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1920

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This article is about the year 1920. For the film, see1920 (film). For the film series, see1920 (film series).

From top to bottom, left to right: TheProhibition era begins as theEighteenth Amendment andVolstead Act ban alcohol across theUnited States, sparking speakeasies and organized crime; theLeague of Nations is established inGeneva,Switzerland to maintain global peace; the1920 Summer Olympics are held inAntwerp,Belgium, introducing the Olympic flag and athlete's oath; theBattle of Warsaw turns thePolish–Soviet War in Poland’s favor, repelling theRed Army; theRed Army invasion of Armenia andRed Army invasion of Azerbaijan bring both nations into theSoviet Union; and theWall Street bombing kills 38 and injures hundreds inNew York City’s financial district.

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1920 by topic
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Afghanistan Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Denmark France Germany Greece Hungary India Ireland Italy Japan Mexico New Zealand Norway Palestine (British administered) Philippines Portugal Russia South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom United States
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v t e

1920 in variouscalendars
Gregorian calendar	1920 MCMXX
Ab urbe condita	2673
Armenian calendar	1369 ԹՎ ՌՅԿԹ
Assyrian calendar	6670
Baháʼí calendar	76–77
Balinese saka calendar	1841–1842
Bengali calendar	1326–1327
Berber calendar	2870
British Regnal year	10 Geo. 5 – 11 Geo. 5
Buddhist calendar	2464
Burmese calendar	1282
Byzantine calendar	7428–7429
Chinese calendar	己未年 (Earth Goat) 4617 or 4410 — to — 庚申年 (Metal Monkey) 4618 or 4411
Coptic calendar	1636–1637
Discordian calendar	3086
Ethiopian calendar	1912–1913
Hebrew calendar	5680–5681
Hindu calendars
-Vikram Samvat	1976–1977
-Shaka Samvat	1841–1842
-Kali Yuga	5020–5021
Holocene calendar	11920
Igbo calendar	920–921
Iranian calendar	1298–1299
Islamic calendar	1338–1339
Japanese calendar	Taishō 9 (大正９年)
Javanese calendar	1850–1851
Juche calendar	9
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar	4253
Minguo calendar	ROC 9 民國9年
Nanakshahi calendar	452
Thai solar calendar	2462–2463
Tibetan calendar	ས་མོ་ལུག་ལོ་ (female Earth-Sheep) 2046 or 1665 or 893 — to — ལྕགས་ཕོ་སྤྲེ་ལོ་ (male Iron-Monkey) 2047 or 1666 or 894

Wikimedia Commons has media related to1920.

1920 (MCMXX) was aleap year starting on Thursday of theGregorian calendar and aleap year starting on Wednesday of theJulian calendar, the 1920th year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini (AD) designations, the 920th year of the2nd millennium, the 20th year of the20th century, and the 1st year of the1920s decade. As of the start of 1920, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Calendar year

Events

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January

[edit]

Main article:January 1920

January 17: Beginning ofProhibition in the United States

January 1
- Polish–Soviet War: The RussianRed Army increases its troops along the Polish border from 4 divisions to 20.
- Kauniainen in Finland, completely surrounded by the city ofEspoo, secedes from Espoo as its own market town.^[1]
January 7 –Russian Civil War: The forces ofRussian White AdmiralAlexander Kolchak surrender inKrasnoyarsk; theGreat Siberian Ice March ensues.
January 10
- TheTreaty of Versailles takes effect, officially ending World War I.^[2]
- TheLeague of Nations Covenant enters into force. OnJanuary 16, the organization holds its first council meeting, in Paris.
January 11 – TheAzerbaijan Democratic Republic is recognisedde facto by European powers inVersailles.^[3]
January 13 –The New York Timesridicules American rocket scientistRobert H. Goddard,^[4] which it will rescind following the launch ofApollo 11 in1969.^[5]
January 16
- TheAllies of World War I demand that the Netherlandsextradite ex-German Emperor Wilhelm II who fled there in1918.
- Zeta Phi Beta sorority, is founded on the campus ofHoward University in Washington, D.C.
January 17 –Prohibition in the United States begins, with theEighteenth Amendment to the Constitution which bans the sale ofalcohol in all States.
January 19 – TheAmerican Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is founded.^[6]
January 21 – The final session of theParis Peace Conference is held, even though peace treaties with Hungary and Turkey remain to be concluded. The United States does not conclude its own treaty with Germany until August 25, 1921.
January 22 – The AustralianCountry Party is officially formed.
January 23 – The Netherlands refuses to extradite ex-German EmperorWilhelm II; on May 15 he moves intoHuis Doorn in the country where he remains permanently in exile until his death in1941.
January 28 –El Tercio de Extranjeros (the "Regiment of Foreigners"), later theSpanish Legion, is established bydecree of KingAlfonso XIII of Spain.

February

[edit]

Main article:February 1920

February 1 – TheSouth African Air Force (SAAF) is established, the second autonomous Air Force in the world, after the BritishRoyal Air Force (RAF).^[7]
February 2
- Estonian War of Independence: TheTartu Peace Treaty is signed, ending the war and recognizing the independence of both theRepublic of Estonia and theRussian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic.
- France occupies theMemel Territory of East Prussia.
- Sayyid Muhammad, Khan ofKhiva, abdicates.
February 9 – TheSvalbard Treaty, signed by members of the League of Nations in Paris, recognises the sovereignty ofNorway over theArctic archipelago ofSvalbard (at this time called Spitzbergen), while giving the other signatories economic rights in the islands.^[8]
February 10 – GeneralJózef Haller first performsPoland's Wedding to the Sea, a symbolic celebration of the restitution of Polish access to theBaltic Sea.
February 12–24 –Conference of London: Leaders of the United Kingdom, France and Italy meet to discuss thepartitioning of the Ottoman Empire.
February 13 – Switzerland joins theLeague of Nations.^[9]
February 14 – TheLeague of Women Voters is founded in Chicago.
February 17 – A woman namedAnna Anderson tries to commit suicide in Berlin and is taken to a mental hospital where she claims she isGrand Duchess Anastasia of Russia.
February 20 –1920 Gori earthquake: An earthquake hitsGori in theDemocratic Republic of Georgia, killing 114.
February 21 – The island province ofMarinduque in thePhilippines archipelago is founded.
February 22 – InEmeryville, California, the firstdog racing track to employ an imitationrabbit opens.
February 24 –Adolf Hitler presents hisNational Socialist Program inMunich to theGerman Workers' Party (Deutsche Arbeiterpartei), which renames itself as theNazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei).

March

[edit]

Main article:March 1920

March 1
- Hungarianadmiral and statesmanMiklós Horthy becomes theRegent ofHungary.
- TheUnited States Railroad Administration returns control of American railroads to its constituent railroad companies.
March 7 – The Syrian National Congress proclaimsSyria independent, withFaisal I of Iraq as king.
March 10 – The world's first peaceful establishment of asocial democratic government takes place inSweden asHjalmar Branting takes over asprime minister whenNils Edén leaves office.
March 13–17 –Wolfgang Kapp andWalther von Lüttwitz'sKapp Putsch (an attemptedcoup in Germany) briefly ousts theWeimar Republic government from Berlin, but fails due to public resistance and a general strike.
March 15 – TheRuhr Red Army, a communist army 50,000 men strong, is formed inGermany.
March 15–16 –Constantinople is occupied byBritish Empire forces, acting for theAllied Powers against theTurkish National Movement. Retrospectively, theGrand National Assembly of Turkey regards this as the dissolution of theOttoman regime inIstanbul.^[10]
March 18 –Greece begins using theGregorian calendar.
March 19 – TheUnited States Senate refuses to ratify theTreaty of Versailles.
March 23 – AdmiralMiklós Horthy declares thatHungary is a monarchy, without anyone on the throne.
March 25 –Irish War of Independence: British recruits to theRoyal Irish Constabulary begin to arrive in Ireland. They become known from their improvised uniforms as the "Black and Tans".^[11]
March 26
- The German government asks France for permission to use its own troops against the rebelliousRuhr Red Army, in the French-occupied area.
- American fiction writerF. Scott Fitzgerald makes his name with publication ofThis Side of Paradise.
March 28 – The1920 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak hits theGreat Lakes region andDeep South of the United States.
March 29 –Sir William Robertson is promoted toField Marshal, the first man to rise fromprivate (enlisted1877) to the highest rank in theBritish Army.^[12]

April

[edit]

Main article:April 1920

April 2 – The German army marches to theRuhr to fight theRuhr Red Army.
April 3 – Failedassassination attempts on General Mannerheim, retired leader of the victoriousWhite Guard in the Finnish Civil War, led by Aleksander Weckman by order ofEino Rahja, during a White Guard parade inTampere,Finland.^[13]^[14]
April 4 –1920 Palestine riots: Violence erupts between Arab and Jewish residents inJerusalem; 9 are killed, 216 injured.
April 6 – The short-livedFar Eastern Republic is declared in easternSiberia.
April 11 –Mexican Revolution:Álvaro Obregón flees from Mexico City (during a trial intended to ruin his reputation) toGuerrero, where he joins Fortunato Maycotte.
April 19–26 –San Remo conference: Representatives of Italy, France, the United Kingdom, and Japan meet to determine theLeague of Nations mandates for administration of territories, following thepartitioning of the Ottoman Empire.
April 19 – Germany andSoviet Russia agree to the exchange of prisoners of war.
April 20 –Mexican Revolution:Álvaro Obregón announces (inChilpancingo) that he intends to fight against the rule ofVenustiano Carranza.
April 23 – TheGrand National Assembly of Turkey is founded byMustafa Kemal Atatürk, inAnkara. It denounces the government of SultanMehmed VI and announces a temporary constitution.
April 24 –Polish–Soviet War:Polish and anti-SovietUkrainian troops attack theRed Army in Soviet Ukraine.
April 26 – TheKhorezm People's Soviet Republic is officially created bySoviet Russia, as the successor to theKhanate of Khiva.
April 28 – TheAzerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic is officially created.

May

[edit]

Main article:May 1920

May 3 – ABolshevik coup fails in theDemocratic Republic of Georgia.
May 7
- Polish–Soviet War:Polish troops occupyKyiv. The government of theUkrainian People's Republic returns to the city.
- Mexican Revolution:Venustiano Carranza leaves Mexico City in a large train.
- Treaty of Moscow (1920):Soviet Russia recognizes the independence of theDemocratic Republic of Georgia, only to invade the country six months later.
May 10 –Agnès Souret is elected "The most beautiful woman in France", retrospectively considered the firstMiss France.
May 15 –Russian Revolution: Russian White soldierMaria Bochkareva is executed in Soviet Russia.
May 16
- Canonization of Joan of Arc: Over 30,000 people attend the ceremony in Rome, including 140 descendants of Joan of Arc's family.Pope Benedict XV presides over the rite, for which the interior ofSt. Peter's Basilica in Rome is richly decorated.
- Areferendum in Switzerland favors joining theLeague of Nations.
May 17
- French and Belgian troops leave the cities they have occupied in Germany.
- The first flight of Dutch air companyKLM, fromAmsterdam to London, takes place.^[15]
May 19 –Mexican Revolution:Álvaro Obregón's troops enter Mexico City.
May 20 –Mexican Revolution:Venustiano Carranza arrives in San Antonio Tlaxcalantongo; troops ofRodolfo Herrero attack him at night and shoot him.
May 24 –Venustiano Carranza is buried in Mexico City; all of his mourning allies are arrested.Adolfo de la Huerta is elected provisional president.
May 26 –Ganja revolt:Anti-Soviet opposition in theAzerbaijan SSR launches an abortive revolt inGanja.
May 27 –Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk becomes president ofCzechoslovakia.
May 29 –Floods at Louth, Lincolnshire in England kill 23.

June

[edit]

Main article:June 1920

June 4 –Treaty of Trianon: Peace is restored between theAllied Powers andHungary, which loses 72% of its territory.
June 5 – Bolshevik cavalry breaks through Polish and Ukrainian lines south of Kyiv, precipitating eventual withdrawal.
June 12 –Polish–Soviet War: TheRed Army retakesKyiv.
June 13
- Essad Pasha Toptani, nominal ruler ofAlbania, is assassinated byAvni Rustemi in Paris.
- TheUnited States Post Office Department rules that children may not be sent via parcel post.^[16]^[17]
June 15
- A new border treaty betweenGermany and Denmark gives northernSchleswig to Denmark.
- TheEstonian Constituent Assembly adopts thefirst constitution ofEstonia, which will come into effect onDecember 21 this year.
- Duluth lynchings: Three African American circus workers are sprung from jail, subjected to akangaroo court and hanged by a white mob inDuluth, Minnesota, in the northern United States.
- Australian sopranoNellie Melba becomes history's first well-known performer to make a radio broadcast when she sings two arias as part of an experimental series of broadcasts from a studio at theMarconi Company's factory atChelmsford in England.
June 22 –Greek Summer Offensive:Greece attacksTurkish troops.
June 28 –Sigma Tau Gamma is founded on campus at theUniversity of Central Missouri in Warrensburg, Missouri
June 29 – The Republic of China joins theLeague of Nations.

July

[edit]

Main article:July 1920

July 1 –Germany declares its neutrality in thePolish–Soviet War.
July 2 –Polish–Soviet War: TheRed Army continues its offensive intoPoland.
July 7 –Arthur Meighen becomes Canada's ninthprime minister.
July 11 – TheEast Prussian plebiscite determines that most of the territory in question will remain German.
July 12 –Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty: TheRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic recognizes independentLithuania.
July 19–August 7 – TheSecond Congress of theCommunist International takes place inSaint Petersburg and Moscow; theTwenty-one Conditions are adopted.
July 20 – The United Kingdom cedes its brief control of the keyBlack Sea port ofBatum to theDemocratic Republic of Georgia.
July 21
- TheInterallied Mission to Poland takes place.
- The Troubles in Ulster (1920–1922) begin with 8,000 Catholic and Socialist workers driven from shipyards and industrial sites inBelfast.^[18]
July 22 –Polish–Soviet War:Poland sues for peace withSoviet Russia (which refuses).
July 24 –Battle of Maysalun: TheFrench defeat theSyrian army, whose leaderYusuf al-'Azma is killed. French troops occupyDamascus and deposeFaisal I of Syria as king.^[19]
July 26 –Mexican Revolution:Pancho Villa takes overSabina and contacts Mexican president de la Huerta to offer his conditional surrender, which he signs onJuly 28.
July 29 – TheUnited States Bureau of Reclamation begins construction of theLink River Dam, as part of theKlamath Reclamation Project.
July 30–August 8 – The1st World Scout Jamboree is held atOlympia, London.^[20]
July 31
- Irish-born AustralianCatholic ArchbishopDaniel Mannix is detained on board ship by British authorities offQueenstown and prevented from landing in Ireland or from speaking in the main Irish Catholic communities elsewhere in the United Kingdom.^[21]
- France prohibits the sale or prescription ofcontraceptives.
- Representatives ofBritish revolutionary socialist groups meet at the Cannon Street Hotel inLondon and agree to form theCommunist Party of Great Britain.

August

[edit]

Main article:August 1920

August 3 –Irish War of Independence:Catholics riot inBelfast, in protest at the continuingBritish Army presence.
August 10 –Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI's representatives sign theTreaty of Sèvres with theAllied Powers, confirming arrangements for thepartitioning of the Ottoman Empire.
August 11 –Bolshevik Russia recognizes independentLatvia.
August 13–25 –Polish–Soviet War:Battle of Warsaw – TheRed Army is defeated.
August 13 –Irish War of Independence: TheRestoration of Order in Ireland Act (passed by theParliament of the United Kingdom) receivesRoyal Assent, providing forIrish Republican Army activists to be tried bycourt-martial, rather than byjury in criminal courts.^[11]
August 14–September 12 – Main events of the1920 Summer Olympics inAntwerp, Belgium (there have been ceremonies and outlying events since April). TheOlympic symbols of five interlocking rings and the associated flag are first displayed at the games.
August 19–25 –Second Silesian Uprising: The Poles inUpper Silesia rise up against the Germans.
August 19 –Russian Civil War: Peasants inTambov Governorate begin theTambov Rebellion against theBolshevik government ofSoviet Russia.
August 20 – The first commercial radio station in the United States, 8MK (WWJ), begins operations inDetroit. It is owned by theDetroit News, the first U.S. radio station owned by a newspaper.
August 22 – TheSalzburg Festival in Austria is inaugurated as a regular event.^[22]
August 26 – TheNineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, guaranteeingwomen's suffrage.
August 28–September 2 –Bukhara operation: TheRussian Red Army andYoung Bukharians overthrow theEmirate of Bukhara, leading to the establishment of theBukharan People's Soviet Republic.

September

[edit]

Main article:September 1920

September 5
- Mahatma Gandhi launches theNon-Cooperation Movement in India, with the goal of obtaining independence from British rule
- Presidential elections begin in Mexico.
September 8 –Gabriele D'Annunzio proclaims theItalian Regency of Carnaro in the city ofFiume.
September 9 – TheLotta Svärd women's paramilitary auxiliary is founded in Finland.^[23]
September 12 – The position ofPatriarch of the Serbs is re-established as the authority over theSerbian Orthodox Church, almost 156 years to the day after it was abolished by theOttoman Empire in1766.^[24]
September 16
- Wall Street bombing: A bomb in a horse wagon (perhaps planted byGalleanisti) explodes in front of theJ. P. Morgan Building in New York City, killing 38 and injuring 400.
- TheLatvian Land Reform of 1920 is adopted by theConstitutional Assembly of Latvia.
September 17 – TheNational Football League is established, as the American Professional Football Association.
September 20 – The first soldier joinsEl Tercio de Extranjeros (the "Regiment of Foreigners", later theSpanish Legion). Under the command ofJosé Millán Astray andFrancisco Franco, its first duties are againstRif rebels in theSpanish protectorate in Morocco.
September 21 – TheCommunist Party of Uruguay is founded.
September 22 – The LondonMetropolitan Police forms theFlying Squad, a motorised mobile detective patrol unit.
September 25 – TheTreaty of Seeb is signed, ending theMuscat rebellion and granting theImamate of Oman autonomy from theSultanate of Muscat and Oman.
September 27 –Polish–Soviet War:Soviet Russia sues for peace with Poland.
September 29
- The first domestic radio sets come to stores in the United States; aWestinghouse radio costs $10.
- Adolf Hitler makes his first public appearance in Austria, with speeches in Vienna, Innsbruck and Salzburg.

October

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Main article:October 1920

October – English writerAgatha Christie's first novel,The Mysterious Affair at Styles, appears in the U.S., introducing her long-running Belgian detective characterHercule Poirot in the setting of anEnglish country house. (The book is published in the U.K. in 1921.)
October 3 – ThePrix de l'Arc de Triomphe horse race first runs in Paris.
October 4 – TheMannerheim League for Child Welfare, a Finnishnon-governmental organization, is founded on the initiative ofSophie Mannerheim.^[25]
October 9 –Polish–Lithuanian War: Polish troops takeVilnius.
October 10 –Carinthian Plebiscite: A large part ofCarinthia Province votes to become part of Austria, rather thanYugoslavia.
October 14 – A peace treaty between the Soviet and the Finnish governments is concluded atTartu.
October 16 –Polish–Soviet War: After the Polish army capturesTarnopol,Dubno,Minsk and Dryssa, the ceasefire is enforced.
October 18 – Thousands of unemployed demonstrate in London; 50 are injured.
October 26 –Álvaro Obregón is announced as the electedpresident of Mexico.
October 27
- TheLeague of Nations moves its headquarters toGeneva, Switzerland.
- BaronLouis De Geer the Younger becomes the new prime minister of Sweden.
October 30 – TheCommunist Party of Australia is founded in Sydney.
October 31 – Dr.Frederick Banting of Ontario first records his insight on how to isolateinsulin for the treatment ofdiabetes; the first successful human trial of insulin will occur 15 months later.

November

[edit]

Main article:November 1920

November 2
- 1920 United States presidential election: RepublicanU.S. senator Warren G. Harding defeatsDemocratic governor ofOhio James M. Cox and SocialistEugene V. Debs, in the first national U.S. election in which women have the right to vote.
- In the United States,KDKA AM ofPittsburgh (owned byWestinghouse) starts broadcasting as a commercialradio station. The first broadcast is the results of thepresidential election.
- Meiji Shrine, one of many landmark spots inTokyo, is officially built inJapan.^[26]
November 11 – In London,The Cenotaph is unveiled andThe Unknown Warrior is buried inWestminster Abbey; while in Paris the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is consecrated beneath theArc de Triomphe.
November 12 – Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes sign theTreaty of Rapallo.
November 13 – TheWhite Army's last units and civilian refugees are evacuated from theCrimea onboard 126 ships, "Wrangel's fleet" (the remnants of the Imperial Russian Navy's Black Sea Fleet), toTurkey,Tunisia and theKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, accompanied by wide-scale civilian massacres. The total number of evacuees amounts to approximately 150,000 people, of which 20% are civilians.
November 14 – TheEdmonton Symphony Orchestra holds its first concert, in Alberta.
November 15 – InGeneva, the first assembly of theLeague of Nations is held.
November 16 – Queensland and Northern Territory Aviation Services (Qantas) is founded byHudson Fysh andPaul McGinness.
November 17 – The council of theLeague of Nations accepts theconstitution for theFree City of Danzig.
November 20 –Prince Arthur of Connaught is appointed the 3rdGovernor-General of South Africa.
November 21 –Irish War of Independence:Bloody Sunday – TheIrish Republican Army (IRA), on the instructions ofMichael Collins, shoot dead the "Cairo gang", 14 British undercover agents inDublin, most in their homes. Later this day in retaliation, theAuxiliary Division of theRoyal Irish Constabulary open fire on a crowd at aGaelic Athletic Association football match inCroke Park, resulting in 14 deaths with 60 wounded.^[11]^[27] Three men are shot this night inDublin Castle "while trying to escape".
November 28
- Irish War of Independence:Kilmichael Ambush – The flying column of the3rd Cork Brigade of theIrish Republican Army, led byTom Barry, ambushes two lorries carrying men of theAuxiliary Division of theRoyal Irish Constabulary atKilmichael, County Cork, killing 17 (with 3 of its own men also dying), which leads to official reprisals.^[11]
- FIDAC (French:FédérationInteralliéedesAnciensCombattants, English:The Interallied Federation of War Veterans Organisations) is established in Paris at the initiative of veterans fromWorld War I, predominantlypacifists, joined by associations of veterans from France, the United Kingdom, United States, Belgium, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Italy and Serbia.^[28]

December

[edit]

Main article:December 1920

December
- The so-calledSpanish flu pandemic ends with an estimated total of between seventeen and fifty million dead since1918. It would be the last globalpandemic until the2009 swine flu pandemic almost 90 years later.
- The first edition of thePoems of the Englishwar poet Wilfred Owen, killed in action in1918, appears in London, introduced by his friendSiegfried Sassoon. Only five of Owen's verses having been published in his lifetime, the collection introduces his work to many readers. It includes the1917 poems "Anthem for Doomed Youth" and "Dulce et Decorum est", two of the best-known poetic condemnations of war.^[29]
December 1 – TheMexican Revolution effectively ends with a new regime coming to power.^[30]
December 3 – Following more than a month of theTurkish–Armenian War, the Turkish-dictatedTreaty of Alexandropol is concluded.
December 7 – The first draft of theMandate for Palestine is submitted to the League of Nations.
December 5 – Areferendum inGreece is favorable to the reinstatement of the monarchy.
December 10 –Irish War of Independence:Martial law is declared in CountiesCork,Kerry,Limerick andTipperary by the British authorities.^[11]
December 11 –Burning of Cork in Ireland: British forces set fire to some 5 acres (20,000 m²) of the centre ofCork, including the City Hall, in reprisal attacks, after a British auxiliary is killed in a guerilla ambush.
December 13 – Confectionery companyHaribo is founded in Bonn, Germany.
December 15–22 – The Brussels Conference establishes a timetable for German war reparations, intended to extend for over 42 years.

December 16
- An 8.2Richter scale Haiyuan earthquake causes alandslide inGansu Province, China, killing 273,000.
- Finland joins theLeague of Nations.
December 17 – South Africa is granted aLeague of Nations Class C mandate overSouth West Africa.
December 22 – The 8thCongress of Soviets of the Russian SFSR adopts theGOELRO plan, the major scheme for the economic development of the country.
December 23
- The United Kingdom and France ratify the border between French-heldSyria and British-heldPalestine.
- TheGovernment of Ireland Act 1920, passed by theParliament of the United Kingdom, receivesRoyal Assent fromGeorge V, providing for thepartition of Ireland intoNorthern Ireland andSouthern Ireland, with separate parliaments, granting a measure ofhome rule.^[11]^[27]
December 25 – TheRosicrucian Fellowship's spiritual healing templeThe Ecclesia is dedicated atMount Ecclesia,Oceanside, California.

Date unknown

[edit]

Hydrocodone, a narcotic analgesic closely related to codeine, is first synthesized in Germany, byCarl Mannich and Helene Löwenheim.
Approximate date – TheHIV/AIDS pandemic almost certainly originates in Léopoldville, modern-dayKinshasa, the capital of theBelgian Congo.^[31]

Births

[edit]

Births
January ·February ·March ·April ·May ·June ·July ·August ·September ·October ·November ·December

January

[edit]

January 2
- Isaac Asimov, American author (d.1992)^[32]
- George Herbig, American astronomer (d.2013)
- Anne-Sofie Østvedt, Norwegian resistance leader (d.2009)
January 4 –David Musuguri, Tanzanian soldier and military officer (d.2024)
January 5 –Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli, Italian pianist (d.1995)^[33]
January 6
- Sun Myung Moon, Korean evangelist, founder of the Unification Church (d.2012)
- John Maynard Smith, English biologist (d.2004)
- P. Chitran Namboodirippad, Indian writer (d.2023)
January 7 –Vincent Gardenia, American actor (d.1992)^[34]
January 8 –Abbey Simon, American classical pianist (d.2019)
January 9
- Clive Dunn, British actor (d.2012)^[35]
- Hakim Said, Pakistani scholar, philanthropist (d.1998)
- Stefan Żywotko, Polish association football coach (d.2022)
January 10
- Raymond Cauchetier, French photographer (d.2021)
- Roberto M. Levingston, Argentinian general, politician and 36th president of Argentina (d.2015)
January 11 –Jarbas Passarinho, Brazilian military officer, politician (d.2016)
January 12 –Bill Reid, Canadian artist (d.1998)
January 13 –Jahangir Amuzegar, Iranian economist, academic and politician (d.2018)
January 14 –Vahe Danielyan, Soviet soldier and concentration camp survivor
January 15
- Trevor Dannatt, English architect (d.2021)
- John O'Connor, American Catholic cardinal (d.2000)^[36]
January 19 –Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, PeruvianSecretary-General of the United Nations, 135thprime minister of Peru (d.2020)
January 20
- Federico Fellini, Italian film director and screenwriter (d.1993)^[37]
- Theodore H. Geballe, American physicist (d.2021)
- DeForest Kelley, American actor (Star Trek) (d.1999)^[38]
- Fabian Ver, Filipino general (d.1998)
January 21 –Errol Barrow, 1st prime minister of Barbados (d.1987)
January 22 – SirAlf Ramsey, English footballer and manager (d.1999)
January 23
- Gottfried Böhm, German architect (d.2021)
- Charles Njonjo, Kenyan attorney and politician (d.2022)
- Walter Frederick Morrison, American entrepreneur, inventor (d.2010)^[39]
January 24 –Manuel Yan, Filipino general (d.2008)
January 25 –Alicia Montoya, Mexican actress (d.2002)
January 26
- Heinz Kessler, German politician, military officer (d.2017)
- Vasant Raiji, Indian cricketer (d.2020)
January 27
- Hiroyoshi Nishizawa, Japanese fighter ace (d.1944)
- Helmut Zacharias, German violinist (d.2002)
January 29 –Balantrapu Rajanikanta Rao, Indian writer (d.2018)
January 30
- Michael Anderson, English film director (d.2018)
- Ben Bagdikian, Armenian-American journalist, political commentator and critic (d.2016)^[40]
- Delbert Mann, American television and film director (d.2007)

February

[edit]

Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington

February 2 –John Russell, American Olympic equestrian (d.2020)
February 3 –Henry Heimlich, American physician, medical researcher (d.2016)
February 4 –Giriraj Kishore, Indian activist, politician (d.2014)
February 5 –Frank Muir, British actor, comedy writer and raconteur (d.1998)
February 6 –Gordon Van Wylen, American physicist and author (d.2020)
February 7
- Jacqueline Diffring, German-born English sculptor (d.2020)
- An Wang, Chinese-born computer pioneer (d.1990)
February 8 –Tony Murray, French-English billionaire and businessman (d.2023)
February 11
- Farouk I, King of Egypt (d.1965)
- George Mandel, American author (d.2021)
February 12
- Heleno de Freitas, Brazilian footballer (d.1959)
- Yoshiko Yamaguchi, Chinese-Japanese actress and singer (d.2014)^[41]
February 13
- Seneka Bibile, Sri Lankan pharmacologist (d.1977)
- Annæus Schjødt Jr., Norwegian barrister (d.2014)
February 16 –Anna Mae Hays, American general (d.2018)
February 17 –Ivo Caprino, Norwegian film director (d.2001)
February 18 –Eddie Slovik, U.S. Army private, only deserter to be executed during World War II (d.1945)
February 20 –Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington (d.1948)
February 24 –Fortune FitzRoy, Duchess of Grafton, English noble (d.2021)
February 26
- Hilmar Baunsgaard, Danish politician (d.1989)
- Tony Randall, American actor (d.2004)
- Lucjan Wolanowski, Polish journalist, writer and traveler (d.2006)
- Henry Hu, Hong Kong barrister (d.2025)
February 28
- Alf Kjellin, Swedish film actor and director (d.1988)
- Jadwiga Piłsudska, Polish pilot (d.2014)
- Zaim Topčić, Bosnian writer (d.1990)
February 29
- Howard Nemerov, American poet (d.1991)
- Michele Morgan, French actress (d.2016)