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1937

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This article is about the year 1937. For the 2005 EP by Soul-Junk, see1937 (EP).

Calendar year

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	19th century 20th century 21st century
Decades:	1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s
Years:	1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940
	v t e

1937 by topic
Subject
Animation Archaeology Architecture Art Aviation Awards Comics Film Literature Poetry Meteorology Music Country Jazz Rail transport Radio Science Sports Football Television American British
By country
Afghanistan Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Denmark France Germany India Ireland Japan Malaya New Zealand Norway Palestine Mandate Philippines Portugal South Africa Soviet Union Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States
Lists of leaders
Sovereign states Sovereign state leaders Territorial governors Religious leaders Law
Birth and death categories
Births Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments Disestablishments
Works category
Works Introductions
v t e

1937 in variouscalendars
Gregorian calendar	1937 MCMXXXVII
Ab urbe condita	2690
Armenian calendar	1386 ԹՎ ՌՅՁԶ
Assyrian calendar	6687
Baháʼí calendar	93–94
Balinese saka calendar	1858–1859
Bengali calendar	1343–1344
Berber calendar	2887
British Regnal year	1 Geo. 6 – 2 Geo. 6
Buddhist calendar	2481
Burmese calendar	1299
Byzantine calendar	7445–7446
Chinese calendar	丙子年 (Fire Rat) 4634 or 4427 — to — 丁丑年 (Fire Ox) 4635 or 4428
Coptic calendar	1653–1654
Discordian calendar	3103
Ethiopian calendar	1929–1930
Hebrew calendar	5697–5698
Hindu calendars
-Vikram Samvat	1993–1994
-Shaka Samvat	1858–1859
-Kali Yuga	5037–5038
Holocene calendar	11937
Igbo calendar	937–938
Iranian calendar	1315–1316
Islamic calendar	1355–1356
Japanese calendar	Shōwa 12 (昭和１２年)
Javanese calendar	1867–1868
Juche calendar	26
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar	4270
Minguo calendar	ROC 26 民國26年
Nanakshahi calendar	469
Thai solar calendar	2479–2480
Tibetan calendar	阳火鼠年 (male Fire-Rat) 2063 or 1682 or 910 — to — 阴火牛年 (female Fire-Ox) 2064 or 1683 or 911

Wikimedia Commons has media related to1937.

1937 (MCMXXXVII) was acommon year starting on Friday of theGregorian calendar, the 1937th year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini (AD) designations, the 937th year of the2nd millennium, the 37th year of the20th century, and the 8th year of the1930s decade.

Calendar year

Events

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January

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Main article:January 1937

January 1 –Anastasio Somoza García becomesPresident of Nicaragua.
January 5 – Water levels begin to rise in theOhio River in the United States, leading to theOhio River flood of 1937, which continues into February, leaving 1 million people homeless and 385 people dead.^[1]
January 15 –Spanish Civil War: TheSecond Battle of the Corunna Road ends inconclusively.^[2]
January 23 –Moscow Trials: Trial of the Anti-Soviet Trotskyist Center – In theSoviet Union 17 leadingCommunists go on trial, accused of participating in a plot led byLeon Trotsky to overthrowJoseph Stalin's regime, and assassinate its leaders.
January 30 – The Moscow Trial initiated on January 23 is concluded. Thirteen of the defendants aresentenced to death (includingGeorgy Pyatakov,Nikolay Muralov andLeonid Serebryakov), while the rest, includingKarl Radek andGrigory Sokolnikov are sent tolabor camps and later murdered. They were initially spared for implicating others, includingRykov,Bukharin andTukhachevsky, setting the stage for further trials^[3]

February

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Main article:February 1937

February 8 –Spanish Civil War: Falangist troops takeMálaga.
February 8–27 – Spanish Civil War –Battle of Jarama: Nationalist and Republican troops fight to a stalemate.
February 16 –Wallace H. Carothers receives a patent fornylon in the United States.^[4]
February 19
- Airliner VH-UHH (Stinson) goes down overLamington National Park, bound for Sydney, killing 5 people.
- Yekatit 12: During a public ceremony at the Viceregal Palace (the former Imperial residence) inAddis Ababa,Ethiopia, twoEritrean nationalists attempt to kill viceroyRodolfo Graziani with a number of grenades. Italian security guards fire into the crowd of Ethiopian onlookers. Authorities exact further reprisals, which include indiscriminately slaughtering native Ethiopians over the next 3 days, detaining thousands of Ethiopians atDanan and slaughtering almost 300 monks at theDebre Libanos Monastery.
- The red, white and blue colours of theflag of the Netherlands are confirmed by royal decree.^[5]
February 21 – TheLeague of Nations Non-Intervention Committee prohibits foreign nationals from fighting in the Spanish Civil War.
February 25 –Hergé'sTintin adventureThe Broken Ear (L'Oreille cassée) concludes serialization in the Belgian weekly newspaper supplementLe Petit Vingtième, and soon afterwards is published as a book in black and white.

March

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Main article:March 1937

March 10 (datedMarch 14 (Passion Sunday)) – TheencyclicalMit brennender Sorge ("With burning concern") ofPope Pius XI is published in Germany in the German language. Largely the work of Cardinalsvon Faulhaber andPacelli, it condemns breaches of the1933 Reichskonkordat agreement signed between the Nazi government and theCatholic Church, and criticisesNazism's views on race and other matters incompatible with Catholicism.
March 18 –New London School explosion: In the worst school disaster in American history in terms of lives lost, the New London School inNew London, Texas, suffers a catastrophicnatural gas explosion, killing in excess of 295 students and teachers.Mother Frances Hospital opens inTyler, Texas, a day ahead of schedule, in response to the explosion.
March 19 – The encyclicalDivini Redemptoris ofPope Pius XI, critical ofcommunism, is published.
March 21 –Ponce massacre: A police squad, acting under orders fromGovernor of Puerto Rico Blanton Winship, opens fire on peaceful demonstrators protesting at the arrest ofPuerto Rican Nationalist Party leaderPedro Albizu Campos, killing 17 people and injuring over 200.

April

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Main article:April 1937

April 1
- Aden becomes a Britishcrown colony.
- TheBombing of Jaén is carried out in Spain, by theCondor Legion of theNazi German Luftwaffe.
April 9 – TheKamikaze arrives atCroydon Airport in London; it is the first Japanese-built aircraft to fly to Europe.
April 12 –Frank Whittle ground-tests the world's firstjet engine designed to power an aircraft, atRugby, England.^[6]
April 20 – A fire in an elementary school inKilingi-Nõmme,Estonia, kills 17 students and injures 50.
April 26 –Spanish Civil War: TheBombing of Guernica is carried out in Spain, by theCondor Legion of theNazi German Luftwaffe, in support of theFrancoists. Three-quarters of the town is destroyed and hundreds killed.^[7]

May

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Main article:May 1937

May 6 –Hindenburg disaster: In the United States, the GermanairshipHindenburg bursts into flame when mooring to a mast inLakehurst, New Jersey. Of the 36 passengers and 61 crew on board, 13 passengers and 22 crew die, as well as one member of the ground crew.
May 7 –Spanish Civil War: The GermanCondor Legion Fighter Group, equipped withHeinkel He 51 biplanes, arrives in Spain to assistFrancisco Franco's forces.
May 8 –Wydad Athletic Club (WAC)(Arabic: نادي الوداد الرياضي; Berber:Wydad Dar al-Beida; commonly:Wydad al ouma) is established inCasablanca, Morocco; it will be best known for its CasablancaAssociation football team.
May 12 –George VI and Elizabeth are crowned King and Queen of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor and Empress of India atWestminster Abbey, London.
May 21
- ARussian manned ice station becomes the first scientific research settlement to operate on thedrift ice of the Arctic Ocean.
- As one of the reprisals for the attempted assassination of Italian viceroyRodolfo Graziani, a detachment of Italian troops massacres the entire community ofDebre Libanos in Ethiopia, killing 297 monks and 23 laymen.
May 28 –Neville Chamberlain becomesPrime Minister of the United Kingdom, following the retirement ofStanley Baldwin.
May 30
- Spanish Civil War: Spanish shipCiudad de Barcelona is torpedoed.
- Memorial Day massacre of 1937: TheChicago Police Department shoot and kill 10 unarmed demonstrators in Chicago.

June

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Main article:June 1937

June –Picasso completes his paintingGuernica.
June–July – TheDáil Éireann debates and passes the new draftConstitution of Ireland, which is then submitted for public approval byplebiscite.
June 3 –Wallis Simpson marries the Duke of Windsor, the formerEdward VIII, in France.
June 8
- TheDáil Éireann passes the Executive Authority (Consequential Provisions) Act, 1937, which abolishes the office of Governor-General of the Irish Free State, retrospectively dated toDecember 1936.^[8]
- The first totalsolar eclipse to exceed 7 minutes of totality, in over 800 years, is visible in the Pacific and Peru.
June 21 – Thecoalition government ofLéon Blum resigns inFrance.

July

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Main article:July 1937

July 2:Amelia Earhart disappears fromNew Guinea.

July 9: The silent film archives ofFox Film Corporation are destroyed by the1937 Fox vault fire.

July 1
- TheGestapo arrests pastorMartin Niemöller in Germany.
- In a referendum the people of theIrish Free State accept the new Constitution by 685,105 votes to 527,945.
July 2 –Amelia Earhart and navigatorFred Noonan disappear after taking off fromNew Guinea, during Earhart's attempt to become the first woman to fly around the world.^[9]
July 7
- In theMarco Polo Bridge Incident, Japanese and Chinese forces exchange fire near Beijing, beginning theSecond Sino-Japanese War.
- ThePeel Commission proposes partition of theBritish Mandate of Palestine into separate Arab and Jewish states.^[10]
July 9 –1937 Fox vault fire: The silent film archives ofFox Film Corporation are destroyed
July 20 – TheGeibeltbad Pirna water sports facility is opened inDresden, Germany.
July 21 –Éamon de Valera is electedPresident of the Executive Council (prime minister) of theIrish Free State, by theDáil (parliament).
July 22 –New Deal: TheUnited States Senate votes down PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt's proposal to add more justices to theSupreme Court of the United States.
July 25–31 –Sino-Japanese War:Battle of Beiping–Tianjin, a series of actions fought aroundBeiping andTianjin, result in Japanese victory.
July 29 –Tongzhou Mutiny: Units of theEast Hebei Army mutiny and kill Japanese troops and civilians inTongzhou.
July 31 –NKVD Order No. 00447 "Об операции по репрессированию бывших кулаков, уголовников и других антисоветских элементов" ("The operation for repression of formerkulaks, criminals and other anti-Soviet elements") is approved by thedecision of the Politbureau of the CC of the VKP(b) of theSoviet Union, initially as a 4-month plan for 75,950 people to be executed and an additional 193,000 to be sent to theGulag.

August

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Main article:August 1937

August 2 – TheMarijuana Tax Act^[11] in the United States is a significant bill on the path that will lead to the criminalization of cannabis. It was introduced to the U.S. Congress by Commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, Harry Anslinger.
August 5 – TheSoviet Union commences one of the largest campaigns of theGreat Purge, to "eliminate anti-Soviet elements". Within the following year, at least 724,000 people are fired^{[citation needed]} on order of thetroikas, directed byJoseph Stalin. This is an offensive that targets social classes (such as thekulaks or nobles) and Stalin's personal opponents from theCommunist Party and their sympathizers.
August 6 –Spanish Civil War: Falangist artillery bombardsMadrid.
August 8 – Japan occupies Beijing.
August 9 – ThePolish Operation of the NKVD (1937–38) is signed byNikolai Yezhov, as a continuation of theGreat Purge.
August 13 –Second Sino-Japanese War: TheBattle of Shanghai opens.
August 24 –Spanish Civil War: The government of the autonomousBasque Country agrees to surrender to the nationalists.
August 26 –Second Sino-Japanese War: Japanese aircraft attack the car carrying the ambassador of Great Britain, during a raid on Shanghai.

September

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Main article:September 1937

September 17:Lincoln's head is dedicated atMount Rushmore.

September 2 – TheGreat Hong Kong Typhoon kills an estimated 11,000 persons.
September 5
- Roberto Ortiz is elected president ofArgentina.
- Spanish Civil War: The city ofLlanes falls to the Falangists.
September 7 –CBS broadcasts a two-and-a-half hour memorial concert nationwide on radio in memory of George Gershwin, live from theHollywood Bowl. Many celebrities appear, includingOscar Levant,Fred Astaire,Otto Klemperer,Lily Pons and members of the original cast ofPorgy and Bess. The concert is recorded and released complete years later in what is excellent sound for its time, onCD. TheLos Angeles Philharmonic is the featured orchestra.
September 10 – Nine nations meet in theNyon Conference, led by the United Kingdom and France, to address internationalpiracy in the Mediterranean.
September 17 –Abraham Lincoln's head is dedicated atMount Rushmore.
September 19 – Swiss professionalice hockey clubHC Ambrì-Piotta is founded.
September 21 – George Allen & Unwin, Ltd. of London publishes the first edition ofJ. R. R. Tolkien'sThe Hobbit.
September 25 –Second Sino-Japanese War -Battle of Pingxingguan: The Communist ChineseEighth Route Army defeats the Japanese.
September 27 – The last recordedBali tiger dies.^[12]
September 30 – Austrian born actress of Jewish descent,Hedy Lamarr arrives inNew York City to flee from her possessive husbandFriedrich Mandl who made arms agreements with the Nazis, and to begin her Hollywood career.^[13]

October

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Main article:October 1937

October 1 – TheMarihuana Tax Act becomes law in the United States.
October 2–8 –Parsley Massacre: Under the orders of PresidentRafael Trujillo, Dominican troops kill thousands ofHaitians living in theDominican Republic.
October 3 –Second Sino-Japanese War: Japanese troops advance towardNanjing, capital of theRepublic of China.
October 5 –Roosevelt gives his famousQuarantine Speech in Chicago.
October 9 –Jimmie Angel lands his plane on top of Devil's Mountain; however, the plane gets damaged, and he has to trek through the rainforest for help.
October 11 –Duke and Duchess of Windsor's 1937 tour of Germany: TheDuke andDuchess of Windsor arrive in Berlin to begin a 12-day tour of Nazi Germany, meeting Adolf Hitler on the 22nd.
October 13 – Germany, in a note toBrussels, guarantees the inviolability and integrity of Belgium, so long as the latter abstains from military action against Germany.
October 15 –Ernest Hemingway's novelTo Have and Have Not is first published, in the United States.
October 18–21 –Spanish Civil War: The whole Spanish northern seaboard falls into the Falangists' hands;Republican forces inGijón, Spain, set fire to petrol reserves, prior to retreating before the advancingFalangists.
October 23 –1937 Australian federal election:Joseph Lyons'UAP/Country Coalition government is re-elected with a slightly increased majority, defeating theLabor Party led byJohn Curtin.
October 25 –Celâl Bayar forms the new (ninth) government of Turkey.

November

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Main article:November 1937

November 5 –World War II: In theReich Chancellery,Adolf Hitler holds a secret meeting and states his plans for acquiring "living space" for the German people (recorded in theHossbach Memorandum).
November 6 – Italy joins theAnti-Comintern Pact.
November 9 –Second Sino-Japanese War: Japanese troops take Shanghai.
November 10 – Brazilian presidentGetúlio Vargas announces theEstado Novo ("New State"), thence becomingdictator ofBrazil until1945.
November 11 – The Kogushi Sulfur Mine collapse, in westernGunma, Japan, kills at least 245 people.

December

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Main article:December 1937

December 21:Walt Disney'sSnow White and the Seven Dwarfs is released, the world's first full-length animated feature film, the first Disney film, and the first film to feature aDisney Princess. The top image shows theSeven Dwarfs singing "Heigh-Ho" while walking on alog. The second top image showsWalt Disney introducing the Seven Dwarfs in the trailer and the bottom images are the trailers.

December 1 –Second Sino-Japanese War: TheBattle of Nanjing begins.
December 4 –The Dandycomic is first published in Scotland; it continued until 2012 as a physical publication, then online until 2013.
December 11 – Italy withdraws from theLeague of Nations.
December 12
- USSPanay incident: Japanese bombers sink the American gunboatUSS Panay on theYangtze in China; the United States accepts the Japanese statement that this was unintentional.
- Mae West makes a risqué guest appearance onNBC'sChase and Sanborn Hour, which eventually results in her being banned from radio.
December 13 –Second Sino-Japanese War: TheBattle of Nanjing ends with the Japanese occupying the city. In theNanjing Massacre which follows, Japanese soldiers kill over 200,000 Chinese in 3 months. A few days previously, theNationalist government of China had moved its capital to the southwestern cityChongqing.
December 16 – The original production of the musicalMe and My Girl opens at theVictoria Palace Theatre, in London'sWest End. A later revival will win an award.
December 21 –Walt Disney'sSnow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the world's first feature-lengthcel animated film, premieres at theCarthay Circle Theatre inLos Angeles.
December 25 – At the age of 70, conductorArturo Toscanini conducts theNBC Symphony Orchestra on radio for the first time, beginning his successful 17-year tenure with that orchestra. This first concert consists of music byVivaldi (at a time when he is seldom played),Mozart, andBrahms. Millions tune in to listen, including U.S. PresidentFranklin Delano Roosevelt.
December 29 – The newConstitution of Ireland (Bunreacht na hÉireann) comes into force. TheIrish Free State becomes "Ireland", andÉamon de Valera becomes the firstTaoiseach (prime minister) of the new state. APresidential Commission (made up the Chief Justice, the Speaker of Dáil Éireann, and the President of the High Court) assumes the powers of the new presidency, pending the popular election of the firstPresident of Ireland in June 1938. The new constitution prohibitsdivorce.

Date unknown

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Switzerland begins construction of itsBorder Line defences.
TheVibora Luviminda sugar plantation trade unions strike onMaui island, Hawaii.
Italian psychiatristAmarro Fiamberti is the first to document a transorbital approach to the brain, which becomes the basis for the controversial medical procedure oftransorbital lobotomy.
Soviet industry produces about four times as much as it had in1928.
The Allen Organ Company, builder of church, home and theatre organs, is founded in Macungie, Pennsylvania.
Slavery in Bahrain is abolished.