Robert A.Foreign policy and U.S. presidential elections, 1940-1948 (1974)online free to borrow pp 91 to 166 on 1944.
  • Evans, Hugh E.The Hidden Campaign: FDR's Health and the 1944 Election (ME Sharpe, 2002).
  • Friedman, Leon. "The Election of 1944" in Arthur M. Schlesinger, ed.History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–1968 (1971)
  • Hamby, Alonzo L.Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman (1995), chapter 17.
  • Heaster, Brenda L. "Who's on Second: The 1944 Democratic Vice Presidential Nomination."Missouri Historical Review 80.2 (1986): 156–175.
  • Jeffries, John W.Testing the Roosevelt coalition: Connecticut society and politics, 1940-1946 (Yale University, 1973).
  • Jordan, David M. (2011).FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
  • Kennedy, Patrick D. "Chicago's Irish Americans and the Candidacies of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1932-1944."Illinois Historical Journal 88.4 (1995): 263-278online.
  • Luconi, Stefano. "The Impact of World War II on the Political Behavior of the Italian-American Electorate in New York City."New York History (2002): 404-417online.
  • Norpoth, Helmut.Unsurpassed: The Popular Appeal of Franklin Roosevelt (Oxford University Press, 2018).
  • Overacker, Louise. "Presidential Campaign Funds, 19441."American Political Science Review 39.5 (1945): 899–925.
  • Johnstone, Andrew, and Andrew Priest, eds.US Presidential Elections and Foreign Policy: Candidates, Campaigns, and Global Politics from FDR to Bill Clinton (2017) pp 40–60.online
  • Rovin, Fern Rochelle. "Politics and the Presidential Election of 1944" (PhD dissertation Indiana University 1973) (ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1973, 7414183).
  • Savage, Sean J. "The 1936-1944 Campaigns", in William D. Pederson, ed.A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt (2011) pp 96–113
  • Smith, Richard Norton.Thomas E. Dewey and His Times (1984), a standard scholarly biography

Primary sources

[edit]
  • Cantril, Hadley and Mildred Strunk, eds.;Public Opinion, 1935–1946 (1951), massive compilation of many public opinion polls from USAonline
  • Gallup, George H. ed.The Gallup Poll, Volume One 1935–1948 (1972) statistical reports on each poll
  • Chester, Edward WA guide to political platforms (1977)online
  • Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds.National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965)online 1840-1956

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