 1917 Nobel Prize in Literature | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Karl Adolph Gjellerup and Henrik Pontoppidan | ||||
  Gjellerup"for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals," andPontoppidan"for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark." | ||||
| Date |
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| Location | Stockholm, Sweden | |||
| Presented by | Swedish Academy | |||
| First award | 1901 | |||
| Website | Official website | |||
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The1917Nobel Prize in Literature was equally divided between the Danish authorsKarl Adolph Gjellerup (1857–1919) "for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals," andHenrik Pontoppidan (1857–1943) "for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark." It is the second of four occasions when the Nobel Prize in Literature has been shared between two individuals.[2]
The son of aparson, Gjellerup studied theology, but after coming under the influence ofDarwinism and the ideas of fellow countrymanGeorg Brandes, he thought of himself as anatheist. Later in life, he turned to religion once more and discovered inspiration for his writing inBuddhism. Gjellerup moved to Dresden in 1923. The subject of Karl Gjellerup's debut book,En idealist shildring af Epigonus ("An Idealist, A Description of Epigonus", 1878), was his personal conversion to atheism. InMinna (1889) andDer Pilger Kamanita ("The Pilgrim Kamanita", 1906), an exotic tale of reincarnation set in India, he displays his interest in Buddhism. Up until around 1900, Gjellerup wrote in Danish. Then, he switched to write exclusively in German, which he believed helped him grow as an artist.Das heiligste Tier ("The Holiest Animal", 1919) was his last work.[3][4]
Like Gjellerup, Pontoppidan himself is also a son of a clergyman. He partly revolted against his religious environment by studying engineering in Copenhagen in 1873. Becoming a primary school teacher for a short time, he started writing full-time and became a freelance journalist, making his debut in 1881. Most facets of Danish life are covered in his novels and short stories. He wrote his three main works between 1890 and 1920:Det forjættede Land ("The Promised Land", 1891–95),Lykke-Per ("Lucky Per", 1898–1904) – the partially autobiographical story of a self-assured, extraordinarily bright guy, who defies his religious family to become an engineer, free of heritage and cultural context, andDe dødes Rige ("The Realm of the Dead", 1912–16). He depicts Denmark in these works during the time of the constitutional conflict between conservatives and liberals, the growth of industrialization, and the emergence of revolutionary groups.[5][6]
In total, the Nobel Committee of theSwedish Academy received 26 nominations for 20 writers such asWilliam Chapman,Arne Garborg,Carl Spitteler (awarded in1919),Georg Brandes,Juhani Aho, andÀngel Guimerà. Most of the nominees were Scandinavian and six were newly nominated:Ivan Vazov, Otto Ernst,Jeppe Aakjær,Johan Bojer, andBertel Gripenberg. Two female authors were nominated, the controversialElisabeth Förster-Nietzsche and the Italian writerGrazia Deledda (awarded in1926). TheSwedish Academy'spermanent secretaryErik Axel Karlfeldt received two nominations.[7]
The authorsJoseph Ashby-Sterry,Maksim Bahdanovič,Jane Barlow,Edmund Bishop,Léon Bloy,Oscar Blumenthal,Franz Brentano,Francis Cowley Burnand,William De Morgan,Mathilde-Marie de Peyrebrune,George Diamandy,Joaquín Dicenta,Émile Durkheim, António Feijó,Judith Gautier,Paul Hervieu,Agnes Leonard Hill,Emma Lili'uokalani,Katharine Sarah Macquoid,Titu Maiorescu,Octave Mirbeau,James Hope Moulton,Andrew Murray,José Enrique Rodó, andMendele Mocher Sforim died without in 1917 without having been nominated for the prize.
| No. | Nominee | Country | Genre(s) | Nominator(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jeppe Aakjær (1866–1930) |  Denmark | novel, short story, drama, poetry, essays, autobiography | Christen Collin (1857–1926) |
| 2 | Juhani Aho (1861–1921) |  Russia(  Finland) | novel, short story | Erik Axel Karlfeldt (1864–1931) |
| 3 | Johan Bojer (1872–1959) |  Norway | novel, drama | Christen Collin (1857–1926) |
| 4 | Georg Brandes (1842–1927) | Denmark | literary criticism, essays |
|
| 5 | Otokar Březina (1868–1929) |  Austria-Hungary(  Czechoslovakia) | poetry, essays | Arne Novák (1880–1939) |
| 6 | Olaf Bull (1883–1933) | Norway | poetry | Christen Collin (1857–1926) |
| 7 | William Chapman (1850–1917) |  Canada | poetry, translation | rectors of the universities inOttawa andMontreal |
| 8 | Grazia Deledda (1871–1936) |  Italy | novel, short story, essays |
|
| 9 | Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche (1846–1935) |  Germany | essays, autobiography | Hans Vaihinger (1852–1933) |
| 10 | Adolf Frey (1855–1920) |  Switzerland | biography, history, essays | Wilhelm Oechsli (1851–1919) |
| 11 | Arne Garborg (1851–1921) | Norway | novel, poetry, drama, essays | Oluf Kolsrud (1885–1945) |
| 12 | Karl Adolph Gjellerup (1857–1919) | Denmark | poetry, drama, novel |
|
| 13 | Bertel Gripenberg (1878–1947) | Russia ( Finland) Sweden | poetry, drama, essays | Harald Hjärne (1848–1922) |
| 14 | Ángel Guimerá Jorge (1845–1924) |  Spain | drama, poetry |
|
| 15 | Erik Axel Karlfeldt (1864–1931) | Sweden | poetry |
|
| 16 | Edmond Picard (1836–1924) |  Belgium | drama, law, essays |
|
| 17 | Henrik Pontoppidan (1857–1943) | Denmark | novel, short story |
|
| 18 | Otto Ernst Schmidt (1862–1926) | Germany | poetry, drama, essays | Per Hallström (1866–1960) |
| 19 | Carl Spitteler (1845–1924) | Switzerland | poetry, essays |
|
| 20 | Ivan Vazov (1850–1921) |  Bulgaria | novel, poetry, drama, essays | Ivan Shishmanov (1862–1928) |
In 1916, a shared prize between the Danish authorsJakob Knudsen and Karl Gjellerup had been considered by the Nobel committee but was rejected by the Academy in favour of the Swedish authorVerner von Heidenstam.[8] With the death of Knudsen in January 1917, he was replaced by Pontoppidan as the committee paired him with Gjellerup for the 1917 prize.[8]
The prize to Gjellerup and Pontoppidan was heavily criticised. In Denmark, the award to Gjellerup was particularly criticised as he was not writing in Danish but in German.[8]
