1906 United Kingdom general election

← 1900 12 January – 8 February 1906 (1906-01-12 –1906-02-08) Jan 1910 →
← outgoing members elected members →
All670 seats in theHouse of Commons 336 seats needed for a majority
Registered	7,264,608[1]
Turnout	5,246,672 83.2% (8.1pp)
First party Second party   Leader Henry Campbell-Bannerman Arthur Balfour Party Liberal Conservative andLiberal Unionist Leader since December 1898 11 June 1902 Leader's seat Stirling Burghs Manchester East (defeated) Last election 183 seats, 45.1% 402 seats, 50.2% Seats won 397 156 Seat change 214 246 Popular vote 2,565,644 2,278,076 Percentage 48.9% 43.4% Swing 3.8pp 6.8pp   Third party Fourth party   Leader John Redmond Keir Hardie Party Irish Parliamentary Labour Repr. Cmte. Leader since 6 February 1900 28 February 1900 Leader's seat Waterford City Merthyr Tydfil Last election 77 seats, 1.8% 2 seats, 1.3% Seats won 82 29 Seat change 5 27 Popular vote 33,231 254,202 Percentage 0.6% 4.8% Swing 1.2pp 3.5pp
Colours denote the winning party
Composition of theHouse of Commons after the election
Prime Minister before election Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman Liberal Prime Minister after election Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman Liberal

The1906 United Kingdom general election was held from 12 January to 8 February 1906. TheLiberals underHenry Campbell-Bannerman won a landslide victory against a bewilderedConservative Party, in which its leader,Arthur Balfour, lost his seat; the party won the lowest number of seats it ever had in its history, a nadir unsurpassed until2024. This particular landslide is now ranked alongside the1924,1931,1945,1983,1997,2001, and2024 general elections as one of the largest landslide election victories.^[2][3]

TheLabour Representation Committee was far more successful than at the1900 general election and after the election would be renamed theLabour Party with 29 MPs andKeir Hardie as leader. TheIrish Parliamentary Party, led byJohn Redmond, achieved its seats with a relatively low number of votes, as 73 candidates stood unopposed. This election was a landslide defeat for the Conservative Party and theirLiberal Unionist allies, with the primary reason given by historians being the party's weakness after its split over the issue offree trade (Joseph Chamberlain had resigned from government in September 1903 in order to campaign forTariff Reform, which would allow "preferential tariffs"). Many working-class people at the time saw this as a threat to the price of food, hence the debate was nicknamed "Big Loaf, Little Loaf". The Liberals' landslide victory of 125 seats over all other parties led to the passing of social legislation known as theLiberal reforms.

This was the last general election in which the Liberals won an absolute majority in the House of Commons, the last general election in which neither Labour nor the Conservatives won the popular vote, and the only election held between1886 and1945 in which the Conservatives did not win the popular vote. It was also the last peacetime election held more than five years after the previous one prior to passage of theParliament Act 1911, which limited the duration of Parliaments in peacetime to five years. In this election the Conservatives were reduced to their lowest seat count in the party's history, a record not broken until2024, 118 years later.

A coalition between the Conservative and Liberal Unionist parties had governed the United Kingdom since the 1895 general election.Arthur Balfour had served as Prime Minister from 1902 until 5 December 1905, when he chose to resign over growing unpopularity. Instead of calling a general election, Balfour had hoped that under a Liberal government, splits would re-emerge; which would therefore help the Conservative Party achieve victory at the next general election.^[4]

The incoming Liberal government chose to capitalise on the Conservative government's unpopularity and called an immediate general election one month later on 12 January 1906, which resulted in a crushing defeat for the Conservatives.^{[citation needed]}

TheUnionist government had become deeply divided over the issue offree trade, which soon became an electoral liability. This culminated inJoseph Chamberlain's resignation from the government in May 1903 to campaign for tariff reform in order to protect British industry from foreign competition. This division was in contrast to the Liberal Party's belief in free trade, which it argued would help keep costs of living down.^[4]

The issue of free trade became the feature of the Liberal campaign, under the slogan 'big loaf' under a Liberal government, 'little loaf' under a Conservative government. It also commissioned a variety of posters warning the electorate over rises infood prices underprotectionist policies, including one which mentioned that "Balfour and Chamberlain are linked together against free trade ... Don't be deceived by Tory tricks".^[5]

TheBoer War had also contributed to the unpopularity of the Conservative and Unionist government. The war had lasted over two and half years, much longer than had originally been expected, while details were revealed of the existence ofconcentration camps where over 20,000 men, women and children were reported to have died because of poor sanitation.^{[citation needed]}

The war had also unearthed the poor social state of the country in the early 1900s. This was after more than 40% of military recruits for the Boer War were declared unfit for military service; inManchester, 8,000 of the 11,000 men who had been recruited had to be turned away for being in poor physical condition. This was after the 1902Rowntree study of poverty inYork showed that almost one-third of the population lived below the 'poverty line', which helped to increase the calls for social reforms, something which had been neglected by the Conservative and Unionist government.^[6]

The Conservative and Unionist Prime Minister,Arthur Balfour, had been blamed over the issue of 'Chinese Slavery', i.e. the use of Chinese-indentured labour in South Africa (seeChinese South Africans). This became controversial among the Conservative Party's middle-class supporters, who saw it as unethical. The working-class also objected to the practice, as White emigration to South Africa could have created jobs for the unemployed in Britain.^[7]

Nonconformists were angered when Conservatives pushed through theEducation Act 1902, which integrated voluntary schools into the state system and provided for their support from the local rate. The local school boards were abolished and replaced bylocal education authorities based on county or county borough councils. Worst of all, the Anglican schools, which were on the edge of bankruptcy would thus receive funding from local rates that everyone had to pay.^[8] One tactic was to refuse to pay local taxes.^[9] The school system played a major role in the Liberal victory in 1906, as Dissenter (nonconformist) Conservatives punished their old party and voted Liberal. However, the Liberals were conscious of the call to fair treatment their victory had in the counties and neither repealed or modified the 1902 law.^[10] Another issue which lost the Conservatives nonconformist votes was the Licensing Act 1904. Although the legislation aimed to reduce the number ofpublic houses, it proposed to compensate brewers for the cancellation of their licence, through a fund the brewers themselves would have to pay into^[8] leading many who adhered totemperance to denounce it as a "brewers' bill", and Brewers generally being dissatisfied.^[11]

• 
  England and Wales seat winners
• 
  Results of London (and Croydon) and the seven W. and N. divisions, seats, of administrative Middlesex

According to historianLawrence Goldman:

The election of 1906 led eventually to old-age pensions, the Trade Boards Act of 1909 which applied minimum wages to the 'sweated trades', the redistributive 1909 'people's budget', the introduction of labour exchanges, theNational Insurance Act of 1911, and theParliament Act of that year which removed the House of Lords' veto on legislation from the Commons ... Though the eventual achievements of the parliament elected in 1906 were remarkable, the election was something of a fluke; the scale of the Liberal victory was in direct proportion to the scale of preceding Tory blunders but it exaggerated the degree of dependable Liberal support in the country. The subsequent elections in January and December 1910, during the crisis over the people's budget, saw the number of Liberal MPs reduced to 275 and 272 respectively, while Conservative support recovered and the party, together with their Liberal Unionist allies, took 273 and then 272 seats.^[14]

The landslide Liberal victory led to many Conservative and Unionist MPs losing what had previously been regarded assafe seats. This resulted in prominent Conservative ministers being unseated including former Prime MinisterArthur Balfour. Only three of the Conservative cabinet which had served until December 1905 (one month before the election) held onto their seats, the outgoing: Home SecretaryAretas Akers-Douglas, ChancellorAusten Chamberlain (Liberal Unionist), Secretary of State for WarH.O. Arnold-Forster who changed to that allied party before the election.^{[citation needed]}

Arthur Balfour, who entered the general election as the Conservative Party leader and had until the month before been Prime Minister, unexpectedly lost his seat in theManchester East constituency, a seat which he had represented since 1885. The result in Manchester East saw a large 22.4% swing to the Liberal candidateThomas Gardner Horridge, much larger than the national 5.4% swing to the Liberals.^{[citation needed]}

The Liberal candidate in Manchester East had been helped by a pact with the local Labour Party. Horridge said of his victory that "East Manchester is essentially a Labour constituency and the great Labour party has supported my candidacy very thoroughly and very loyally". He also said that "[Manchester East constituents] have returned me, I take it, first to uphold free trade, next to deal with Chinese labour, and after that to support legislation on the lines laid down in the programme of the Labour party, with which I am heartily in accord".^[5]

Balfour's unseating became symbolic of the Conservative Party's landslide defeat. The result has since been called one of the biggest upsets in British political history and remains a rare instance of a former Prime Minister or Leader of the Opposition losing their seat in a general election.^[15]

In 1903, the LiberalHerbert Gladstone andRamsay MacDonald of the Labour Representation Committee negotiated an informal agreement to ensure the anti-Conservative vote was not split between their two parties. The Gladstone–MacDonald pact meant that, in 31 of the 50 seats where LRC candidates stood, the Liberal Party did not put up a candidate. This proved helpful to both parties, as 24 of LRC 29 elected MPs came from constituencies where the Liberal Party agreed not to contest, while the pact allowed the Liberals to concentrate resources on Conservative/Liberal marginal constituencies.^{[citation needed]}

• List of MPs elected in the 1906 United Kingdom general election
• Parliamentary franchise in the United Kingdom 1885–1918
• Education Act 1902
• 1906 United Kingdom general election in Ireland

• Bealey, Frank (1956), "Negotiations Between the Liberal Party and the Labour Representation Committee Before the General Election of 1906",Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research,29: 265+
• Betts, Oliver. (2016)"'The People's Bread': A Social History of Joseph Chamberlain and the Tariff Reform Campaign." inJoseph Chamberlain: International Statesman, National Leader, Local Icon ed by I. Cawood and C. Upton. (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2016) pp. 130–150.
• Blewett, Neal (1972).The Peers, the Parties and the People: The British General Elections of 1910. Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press.ISBN 0-8020-1838-6.
• Craig, F. W. S. (1989),British Electoral Facts: 1832–1987, Dartmouth: Gower,ISBN 0900178302
• Dutton, David (1979), "Unionist Politics and the aftermath of the General Election of 1906: A Reassessment",Historical Journal,22 (4):861–876,doi:10.1017/S0018246X00017155,S2CID 153444456
• Fraser, Peter (1962), "Unionism and Tariff Reform: The Crisis of 1906",Historical Journal,5 (2):149–166,doi:10.1017/S0018246X00000170,S2CID 155026903
• Goldman, Lawrence,Oxford DNB theme: The general election of 1906 (Brief scholarly history)
• Halévy, Élie (1956),The Rule of Democracy (1905–1914), pp. 64–90.online
• Irwin, Douglas A. (1994),"The political economy of free trade: voting in the British general election of 1906"(PDF),Journal of Law and Economics,37:75–108,doi:10.1086/467307,S2CID 153373790, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 10 May 2017, retrieved19 January 2016
• Machin, G. I. T. (1982) "The Last Victorian Anti-Ritualist Campaign, 1895–1906."Victorian Studies 25.3 (1982): 277–302.online
• Purdue, A. W. (1973) "George Lansbury and the Middlesbrough election of 1906."International Review of Social History 18.3 (1973): 333–352.
• Russell, A. K. (1973),Liberal Landslide: The General Election of 1906, David and Charles, (The standard scholarly study)
• Sykes, Alan (1979),Tariff Reform in British Politics: 1903–1913, Oxford University Press
• Watson, Robert Spence. (1907)The National Liberal Federation: From Its Commencement to the General Election of 1906. (T. Fisher Unwin, 1907)online.

• Spartacus: Political Parties and Election Results
• United Kingdom election results—summary results 1885–1979Archived 30 January 2012 at theWayback Machine

• 1906 Conservative manifesto
• 1906 Labour manifesto
• 1906 Liberal manifesto

• 1906 United Kingdom general election
• 1906 elections in the United Kingdom
• General elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom
• January 1906 in the United Kingdom
• February 1906 in the United Kingdom
• 1906 elections in Ireland
• Henry Campbell-Bannerman
• Arthur Balfour

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