 1911 Nobel Prize in Literature | |
|---|---|
| Maurice Maeterlinck | |
 "in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations." | |
| Date |
|
| Location | Stockholm, Sweden |
| Presented by | Swedish Academy |
| First award | 1901 |
| Website | Official website |
The1911 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the Belgian authorMaurice Maeterlinck (1862–1949) "in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of afairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations."[2] He is the first and remains the only Belgian recipient of the prize.[3]
Maeterlinck was asymbolist andagnostic who explored the inner lives of people and the subconscious in his surreal plays and poems. His dramas frequently feature shifting and ambiguous milieux and epochs, which enhances the symbolism. He made his debut with the playLa Princesse Maleine ("Princess Maleine", 1889).[4] Instead of expressing reality, he focused himself to generating feelings. Since human players would interact with the symbolic, several of Maeterlinck's plays were created for puppets. The puppets, he argued, were a potent representation of how fate controls people.[4] His most famous plays includeL'Intruse ("Intruder", 1890),Les Aveugles ("The Blind", 1890),Pelléas et Mélisande ("Pelléas and Mélisande", 1893),Intérieur ("Interior", 1895), andL'Oiseau bleu ("The Blue Bird", 1908).[4]
Maeterlinck was nominated on 8 occasions (two nominations in1903, three nominations in1909, single nominations in1904,1910, and 1911). For the 1911 prize, which he was awarded eventually, he was nominated byCarl Bildt (1850–1931), member of theSwedish Academy.[5]
In total, the Nobel Committee received 31 nominations for 28 writers. Eleven of the nominees were nominated first-time, among themKarl Adolph Gjellerup (awarded in1917),Albert de Mun,Gustaf Fröding,George Bernard Shaw (awarded in1925),Harald Høffding,Henry James, andPeter Rosegger. Two of the nominees were women namely the American historianMolly Elliot Seawell and Austrian writerMarie von Ebner-Eschenbach.[6] The Swedish playwrightAugust Strindberg was nominated for the prize but the nomination arrived too late and was retrieved[7] and the nomination of French historianErnest Lavisse was declared invalid by the Nobel Committee.[1]
The authorsHenry Abbey,Mikhail Albov,Ida Baccini,Vilhelm Bergsøe,Louis Henri Boussenard,Stanisław Brzozowski,Joaquín Costa,Fialho de Almeida,Amelia Denis de Icaza,George Cary Eggleston,W. S. Gilbert,Frances Harper,Knud Karl Krogh-Tonning,Francis March,Richard Barham Middleton,Philippe Monnier,Alexandros Papadiamantis,David Graham Phillips,Joseph Pulitzer,Howard Pyle,Emilio Salgari,Hannah Whitall Smith,Friedrich Spielhagen,Henrietta Stannard,Katherine Thurston,Marie Wexelsen, andAdolf Wilbrandt died in 1911 without having been nominated for the prize. Swedish poet Gustaf Fröding died months before the announcement.
| No. | Nominee | Country | Genre(s) | Nominator(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Juhani Aho (1861–1921) |  Russia(  Finland) | novel, short story |
|
| 2 | Rafael Altamira Crevea (1866–1951) |  Spain | history, pedagogy, law, essays | Aniceto Sela Sampil (1863–1935) |
| 3 | Francesco D'Ovidio (1849–1925) |  Italy | philology, literary criticism | Ernesto Monaci (1844–1918) |
| 4 | Albert de Mun (1841–1914) |  France | essays | René Bazin (1853–1932) |
| 5 | Antonio Fogazzaro (1842–1911) | Italy | novel, poetry, short story | Johan Vising (1855–1942) |
| 6 | Anatole France (1844–1924) | France | poetry, essays, drama, novel, literary criticism | Paul Hervieu (1857–1915)[a] |
| 7 | Gustaf Fröding (1860–1911) |  Sweden | poetry |
|
| 8 | Martin Greif (1839–1911) |  Germany | poetry, drama | August Sauer (1855–1926) |
| 9 | Karl Adolph Gjellerup (1857–1919) |  Denmark | poetry, drama, novel |
|
| 10 | Ángel Guimerá Jorge (1845–1924) | Spain | drama, poetry | 16 members of theReial Acadèmia de Bones Lletres de Barcelona |
| 11 | Thomas Hardy (1840–1928) |  Great Britain | novel, short story, poetry | 2 members of theSociety of Authors |
| 12 | Harald Høffding (1843–1931) | Denmark | philosophy, theology | Christen Collin (1857–1926) |
| 13 | Henry James (1843–1916) |  United StatesGreat Britain | novel, short story, drama, essays | 3 members of theSociety of Authors |
| 14 | Ernest Lavisse (1842–1922) | France | history | unnamed[d] |
| 15 | Pierre Loti (1850–1923) | France | novel, short story, autobiography, essays | 20 members of theAcadémie Française |
| 16 | Maurice Maeterlinck (1862–1949) |  Belgium | drama, poetry, essays | Carl Bildt (1850–1931) |
| 17 | John Morley (1838–1923) | Great Britain | biography, literary criticism, essays | 21 members of theSociety of Authors |
| 18 | Peter Rosegger (1843–1918) |  Austria-Hungary | poetry, essays | Emil Reich (1854–1910)[e] |
| 19 | Salvador Rueda Santos (1857–1933) | Spain | poetry, essays |
|
| 20 | Karl Schönherr (1867–1943) | Austria-Hungary | drama, short story, poetry | Emil Reich (1854–1910)[e] |
| 21 | Molly Elliot Seawell (1860–1916) | United States | history, novel, short story | Charles William Kent (1860–1917) |
| 22 | George Bernard Shaw (1856–1950) | Great Britain and Ireland | drama, essays, novel | Gilbert Murray (1866–1957) |
| 23 | Georgios Souris (1853–1919) |  Greece | poetry, songwriting | Hellenic Philological Society of Constantinople[f] |
| 24 | August Strindberg (1849–1912) | Sweden | drama, novel, poetry, essays | Nathan Söderblom (1866–1931)[g] |
| 25 | Ernst von der Recke (1848–1933) | Denmark | poetry, drama |
|
| 26 | Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach (1830–1916) | Austria-Hungary | novel, short story, drama | Emil Reich (1854–1910)[e] |
| 27 | Verner von Heidenstam (1859–1940) | Sweden | novel, short story, poetry | Fredrik Wulff (1845–1930) |
| 28 | Jaroslav Vrchlický (1853–1912) | Russia (  Czechoslovakia) | poetry, drama, translation | Arnošt Kraus (1859–1943) |
Maeterlinck had been nominated for the prize in 1903, but his candidacy was then dismissed by the Nobel committee chairmanCarl David af Wirsén saying that Maeterlinck's writing was partly too obscure, including motifs "of such embarrassing bizarre nature". He was nominated again in 1904, but again was not taken in consideration by the Nobel committee that year. Maeterlinck was nominated again in 1909 and his candidacy was then more positively dealt with by the Nobel committee. Carl David af Wirsén, who had earlier been strongly critical of Maeterlincks candidacy, now launched him as a main candidate for the prize. It has been speculated that Wirsén's reappraisal of Maeterlinck was a way of preventing thatSelma Lagerlöf, deeply disliked by Wirsén, was awarded the prize, but also that Wirsén had reached a deeper understanding of Maeterlinck's works. Selma Lagerlöf was awarded the1909 Nobel Prize in Literature and the following year Maeterlinck was again a strong contender for the prize. In 1911 Wirsén praised Maeterlinck's writing, concluding in his report that "Maeterlinck is (...) a poet of admirable power, and his versatility is, as shown above, surprisingly great. The Nobel committee may also this year propose him as recipient of the literary Nobel Prize. The choice will surely be liked in most quarters, because this poet enjoys a world reputation and his writings are widely read and accepted."[8]
Maeterlinck was unable to partake in the Nobel award ceremony due to illness. Thus, Charles C.M.A. Wauters, Minister of Belgium, delivered Maeterlinck's speech.[9] Prior to the speech, Prof. Karl Mörner, Director of the Royal Institute of Medicine and Surgery, expressed his disappointment that Maeterlinck was not able to be present at the ceremony whom he regarded as "a writer universally known and esteemed, whose poetic creations have filled us with enthusiasm."[9]
