Overview of the events of 1929 in film
This is an overview of1929 in film , including significant events, a list of films released and notable births and deaths.
[ edit ] The top ten 1929 released films by box office gross in North America are as follows:
Highest-grossing films of 1929 Rank Title Distributor Domestic rentals 1 The Broadway Melody MGM $2,808,000[ 1] 2 The Cock-Eyed World Fox Film $2,700,000[ 2] 3 Gold Diggers of Broadway Warner Bros. $2,540,000[ 3] 4 Sunny Side Up Fox Film $2,190,000[ 4] 5 Rio Rita RKO $1,775,000[ 5] 6 On with the Show! Warner Bros. $1,741,000[ 3] 7 Say It with Songs $1,715,000[ 3] 8 Show Boat Universal $1,643,000[ 4] 9 The Desert Song Warner Bros. $1,549,000[ 3] 10 The Hollywood Revue of 1929 MGM $1,527,000[ 1]
The days of thesilent film are numbered. A mad scramble to provide synchronizedsound is on.
February 1 –The Broadway Melody MGM and becomes the first major musical film of the sound era, sparking a host of imitators as well as a series ofBroadway Melody films that will run until1940 . February 18 – The firstAcademy Awards , or Oscars, are announced for the year ended August 1, 1928. March 3 –William Fox announces that he has taken control ofLoews Inc. , including its subsidiaryMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer , buying shares fromMarcus Loew 's widow and sons andNicholas Schenck for $50 million. The acquisition eventually falls through. May 16 – The first Academy Awards are distributed atThe Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in Los Angeles. May 26 –Fox Grandeur News is shown inFox Film 's new widescreen70 mm Grandeur film format July 13 – The first all color talkie (inTechnicolor ),On with the Show Warner Bros. who lead the way in a new color revolution just as they had ushered in that of the talkies. July 17 –William Fox is badly injured in a car accident which kills his chauffeur. August 3 –The Cock-Eyed World Roxy Theatre (New York City) .[ 6] August 20 –Hallelujah! August 22 – First in theWalt Disney Productions ' animated shortSilly Symphony series,The Skeleton Dance September –Paramount Pictures acquires 49% ofCBS . October 24 –Jean Harlow signs a five-year, $100 per week contract withHoward Hughes . October 30 – Entertainment newspaperVariety Wall Street Lays An Egg leading to many prominent showman and film stars losing money on their investments. November –Warner Bros. gain complete control ofFirst National Pictures buyingFox Film 's 36% stake for $10 million[ 7] November 10 – Première ofJohn Grierson 'sdocumentary film Drifters North Sea herring fishermen , made for theEmpire Marketing Board , effectively inaugurating the BritishDocumentary Film Movement . (It debuts at the private Film Society in London on a double-bill with the U.K. première ofEisenstein's The Battleship Potemkin [ 8] November 15 – U.K. release ofAtlantic sinking of the RMSTitanic which is one of the first Britishsound-on-film movies and, in its simultaneously-shot German-language version, the first to be released in Germany; also the firstTitanic movie with sound. December –Anti-trust suits are filed againstWilliam Fox andWarner Bros. by theUS Department of Justice for Fox's acquisition of Loews and Warners' acquisition of the Stanley Corporation of America and First National. The2nd Academy Awards honored the best films released between August 1, 1928, and July 31, 1929. They took place on April 3, 1930, at an awards banquet in the Cocoanut Grove of theAmbassador Hotel in Los Angeles.
Most nominations:In Old Arizona Fox Film Corporation ) – 5
Most awards – no film won more than 1 award
Note: Prior to 1933, awards were not based on calendar years. Best Picture, Actress and Director went to1930 films.
Notable films released in 1929 [ edit ] United States unless stated otherwise.
After the Verdict Henrik Galeen , starringOlga Chekhova – (GB )Alibi Roland West , starringChester Morris andMae Busch , based on the 1927 stage playNightstick byElaine Sterne Carrington The Alley Cat (Nachtgestalten)Hans Steinhoff , starringMabel Poulton – (GB /Germany )The American Prisoner Thomas Bentley , starringCarl Brisson andMadeleine Carroll – (GB )Ang Mutya Ng Pamilihan (The Pearl of the Markets) , directed byJosé Nepomuceno – (Philippines )Applause Rouben Mamoulian , starringHelen Morgan Arsenal (Арсенал)Alexander Dovzhenko – (U.S.S.R. )Asphalt Joe May , starringGustav Fröhlich – (Germany )Atlantic E. A. Dupont , starringMadeleine Carroll – (GB )The Awful Truth Marshall Neilan Berth Marks Lewis R. Foster , starringLaurel and Hardy Big Business James W. Horne andLeo McCarey , starringLaurel and Hardy Big Time Kenneth Hawks , starringLee Tracy Black and Tan Dudley Murphy , starringDuke Ellington andFredi Washington Blackmail Alfred Hitchcock , based on the 1928stage play byCharles Bennett – (GB )Black Waters Marshall Neilan The Bridge of San Luis Rey Charles Brabin , starringLili Damita Broadway Paul Fejos , starringEvelyn Brent The Broadway Melody Harry Beaumont , starringCharles King ,Anita Page andBessie Love Bulldog Drummond F. Richard Jones , starringRonald Colman Cagliostro Richard Oswald , based on the 1929 novel byJohannes von Guenther [ 9] Germany )The Canary Murder Case Malcolm St. Clair , starringWilliam Powell ,Louise Brooks andJean Arthur Chamber of Horrors Walter Summers [ 9] GB )The Charlatan George Melford [ 10] Un Chien Andalou (An Andalusian Dog)Luis Buñuel andSalvador Dalí – (France )Children of the Ritz John Francis Dillon The Clue of the New Pin Arthur Maude – (GB )The Cocoanuts Robert Florey andJoseph Santley , starring theMarx Brothers A Cottage on Dartmoor Anthony Asquith – (GB )Coquette Sam Taylor , starringMary Pickford ,Johnny Mack Brown andMatt Moore Dangerous Curves Lothar Mendes , starringClara Bow andRichard Arlen Darkened Rooms Louis J. Gasnier , starringEvelyn Brent andNeil Hamilton Desert Nights William Nigh , starringJohn Gilbert ,Ernest Torrence , andMary Nolan The Desert Song Roy Del Ruth Devil-May-Care Sidney Franklin , starringRamón Novarro Diary of a Lost Girl Tagebuch einer Verlorenen ), directed byG. W. Pabst , starringLouise Brooks – (Germany )Disraeli Alfred E. Green , starringGeorge Arliss andJoan Bennett Drifters John Grierson – (GB )Dynamite Cecil B. DeMille , starringConrad Nagel andKay Johnson Fancy Baggage John G. Adolfi , starringAudrey Ferris andMyrna Loy Father Vojtech (Páter Vojtěch)Martin Frič – (Czechoslovakia )Finis Terræ Jean Epstein – (France )The Flying Fleet George Hill , starringRamón Novarro ,Ralph Graves andAnita Page The Flying Scotsman Castleton Knight , starringRay Milland – (GB )Footlights and Fools William A. Seiter , starringColleen Moore andFredric March The Four Feathers Merian C. Cooper , starringWilliam Powell ,Richard Arlen ,Fay Wray ,Clive Brook andNoah Beery Sr. Fox Movietone Follies of 1929 David Butler Fräulein Else (Miss Else)Paul Czinner , starringElisabeth Bergner – (Germany )General Crack Alan Crosland , starringJohn Barrymore The General Line (Staroye i novoye)Grigori Aleksandrov andSergei Eisenstein – (U.S.S.R. )Glorifying the American Girl Millard Webb , starringMary Eaton Gold Diggers of Broadway Roy Del Ruth The Great Gabbo James Cruze , starringErich von Stroheim andBetty Compson The Greene Murder Case Frank Tuttle , starringWilliam Powell Hallelujah King Vidor Hardboiled Rose F. Harmon Weight , starringMyrna Loy Hearts in Dixie Paul Sloane , starringStepin Fetchit andClarence Muse Hell's Heroes William Wyler , starringCharles Bickford High Treason Maurice Elvey , starringJameson Thomas andBenita Hume – (GB )His Glorious Night Lionel Barrymore , starringJohn Gilbert The Hole in the Wall Robert Florey , starringEdward G. Robinson andClaudette Colbert The Hollywood Revue of 1929 Charles Reisner , starringConrad Nagel andJack Benny Hot for Paris Raoul Walsh , starringVictor McLaglen The Hound of the Baskervilles (Der Hund von Baskerville)Richard Oswald , based on the 1902novel byArthur Conan Doyle [ 10] Germany )House of Horror Benjamin Christensen , starringThelma Todd [ 11] The House of Secrets novel bySydney Horler [ 12] The Lady Fare Spencer Williams Jr. The Lady Lies Hobart Henley , starringWalter Huston andClaudette Colbert Lady of the Pavements D. W. Griffith , starringWilliam Boyd andLupe Vélez Laila , directed byGeorge Schnéevoigt , starringMona Mårtenson Land Without Women Carmine Gallone , starringConrad Veidt – (Germany )The Last Performance Paul Fejos , starringConrad Veidt andMary Philbin The Letter Jean de Limur , starringJeanne Eagels The Locked Door George Fitzmaurice , starringRod La Rocque andBarbara Stanwyck The Love Parade Ernst Lubitsch , starringMaurice Chevalier andJeanette MacDonald Lucky Star Frank Borzage , starringJanet Gaynor andCharles Farrell Ludwig II, King of Bavaria (Ludwig der Zweite, König von Bayern)William Dieterle – (Germany )Madame X Lionel Barrymore , starringRuth Chatterton andLewis Stone Man with a Movie Camera (Chelovek s kinoapparatom)Dziga Vertov – (Ukrainian SSR )The Manxman Alfred Hitchcock – (GB )Marianne Robert Z. Leonard , starringMarion Davies Married in Hollywood Melody of the Heart Hanns Schwarz , starringDita Parlo andWilly Fritsch – (Germany )The Miraculous Life of Thérèse Martin (La Vie miraculeuse de Thérèse Martin)Julien Duvivier – (France )Les Mystères du Château de Dé (The Mysteries of the Chateau of Dice)Man Ray – (France )The Mysterious Dr. Fu Manchu Rowland V. Lee , starringWarner Oland ,Neil Hamilton andJean Arthur , based on the 1913 novelThe Mystery of Dr. Fu-Manchu Sax Rohmer [ 13] The Mysterious Island Lucien Hubbard , starringLionel Barrymore [ 14] Rain Mannus Franken andJoris Ivens – (Netherlands )Rasputin , directed byMax Neufeld [ 15] Germany )Redskin Victor Schertzinger , starringRichard Dix The Rescue Herbert Brenon , starringRonald Colman andLili Damita Resia Boroboedoer (Secret of Borobudur)Dutch East Indies )The Return of the Rat Graham Cutts , starringIvor Novello andIsabel Jeans – (GB )The Return of Sherlock Holmes Basil Dean , starringClive Brook Rio Rita Luther Reed , starringBebe Daniels andJohn Boles The River Frank Borzage , starringCharles Farrell andMary Duncan The Runaway Princess Anthony Asquith andFritz Wendhausen , starringMady Christians – (GB /Germany )Sa Landas ng Pag-ibig (The Path of Love) , directed byJosé Nepomuceno – (Philippines )Sally John Francis Dillon , starringMarilyn Miller ,Joe E. Brown andPert Kelton Salute John Ford , and starringGeorge O'Brien ,Helen Chandler andStepin Fetchit The Saturday Night Kid A. Edward Sutherland , starringClara Bow andJean Arthur Seven Footprints to Satan Benjamin Christensen , starringThelma Todd andCreighton Hale Seven Keys to Baldpate Reginald Barker , starringRichard Dix , based on the 1913novel byEarl Derr Biggers andstage play byGeorge M. Cohan [ 16] Show Boat Harry A. Pollard , starringLaura La Plante andJoseph Schildkraut , based on the 1926novel byEdna Ferber The Show of Shows John G. Adolfi Side Street Malcolm St. Clair , starring theMoore Brothers The Silent House Walter Forde , based on the 1928 novel byJohn G. Brandon The Singing Brakeman Jimmie Rodgers The Single Standard John S. Robertson , starringGreta Garbo ,Nils Asther andJohnny Mack Brown The Skeleton Dance Walt Disney animated shortSmilin' Guns Henry MacRae , starringHoot Gibson Spite Marriage Edward Sedgwick and Buster Keaton, starringBuster Keaton St. Louis Blues Dudley Murphy , starringBessie Smith Den starkaste (The Strongest)Alf Sjöberg – (Sweden )Stark Mad Lloyd Bacon , starringH. B. Warner andLouise Fazenda [ 17] Street Girl Wesley Ruggles , starringBetty Compson Sunny Side Up David Butler , starringJanet Gaynor andCharles Farrell Syncopation Bert Glennon The Taming of the Shrew Sam Taylor , starringMary Pickford andDouglas Fairbanks The Thirteenth Chair Tod Browning , starringConrad Nagel andLeila Hyams , based on the 1916 stage play byBayard Veiller This Thing Called Love Paul L. Stein , starringEdmund Lowe andConstance Bennett The Three Kings (Ein Mädel und drei Clowns)Hans Steinhoff – (GB /Germany )The Three Passions Rex Ingram , starringAlice Terry – (GB )Thunder William Nigh , starringLon Chaney andPhyllis Haver Thunderbolt Josef von Sternberg , starringGeorge Bancroft ,Fay Wray andRichard Arlen A Throw of Dice Franz Osten – (Germany /GB /India )The Trespasser Edmund Goulding , starringGloria Swanson andRobert Ames Turksib U.S.S.R. )Wait and See Walter Forde – (GB )Wall Street Roy William Neill , starringRalph Ince andAileen Pringle Welcome Danger Clyde Bruckman , starringHarold Lloyd Where East Is East Tod Browning , starringLon Chaney ,Lupe Vélez andEstelle Taylor [ 19] The White Hell of Pitz Palu Die weiße Hölle vom Piz Palü ), directed byArnold Fanck andG. W. Pabst , starringLeni Riefenstahl – (Germany )Why Be Good? William A. Seiter , starringColleen Moore andNeil Hamilton Wild Orchids Sidney Franklin , starringGreta Garbo ,Lewis Stone andNils Asther Wolf Song Victor Fleming , starringGary Cooper ,Lupe Vélez andLouis Wolheim Woman in the Moon Frau im Mond ), directed byFritz Lang – (Germany )The Woman in White Herbert Wilcox , starringBlanche Sweet , based on the 1859novel byWilkie Collins [ 19] GB )Wonder of Women Clarence Brown , starringLewis Stone andLeila Hyams The Wonderful Lies of Nina Petrovna (Die wunderbare Lüge der Nina Petrowna)Hanns Schwarz – (Germany )Words and Music James Tinling The Wrecker (Der Würger)Géza von Bolváry – (GB /Germany )Animated short film series [ edit ] January 1 –Haruo Nakajima , Japanese actor (died 2017)[ 20] January 3 –Sergio Leone , Italian director, producer and screenwriter (died 1989)[ 21] January 7 –Terry Moore , American actress[ 22] January 8 –Saeed Jaffrey , Indian-born actor (died 2015)[ 23] January 9 –Ulu Grosbard , Belgian-American theatre and film director and film producer (died 2012) January 13 -Shigeru Kōyama , Japanese actor (died 2017) January 20 –Arte Johnson , American actor (died 2019) January 27 –Michael Craig , British actor and screenwriter January 31 –Jean Simmons , English-American actress (died 2010) February 4 –Jerry Adler , American actor (died 2025) February 8 –Claude Rich , French actor (died 2017) February 10 –Jerry Goldsmith , American composer (died 2004) February 13 -Lee Fierro , American actress (died 2020) February 14 February 17 -Patricia Routledge , English actress and singer (died 2025) February 22 March 4 -Columba Domínguez , Mexican actress (died 2014)March 10 -Harry Bugin , American actor and musician (died 2005) March 11 –Timothy Carey , American actor (died 1994) March 13 –Peter Breck , American actor (died 2012) March 16 -Nadja Tiller , Austrian actress (died 2023) March 23 –Mark Rydell , American actor, director and producer March 24 –Pat Renella , American actor (died 2012) March 27 March 30 -Richard Dysart , American actor (died 2015) March 31 –Lee Patterson , Canadian actor (died 2007) April 1 April 5 –Nigel Hawthorne , English actor (died 2001)[ 25] April 6 -Joi Lansing , American actress (died 1972) April 10 April 11 -Jack Betts , American actor (died 2025) April 12 -Elspet Gray , Scottish actress (died 2013) April 15 –Mariano Laurenti , Italian director and actor (died 2022) April 17 –Michael Forest , American actor April 28 May 2 –Eddie Garcia , Filipino actor (died 2019) May 4 –Audrey Hepburn , British actress (died 1993) May 5 –Ilene Woods , American actress and singer (died 2010) May 8 –Miyoshi Umeki , Japanese singer and actress (died 2007) May 10 -George Coe , American actor (died 2015) May 11 -Margaret Kerry , American actress and director May 17 –Miriam Byrd-Nethery , American actress (died 2003) May 23 –Paul Wexler , American actor (died 1979) May 24 -Brian Wenzel , Australian actor, comedian, director and singer (died 2024) May 25 –Ann Robinson , American actress May 26 –Lloyd Reckord , Jamaican actor and filmmaker (died 2015) May 28 –Shane Rimmer , Canadian actor (died 2019) May 31 June 3 –Chuck Barris , American game show host (died 2017) June 8 –Gastone Moschin , Italian actor (died 2017) June 16 –Gerson da Cunha , Indian actor (died 2022) June 17 –James Shigeta , American actor, singer and musician of Japanese descent (died 2014) June 19 -Thelma Barlow , English actress and writer June 20 –Bonnie Bartlett , American actress June 21 -John Brandon , American actor (died 2014) June 23 –Claude Goretta , Swiss producer and director (died 2019) July 5 –Katherine Helmond , American actress (died 2019) July 11 –David Kelly , Irish actor (died 2012) July 21 July 22 -Perry Lopez , American actor (died 2008) July 23 –Maya Buzinova , Russian animator (died 2022) July 30 -Sid Krofft , Canadian puppeteer and film producer July 31 August 1 –Camillo Milli , Italian actor (died 2022) August 12 -John Bluthal , Australian actor and comedian (died 2018) August 15 –George Martin , American actor (died 2010) August 21 August 28 –Ken Gampu , South African actor (died 2003) August 29 -Robert W. Castle , American actor (died 2012) September 1 -Tomisaburo Wakayama , Japanese actor (died 1992) September 2 September 3 –Irene Papas , Greek actress (died 2022) September 4 –Nina Urgant , Russian actress (died 2021) September 5 September 11 –Eve Brent , American actress (died 2011) September 18 –Elizabeth Spriggs , English actress (died 2008) September 20 September 21 September 22 –Maria Charles , English actress, director and comedian (died 2023) September 25 –Ronnie Barker , English actor and comedian (died 2005) September 28 -Frances Taylor Davis , American dancer and actress (died 2018) October 2 –Moses Gunn , American actor (died 1993) October 4 -Scotty Beckett , American actor (died 1968) October 6 –Bruno Cremer , French actor (died 2010) October 14 –Norbert Gastell , German voice actor (died 2015) October 15 -Witold Sobociński , Polish actor (died 2018) October 16 October 20 Colin Jeavons , British actorOctober 24 –Clifford Rose , English actor (died 2021) October 28 October 31 –Bud Spencer , Italian actor, professional swimmer and water polo player (died 2016) November 6 –June Squibb , American actress November 12 November 15 –Ed Asner , American actor (died 2021) November 20 –Jerry Hardin , American actor November 21 –Niall Tóibín , Irish actor and comedian (died 2019) November 28 –Berry Gordy , American producer November 30Dick Clark , American television and radio personality, television producer and actor (died 2012)Joan Ganz Cooney , American television writer and producer December 1 –David Doyle , American actor (died 1997) December 6 –Alain Tanner , Swiss film director (died 2022) December 8 –Paddy O'Byrne , Irish radio broadcaster and actor (died 2013) December 9 –John Cassavetes , American actor, director (died 1989) December 13 –Christopher Plummer , Canadian actor (died 2021) December 20 –Zebedy Colt , American actor, musician, adult film director and star (died 2004) December 31 -George Schlatter , American director and producer January 5 –Marc McDermott , Australian actor (born 1881) February 18 February 24 –Frank Keenan , American actor (born 1858) May 9 – Fred C. Truesdell, stage & film actor (born 1870) May 12 –Charles Swickard , German-American director and actor (born 1861) July 2 –Gladys Brockwell , American actress (born 1894) July 3 –Dustin Farnum , American stage & silent screen star (born 1874) July 6 –Cliff Bowes , American comedian (born 1894) August 2 –Mae Costello , American actress (born 1882) September 2 –Paul Leni , German film and art director (born 1885) October 3 –Jeanne Eagels , American actress (born 1890) October 31 –Norman Pritchard , actor, Olympic athlete (born 1877) November 2 –Leo D. Maloney , actor and director (born 1888) November 24 –Raymond Hitchcock , American actor (born 1865) ^a b The Eddie Mannix Ledger , Los Angeles, California: Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study^ Finler, Joel Waldo (2003).The Hollywood Story . Wallflower Press. pp. 356–357 .ISBN 978-1-903364-66-6 ^a b c d Warner Bros financial information in The William Schaefer Ledger. See Appendix 1, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, (1995) 15:sup1, 1-31 p 7 DOI: 10.1080/01439689508604551 ^a b "All-Time Film Rental Champs".Variety ^ Richard Jewel, 'RKO Film Grosses: 1931–1951',Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television , Vol 14 No 1, 1994 p55 ^ "Fox's World High, $173,391" .Variety . RetrievedJune 22, 2018 .^ "Fox Sells F.N. Holdings to Warners" .The Film Daily ^ Sexton, Jamie."Drifters (1929)" .screenonline .BFI . Retrieved2011-03-07 . ^a b Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 337.ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 ^a b Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 338.ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 ^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 340.ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 ^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 341.ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 ^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 342.ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 ^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 343.ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 ^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 344.ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 ^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 345.ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 ^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 346.ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 ^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 347.ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 ^a b Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 348.ISBN 978-1936168-68-2 ^ Donald F. Glut (1999).Carbon Dates: A Day by Day Almanac of Paleo Anniversaries and Dino Events ISBN 978-0-7864-0592-3 ^ Gaetana Marrone (2007).Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies: A-J ISBN 978-1-57958-390-3 ^ Cleveland Amory (1959).International Celebrity Register ^ "Saeed Jaffrey, actor – obituary" .The Telegraph . 16 November 2015. Retrieved16 November 2015 .^ Kristine Helen Burns (2002).Women and Music in America Since 1900: An Encyclopedia ISBN 978-1-57356-309-3 ^ Kathleen Riley (27 April 2005).Nigel Hawthorne on Stage ISBN 978-1-902806-31-0 ^ "Grace Kelly | American actress and princess of Monaco" .Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved12 March 2020 .
