From top to bottom, left to right: TheWall Street Crash of 1929 devastates global markets, sparking theGreat Depression and years of economic hardship; theLateran Treaty establishesVatican City as an independent state, resolving the “Roman Question”; the1929 Palestine riots erupt across Jerusalem, Hebron, and Safed, killing hundreds and deepening Jewish-Arab tensions; theSino-Soviet conflict (1929) erupts over the Chinese Eastern Railway, leading to a brief military clash; theSt. Valentine’s Day Massacre shocks Chicago with the murder of seven North Side Gang members during Prohibition; and the1st Academy Awards are held in Hollywood, inaugurating the Oscars.
TheKellogg–Briand Pact, a treaty renouncing war as an instrument of national policy, went into effect. In Europe, the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy signed theLateran Treaty. TheIdionymon law was passed in Greece to outlaw political dissent. Spain hosted theIbero-American Exposition which featured pavilions from Latin American countries. The German airshipLZ 127Graf Zeppelin flew around the world in 21 days.
OnAugust 1 of this year the1929 Palestine riots broke out betweenArabs andJews over control of theWestern Wall. The rioting, initiated in part when British police tore down a screen the Jews had constructed in front of the Wall,[1] continued until the end of the month. In total, 133 Jews and 116 Arabs were killed.[2]
Early in 1929, theAfghan Civil War saw the Afghan leaderKing Amanullah lose power to theSaqqawists underHabibullāh Kalakāni. Kalakani's rule, however, only lasted nine months.Nadir Shah replaced him in October, starting a line of monarchs which would last 40 years.[3] In India, a general strike in Bombay continued throughout the year despite efforts by the British.[4] OnDecember 29, theAll India Congress inLahore declared Indianindependence from Britain, something it had threatened to do if Britain did not grant India dominion status.[5] China and Russia engaged in aminor conflict after China seized full control of theManchurian Chinese Eastern Railway. Russia counterattacked and took the cities ofHailar andManzhouli after issuing an ultimatum demanding joint control of the railway to be reinstated. The Chinese agreed to the terms onNovember 26. The Japanese would later see this defeat as a sign of Chinese weakness, leading to their taking control of Manchuria.[6] The Far East began to experience economic problems late in the year as the effects of the Great Depression began to spread. Southeast Asia was especially hard hit as its exports (spice, rubber, and other commodities) were more sensitive to economic problems.[7] In the Pacific, onDecember 28 – "Black Saturday" inSamoa – New Zealand colonial police killed 11 unarmed demonstrators, an event which led theMau movement to demand independence for Samoa.[8]
In 1929, theFascist Party in Italy tightened its control. National education policy took a major step towards being completely taken over by the agenda of indoctrination.[9] In that year, the Fascist government took control of the authorization of all textbooks, all secondary school teachers were required to take an oath of loyalty to Fascism, and children began to be taught that they owed the same loyalty to Fascism as they did to God.[9]
On February 11, theKingdom of Italy and theHoly See signed theLateran Treaty, makingVatican City a sovereign state.[10] OnJuly 25,Pope Pius XI emerged from theVatican and entered St. Peter's Square in a huge procession witnessed by about 250,000 persons, thus ending nearly 60 years ofpapal self-imprisonment within the Vatican.[11] Italy used the diplomatic prestige associated with this successful agreement to adopt a more aggressive foreign policy.[12] Germany experienced a major turning point in this year due to the economic crash. The country had experienced prosperity under the government of theWeimar Republic until foreign investors withdrew their German interests. This began the crumbling of the Republican government in favor of Nazism.[13] In 1929, the number of unemployed reached three million.[14] OnJuly 27, theGeneva Convention, held in Switzerland, addressed the treatment of prisoners of war in response to problems encountered during World War I.[15]
OnMay 31, theBritish general election returned a hung parliament yet again, with the Liberals in position to determine who would have power. These elections were known as the "Flapper" elections due to the fact that it was the first British election in which women under 30 could vote.[16] A week after the vote, onJune 7 theConservatives conceded power rather than ally with the Liberals.Ramsay MacDonald founded a newLabour government the next day.[17]
1929 is regarded as a turning point byFrench historians, who point out that it was last year in which prosperity was felt before the effects of the Great Depression. TheThird Republic had been in power since before World War I. On July 24, French prime ministerRaymond Poincaré resigned for medical reasons; he was succeeded byAristide Briand. Briand adopted a foreign policy of both peace and defensive fortification. TheKellogg–Briand Pact, renouncingwar as an instrument offoreign policy, went into effect in this year (it was first signed in Paris in1928 by most leading world powers).[18] The French began work on theMaginot Line in this year, as a defense against a possible German attack, and on September 5 Briand presented a plan for theUnited States of Europe.[19] On October 22, Briand was replaced as prime minister byAndré Tardieu.[20]Primo de Rivera's dictatorship in Spain experienced growing dissatisfaction among students and academics, as well as businessmen who blamed the government for recent economic woes. Many called for a fascist regime, like that in Italy.[21]
In May,Joseph Stalin consolidated his power in theSoviet Union by sendingLeon Trotsky into exile. The only country that would grant Trotsky asylum was Turkey, in return for his help during Turkey's civil war. He and his family left the USSR aboard ship on February 12.[22] Stalin turned on his former political ally,Nikolai Bukharin, who was the last real threat to his power. By the end of the year Bukharin had been defeated.[23] Once Stalin was in power, he turned his former support for Lenin'sNew Economic Policy into opposition.[24] In November, Stalin declared that it "The Year of theGreat Breakthrough" and stated that the country would focus on industrial programs as well as on collectivizing the grain supply. He hoped to surpass the West not only in agriculture, but in industry.[25] Millions of Soviet farmers were removed from their private farms, their property was collected, and they were moved to state-owned farms. Stalin emphasized in 1929 a campaign demonizingkulaks as a plague on society. Kulak property was taken and they were deported by cattle train to areas of frozen tundra.[26]
The timber market in Finland began to decline in 1929 due to the Great Depression, as well as the Soviet Union's entrance into the market. Financial and political problems culminated in the birth of the fascistLapua Movement onNovember 23 in a demonstration inLapua. The movement's stated aim was Finnish democracy and anti-communism.[27] The Finnish legislature received heavy pressure to remove basic rights from Communist groups.[28] Politics in Lithuania was heated, as President Voldemaras was unpopular in some quarters, and survived an assassination attempt inKaunas.[29] Later, while attending a meeting of theLeague of Nations, he was ousted in a coup by PresidentSmetona, who made himself dictator. Upon Voldemaras' removal from office,Geležinis Vilkas went underground and received aid and encouragement in its activities from Germany.[29] The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was renamed the "Kingdom of Yugoslavia" asKing Alexander sought to unite the South Slavs under his rule.[30] The state's new Monarchy replaced the old parliament, which had been dominated by Serbs.[31]
In October 1929, the BritishJudicial Committee of the Privy Council overturned a ruling by theSupreme Court of Canada that women could not be members of the legislature. This case, which came to be known as thePersons Case, had important ramifications not just for the rights of women but because in overturning the case, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council engendered a radical change in the Canadian judicial approach to the Canadian constitution, an approach that has come to be known as the "living tree doctrine". The five women who initiated the case are known in Canada as theFamous Five.[32] In November, the1929 Grand Banks earthquake occurred off the south coast ofNewfoundland in the Atlantic Ocean. It registered as aRichter magnitude 7.2submarine earthquake centered onGrand Banks, broke 12 submarinetransatlantic telegraph cables and triggered atsunami that destroyed many south coast communities in theBurin Peninsula area, killing 28 (as of 1997, Canada's most lethal earthquake).[33]Ross-Loos Medical Group is established in downtown Los Angeles by two physicians, Donald E. Ross and H. Clifford Loos - the firstHMO in the United States.
The MexicanCristero War continued in 1929 as clerical forces attempted an assassination of the provisional president in a train bombing in February. The attempt failed.Plutarco Calles, at the center of power for the anti-clerics, continued to gather power in Mexico City. His government was considered an enemy to more conservative Mexicans who held to traditional forms of government and more religious control. Calles founded the National Revolutionary Party early in the year to increase his power; a party which was, ironically, seen by foreigners as fascist and which was in opposition to the Mexican Right. A special election was held in this year, which Jose Vasconselos lost to Ortiz Rubio. By this time, the war had ended.[34] The last group of rebels was defeated on June 4, and in the same month US AmbassadorDwight Morrow initiated talks between parties. OnJune 21 an agreement was brokered ending the Cristero War. OnJune 27, church bells rang and mass was held publicly for the first time in three years. The agreement heavily favored the government, as priests were required to register with the government and religion was banned from schools.[35]
The major event of the year for the United States was thestock market crash on Wall Street, which was to have international effects and be widely regarded as the inciting incident of theGreat Depression. On September 3, theDow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) peaked at 381.17, a height it would not reach again until November 1954. Then, fromOctober 24–October 29, stock prices suffered three multi-digit percentage drops, wiping out more than $30 billion from the New York Stock Exchange (10 times greater than the annual budget of the federal government).[36] OnDecember 3 U.S. PresidentHerbert Hoover announced to theU.S. Congress that the worst effects of the recentstock market crash were behind the nation, and that the American people had regained faith in theeconomy.[37]
Literature of the time reflected the memories many harbored of the horrors of World War I. A major seller wasAll Quiet on the Western Front byErich Maria Remarque. Remarque was a German who had fought in the war at age eighteen and been wounded in theThird Battle of Ypres. He stated that he intended the book to tell the story "of a generation of men who, even though they may have escaped its shells, were destroyed by the war." Another 1929 book reflecting on World War I wasErnest Hemingway'sA Farewell to Arms, as well asGood-Bye to All That byRobert Graves.[38] In lighter media, a few stars of the comic industry made their debut, includingTintin, acomic book character created byHergé, who would appear in over 200 million comic books in 60 languages.Popeye, anothercomic strip character created byElzie Crisler Segar, also appeared in this year.
The year saw several advances in technology and exploration. OnJune 27 the first public demonstration of color TV was held by H. E. Ives and his colleagues at Bell Telephone Laboratories in New York. The first images were a bouquet of roses and an American flag. A mechanical system was used to transmit 50-line color television images between New York and Washington. TheBBC broadcast a television transmission for the first time. By November,Vladimir Zworykin had taken out the first patent for color television. OnNovember 29,Bernt Balchen, U.S. AdmiralRichard Byrd, Captain Ashley McKinley, andHarold June, became the first to fly over theSouth Pole. Within the year, Britain, Australia and New Zealand began a jointAntarctic Research Expedition, and the German airshipGraf Zeppelin began a round-the-world flight (endedAugust 29). This yearErnst Schwarz describesBonobo (Pan paniscus) as a different species fromcommon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), both closely related phylogenetically to human beings.
March 4 – TheNational Revolutionary Party (Partido Nacional Revolucionario) is established in Mexico, by ex-PresidentPlutarco Elías Calles. Under a succession of names, it will hold power in the country continuously for the next 71 years.[44]
June 27 – The first public demonstration ofcolor TV is held, byH. E. Ives and his colleagues atBell Telephone Laboratories in New York. The first images are a bouquet of roses and anAmerican flag. A mechanical system is used to transmit 50-line color television images between New York and Washington.
TheKellogg–Briand Pact, renouncing war as an instrument offoreign policy, goes into effect (it was first signed in Paris on August 27, 1928, by most leading world powers).
October 24–29 –Wall Street Crash of 1929: Three multi-digit percentage drops wipe out more than $30 billion from the New York Stock Exchange (10 times greater than the annual budget of the federal government).[50]
November 7 – In New York City, theMuseum of Modern Art (MoMA) opens to the public. The first exhibitionCézanne, Gauguin, van Gogh and Seurat (November 7 – December 7) is seen by 47.000 visitors; the curator is Alfred H. Barr.
December –New York toy salesmanEdwin S. Lowe popularizesBingo after coming across the game of "Beano" inAtlanta, Georgia. After someone accidentally yells "bingo" instead of "beano" with a group of friends in Brooklyn, New York, he begins production of the game, going on to develop more than 6,000 card combinations under the E. S. Lowe company, as the popularity of the game grows to become a national pastime.[52]
^Sherman, John.The Mexican Right New York: Praeger, 1997.ISBN0-275-95736-5 pp. 18–23
^Scheina, Robert.Latin America's Wars Volume II: the Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900-2001. City: Potomac Books Inc., 2003.ISBN1-57488-452-2; pp. 32–33
^Bloom, Harold (2003).Milan Kundera. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. p. 147.ISBN9781438113340.
^Wilsford, David (1995).Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe : a biographical dictionary. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. p. 400.ISBN9780313286230.
^Friend, Tim (2007).The third domain : the untold story of archaea and the future of biotechnology. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press. p. 3.ISBN9780309102377.
^Chase's calendar of events. the ultimate go-to guide for special days, weeks and months. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. 2019. p. 444.ISBN9781641433167.
^Chase's calendar of events 2019 : the ultimate go -to guide for special days, weeks and months. Place of publication not identified: Bernan Press. 2018. p. 450.ISBN9781641432641.
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