Red Sox

White Sox  

Indians

Tigers

Athletics

Browns

Yankees

Senators

Locations of teams for the 1915–1922American League seasons
American League

Braves

Robins

Cubs

Reds

Giants

Phillies

Pirates

Cardinals

Locations of teams for the 1920–1931National League seasons
National League

The1920 major league baseball season began on April 14, 1920. The regular season ended on October 3, with theBrooklyn Robins andCleveland Indians as the regular season champions of theNational League andAmerican League, respectively. The postseason began with Game 1 of the17th World Series on October 5 and ended with Game 7 on October 12. The Indians defeated the Robins, five games to two, capturing their first championship in franchise history. Going into the season, the defendingWorld Series champions were theCincinnati Reds from the1919 season.

This was the final season to be presided over by the three-personNational Baseball Commission, which ran the major and minor leagues—composed of theAmerican LeaguePresident,National LeaguePresident, and one team owner as president. In the wake of theBlack Sox scandal, the credibility of baseball had been tarnished with the public and fans and the owners of the teams clamored for credibility to be restored. The owners felt that creating one position with near-unlimited authority was the answer. After the season, the commission was replaced with the newly created office ofCommissioner of Baseball.

Persisting rumors of theChicago White Sox throwing the previousyear'sWorld Series to theCincinnati Reds and another game during the 1920 season led to the game's brass looking for ways of dealing with the problems of gambling within the sport. At the time, MLB was governed by a three-manNational Baseball Commission composed ofAmerican League PresidentBan Johnson,National League PresidentJohn Heydler andCincinnati RedsownerGarry Herrmann. At the request of the other owners, Herrmann left the office reducing the commission to be deadlocked by two. With the owners disliking one or both presidents, calls began for stronger leadership, although they opined they could support the continuation of the leagues' presidencies with a well-qualified Commissioner.^[1]

A plan that began to circulate and gain support was dubbed the "Lasker Plan", afterAlbert Lasker, a shareholder of theChicago Cubs, called for a three-man commission with no financial interest in baseball. With theBlack Sox scandal exposed on September 30, 1920, Heydler began calling for the Lasker Plan. All eight NL teams supported the plan, along with three AL teams. The three AL teams were the White Sox, theNew York Yankees and theBoston Red Sox.^[2] The teams in support of the Lasker Plan wantedfederal judgeKenesaw Mountain Landis to take the office of Baseball Commissioner. Johnson, who opposed the plan and thus, the appointment of Landis, had allies in the other five AL clubs, and attempted to getMinor League Baseball to side with him. However, the minor leagues would not, and when the AL teams learned their position, they relented and instead went along with the Lasker Plan.^[3] The owners agreed that they needed a person with near-unlimited authority and a powerful person to fill the position of commissioner.^[4]

The owners approached Landis, who eventually accepted the position as the first Commissioner of Baseball.^[5] He drafted the agreement which gave him almost unlimited authority throughout the major and minor leagues – every owner on down to the batboys was accountable to the Commissioner – including barring owners from dismissing him, speaking critically of him in public or challenging him in court.^[6] Landis also kept his job as a federal judge.

While Landis' record as Commissioner would eventually attract considerable controversy, especially with respect to his role in maintaining thecolor line, at the time a near autocratic leader was widely believed to be needed for baseball since the Black Sox scandal had placed the public's trust in baseball on shaky ground. As a result, the owners accepted the terms of the agreement with a scant trace of opposition, if any.^[7]

The 1920 schedule consisted of 154 games for all teams in the American League and National League, each of which had eight teams. Each team was scheduled to play 22 games against the other seven teams of their respective league. The 154-game format had previously been used since1904, except for1919, and would be used until1961 in the American League and1962 in the National League.

Opening Day took place on April 14 with all but theWashington Senators andBoston Red Sox playing. The final day of the regular season was on October 3, with all teams but theBoston Red Sox andNew York Yankees playing. TheWorld Series took place between October 5 and October 12.

The 1920 season featured an extremely raretripleheader—the third inNational League andmajor-league history, having previously occurred only in 1890 and 1896—when thePittsburgh Pirates hosted theCincinnati Reds on October 2 for three games, the day before the final day of the regular season. The Reds won the first two games while the Pirates won the third game, which was called after six innings on account of darkness.^[8]

The 1920 season saw the following rule changes:^[9][10]

• Having previously withdrawn from theNational Agreement over theprevious offseason, theRule 5 draft is reimplemented when theminor leagues voted to renew their working arrangement with themajor leagues.^[11]
• Fly balls hit over the fence along the left and right-field lines will be judged fair or foul according to where the ball passes the fence, rather than where it landed; previously, umpires would judge based on where the ball landed. On June 25, the rule reverted to the 1919 version, which is based upon where the ball disappears from view. The rule would re-revert to the 1920 version before the1928 season began.
• When abatter hits a ball over the fence to win the game, he is now credited with ahome run. Previously, the batter would be rewarded with the number of bases needed for the team to win the game and were not considered home runs.
• Spitballs,shine balls,emery balls, and other unorthodox ("trick" or "freak") pitches, were outlawed.^[11] Foreign substances such as rosin, dirt or mud from the field to scar the ball,spit orphlegm, material from rubbing the ball on the glove or clothing, or any kind of defacing of the ball were banned. Violations to this rule would result in immediateejection and being barred from any championship contest for a period of ten days. There were 17pitchers who wereexempted from the spitball rule, becoming legacy spitballers (thelast of which retired in 1934).^[12][13]
• Abalk was to be called if the pitcher releases the ball while the catcher is out ofhis box.
• The failure of a precedingrunner to touch a base would not affect the status of a succeeding runner.
• Cases where the defense intentionally allows the runner to advance without attempting to put him out are scored asdefensive indifference, also calledfielder's indifference, and do not count asstolen bases.^[14] This is usually only scored late in games when it is clear that the defense's priority is getting the batter out. The lack of a putout attempt does not by itself indicate defensive indifference; the official scorer must also factor in the game situation and the defensive players' actions.

After an August 31 game between thePhiladelphia Phillies andChicago Cubs, allegations began to arise that the game was fixed. The state court inChicago opened a grand jury to investigate gambling within baseball. GamblerBilly Maharg came forward with information that he worked withNew York gamblerArnold Rothstein and formerboxerAbe Attell to get the White Sox to throw the 1919 World Series.^[16] The White Sox again were contending for the American League title and were in a near-dead heat with theCleveland Indians andNew York Yankees. However, on September 28, eight White Sox players were indicted and suspended by ownerCharlie Comiskey.^[17] The Indians pulled ahead and won the pennant by two games over the White Sox.^[18]

The postseason began on October 5 and ended on October 12 with theCleveland Indians defeating theBrooklyn Robins in the1920 World Series in seven games.

• Cottrell, Robert C. (2002).Blackball, the Black Sox, and the Babe.Jefferson, North Carolina:McFarland & Co.ISBN 978-7-86411-643-6.
• Pietrusza, David (1998).Judge and Jury: The Life and Times of Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis.South Bend, Indiana: Diamond Communications.ISBN 978-1-888698-09-1.
• Spink, J. G. Taylor (1974).Judge Landis and 25 Years of Baseball (revised ed.).St. Louis: The Sporting News Publishing Company.ASIN B0006CGPF6.

• 1920 Major League Baseball season schedule at Baseball Reference

• 1920 Major League Baseball season
• Major League Baseball seasons

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