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1900 .
1900 (MCM ) was anexceptional century common year starting on Monday of theGregorian calendar and aleap year starting on Saturday of theJulian calendar , the 1900th year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini 2nd millennium , the 100th and last year of the19th century , and the 1st year of the1900s decade. As of the start of 1900, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
As ofMarch 1 (O.S. February 17 ), when the Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar did not, the Julian calendar fell one day farther behind, bringing the difference to 13 days untilFebruary 28 (O.S. February 15 ), 2100.
Political and military [ edit ] The year 1900 was the end of the19th century and the beginning of the20th century . Two days into the new year, theU.S. Secretary of State John Hay announced theOpen Door Policy regardingChina , advocating for equal access for all nations to the Chinese market. TheGalveston hurricane would become thedeadliest natural disaster in United States history, killing between 6,000 and 12,000 people, mostly in and nearGalveston, Texas , as well as leaving 10,000 people homeless, destroying 7,000 buildings of all kinds in Galveston. As of2025 , it remains thefourth deadliest Atlantic hurricane on record .An ongoingBoxer Rebellion in China escalates with multiple attacks by theBoxers on Chinese and European civilians, killing hundreds; the rebellion would progress with theRussian Empire's invasion of Manchuria and theBattle of Peking (1900) . During theScramble for Africa , theBattle of Kousséri would seeFrench forces secure their domination ofChad , which would become aFrench colony . Britain would annex theSouth African Republic and theOrange Free State in Southern Africa, becoming theOrange River Colony until 1910.
ForBritain , developments such as theBattle of Platrand ,Battle of Spion Kop and theBattle of Paardeberg in theSecond Boer War highlighted the harsh nature ofBoer guerrilla tactics . The BritishLabour Party was founded in 1900, emerging out of theLabour movement andsocialist parties of the 19th century ; it would go on to become a major political force in Britain after theFirst World War . TheFederation of Australia is enacted, marking the unification of its colonies into a single country.
Four main scientific discoveries were achieved in the year 1900:
Max Planck formulatesPlanck's law of black-body radiation , marking the birth of modernquantum mechanics , which would revolutionize humanity's understanding of theuniverse , leading to groundbreaking discoveries intechnology ,energy , and the fabric ofreality itself.Botanist Hugo de Vries would rediscoverMendel's laws of heredity , laying the foundation for the field ofgenetics .TheABO blood group system , which becomes fundamental in transfusion medicine is discovered byKarl Landsteiner , savingcountless numbers of lives across the globe. Gamma Rays are discovered by French physicistPaul Villard , while studyinguranium decay , unveiling the mystery of the universe's most powerful phenomena and marking an important advancement innuclear physics .Cultural and artistic [ edit ] Giacomo Puccini 's operaTosca operas worldwide, amelodramatic piece set in Rome in June 1800, with theKingdom of Naples 's control of Rome threatened byNapoleon 'sinvasion of Italy . It contains depictions of torture, murder, and suicide, as well as some of Puccini's best-known lyricalarias .
Calendar year
L. Frank Baum , an American author, publishesThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz Oz series .
TheU.S. Senate accepts the British-German Treaty of 1899 on January 14. This formally ended U.S. claims to theSamoan Islands . TheU.S.-UK Treaty for a Central American Canal would be signed on February 5. While the initial plan for a Nicaraguan canal did not materialize, this treaty laid the groundwork for the construction of thePanama Canal , a project of immense geopolitical and economic importance.
The year 1900 also markedthe Year of the Rat on the Chinese calendar.
The world in the year 1900 Boxer soldiers Second Boer War : Boers atSpion Kop Plaque recording the location of the formation of theBritish Labour Party in 1900. Exposition Universelle view in Paris June 5 –Second Boer War : British soldierstake Pretoria .June 11 –1899–1900 peasant unrest in Bulgaria starts to turn passive.[ 8] June 14 – TheReichstag approves the second of theGerman Naval Laws allowing expansion of theImperial German Navy .June 17 –Boxer Rebellion :Battle of Dagu Forts – Naval forces of theEight-Nation Alliance capture theTaku Forts , on theHai River estuary in China.June 20 –Boxer Rebellion : Boxers gather about 20,000 people nearPeking , and kill hundreds of European citizens, including the German ambassador.June 25 –Taoist monkWang Yuanlu discovers theDunhuang manuscripts , a cache of ancient texts that are of great historical and religious significance, in theMogao Caves ofDunhuang , China, where they have been sealed since the early 11th century.June 30 –Hoboken Docks fire : A wharf fire at the docks inHoboken, New Jersey , spreads to Germanpassenger ships Saale Main Bremen July 2 : First successful rigid airship flight byZeppelinLZ 1 July 9 :Federation of Australia enacted.December 5 – The finalAnglo-Ashanti War , "War of the Golden Stool ", is declared over. Most of the British troops andGovernor James Willcocks depart the city ofKumasi .December 14 –History of quantum mechanics :Max Planck presents his groundbreaking paper onquantum theory to theGerman Physical Society inBerlin .December 16 – The German trainingfrigate Gneisenau Málaga , drowning 136.December 17 – ThePrix Guzman , first and only prize ever offered for communication withextraterrestrial life , is announced inParis . A prize of 100,000 francs is provided, except for communication withMars , which is considered too easy.December 19 –Hopetoun Blunder : The firstGovernor-General of Australia ,John Hope, 7th Earl of Hopetoun , appoints SirWilliam Lyne premier of the new state ofNew South Wales , but he is unable to persuade other colonial politicians to join his government, and is forced to resign.December 23 –Reginald Fessenden makes the first use ofamplitude modulation (the basis forAM radio ) for wireless transmission of the human voice, fromCobb Island (Maryland) .December 24 –Boxer Rebellion Demands: The foreign powers present their 12 conditions for reform to theChinese Imperial government, including the payment of a large indemnity.December 28 – The first steel produced byelectrometallurgy (from an electric furnace) is delivered.
Chiune Sugihara Queen Maria of Yugoslavia Hyman G. Rickover January 1 January 2 –William Haines , American actor (d.1973 )January 3 –Maurice Jaubert , French composer and soldier (d.1940 )January 4 –James Bond , American ornithologist (d.1989 )January 5 –Yves Tanguy , French painter (d.1955 )January 6 –Maria of Yugoslavia , queen consort (d.1961 )[ 13] January 8 January 16 –Edith Frank , German-Dutch mother ofAnne Frank (d.1945 )[ 15] January 18 –Wan Laiming , Chinese animator (d.1997 )January 20 –Colin Clive , British actor (d.1937 )January 24 –Theodosius Dobzhansky , Ukrainian geneticist, evolutionary biologist (d.1975 )January 26 –Karl Ristenpart , German conductor (d.1967 )January 27 –Hyman G. Rickover , American admiral (d.1986 )January 30 –Martita Hunt , Argentine-born British actress (d.1969 )[ 16] January 31 –Betty Parsons , American artist, art dealer and collector (d.1982 )[ 17] Adlai Stevenson II Jeanne Aubert Gustavo Rojas Pinilla Sir John McEwen Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester March 3 March 4 –Herbert Biberman , American screenwriter, film director (d.1971 )March 7 March 8 –Howard H. Aiken , American computing pioneer (d.1973 )March 12 –Gustavo Rojas Pinilla , 19thPresident of Colombia (d.1975 )March 13 March 17 –Alfred Newman , American film composer (d.1970 )March 19 –Frédéric Joliot-Curie , French physicist, recipient of theNobel Prize in Chemistry (d.1958 )[ 25] March 23 –Erich Fromm , German-born psychologist and philosopher (d.1980 )[ 26] March 29 March 31 –Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester , British royal family member (d.1974 )Spencer Tracy Wolfgang Pauli April 1 –Stefanie Clausen , Danish Olympic diver (d.1981 )[ 28] April 3 –Camille Chamoun , 7th president of Lebanon (d.1987 )April 5 –Spencer Tracy , American actor (d.1967 )April 8 –Marie Byles , Australian solicitor (d.1979 )[ 29] April 11 –Sándor Márai , Hungarian writer and journalist (d.1989 )April 16 –Polly Adler , Russian-born American author, madam (d.1962 )[ 30] April 18 –Bertha Isaacs , Bahamian teacher, tennis player, politician and women's rights activist (d.1997 )[ 31] April 21 –Hans Fritzsche , German Nazi official (d.1953 )April 24 –Elizabeth Goudge , English novelist (d.1984 )[ 32] April 25 –Wolfgang Pauli , Austrian-born American physicist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1958 )April 26 –Charles Richter , American seismologist and physicist (d.1985 )[ 33] April 28 –Maurice Thorez , French Communist leader (d.1964 )April 30 –David Manners , Canadian-American actor (d.1998 )May 1 –Ignazio Silone , Italian author (d.1978 )May 2 –A. W. Lawrence , British archaeologist (d.1991 )May 6 –Zheng Ji , Chinese nutritionist, biochemist (d.2010 )May 10 May 11 –Thomas H. Robbins Jr. , American admiral (d.1972 )May 13 –Karl Wolff , German SS functionary and war criminal (d.1984 )May 14 –Cai Chang , Chinese politician, women's rights activist (d.1990 )[ 36] May 15 –Ida Rhodes , American mathematician, pioneer in computer programming (d.1986 )[ 37] May 23 –Hans Frank , German Nazi official (executed1946 )May 28 –Tommy Ladnier , American jazz trumpeter (d.1939 )May 29 –David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir , British politician, lawyer and judge (d.1967 )May 31 –Lucile Godbold , American Olympic athlete (d.1981 )[ 38] Dennis Gabor Antoine de Saint-Exupéry Eyvind Johnson July 3 –Alessandro Blasetti , Italian film director and screenwriter (d.1987 )July 4 July 5 –Bernardus Johannes Alfrink , Dutch cardinal, Archbishop of Utrecht (d. 1987)[ 43] July 6 –Frederica Sagor Maas , American playwright, essayist and author (d.2012 )[ 44] July 7 –Earle E. Partridge , American general (d.1990 )July 10 –Evelyn Laye , English actress (d.1996 )[ 45] July 13 –George Lewis , American jazz clarinetist (d.1968 )July 23 –John Babcock , last surviving Canadian World War I veteran (d.2010 )July 28 –Lady Dorothy Macmillan , spouse of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d.1966 )July 29 Arturo Umberto Illia Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother August 3 –Ernie Pyle , American journalist (d.1945 )August 4 August 6 –Cecil Howard Green , British-born geophysicist, businessman (d.2003 )August 9 –Charles Farrell , American actor (d.1990 )August 10 –Arthur Porritt, Baron Porritt , New Zealand politician, athlete (d.1994 )August 11 –Alexander Mosolov , Russian composer (d.1973 )August 15 –Estelle Brody , American silent film actress (d.1995 )[ 48] August 17 –Vivienne de Watteville , British travel writer and adventurer (d.1957 )[ 49] August 18 August 19 August 23 –Ernst Krenek , Austrian-American composer (d.1991 )August 25 –Sir Hans Krebs , German-born British biochemist, recipient of theNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d.1981 )Urho Kekkonen September 3 –Urho Kekkonen , 8thPresident of Finland (d.1986 )September 6 –W. A. C. Bennett , Canadian politician (d.1979 )September 8 –Tilly Devine , English-born Australian organised crime boss (d.1970 )[ 53] September 17 –J. Willard Marriott , American entrepreneur, founder ofMarriott International (d.1985 )September 18 –Seewoosagur Ramgoolam , 1st prime minister of Mauritius (d.1985 )September 20 –Uuno Klami , Finnish composer (d.1961 )September 22 –Paul Hugh Emmett , American chemical engineer (d.1985 )September 26 –Suzanne Belperron , French jewellery designer (d.1983 )[ 54] September 29 –Miguel Alemán Valdés , 46thPresident of Mexico , 1946–1952 (d.1983 )[ 55] Helen Hayes Srinagarindra Douglas Jardine October 5 –Bing Xin , Chinese author, poet, known for her contributions to children's literature (d.1999 )[ 56] October 7 –Heinrich Himmler , German Nazi official, SS head (d.1945 )October 10 –Helen Hayes , American actress (d.1993 )[ 57] October 16 –Edward Ardizzone , English painter, printmaker and author (d.1979 )October 17 –Jean Arthur , American actress (d.1991 )[ 58] October 18 –Sarah Bavly , Dutch-Israeli nutritionist, author and educator (d.1993 )[ 59] October 19 –Bill Ponsford , Australian cricketer (d.1991 )October 20 –Ismail al-Azhari , 2ndPrime Minister of Sudan , 3rdPresident of Sudan (d.1969 )October 21 –Srinagarindra , Princess Mother of Thailand (d.1995 )October 23 –Douglas Jardine , English cricketer (d.1958 )[ 60] October 26 October 28 –Wajid Ali Khan Burki , Pakistani ophthalmologist and army officer.[ 62] October 30 –Ragnar Granit , Finnish-born Swedish physiologist, recipient of theNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine .[ 63] Margaret Mitchell Aaron Copland Agnes Moorehead December 3 –Richard Kuhn , Austrian chemist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1967 )[ 68] December 6 –Agnes Moorehead , American actress (Bewitched 1974 )[ 69] December 7 –Kateryna Bilokur , Ukrainian folk artist (d.1961 )[ 70] December 16 –Rudolf Diels , German Nazi civil servant, Gestapo chief (d.1957 )December 17 December 19 –Margaret Brundage , American illustrator (Weird Tales 1976 )[ 73] December 22 –Alan Bush , British composer, pianist and conductor (d.1995 )December 23 –José de León Toral , Mexican assassin of presidentÁlvaro Obregón (d.1929 )December 24 December 25 –Antoni Zygmund , Polish mathematician (d.1992 )John Ruskin Gottlieb Daimler Mary Kingsley Princess Josephine of Baden January 5 –William A. Hammond , American military physician, neurologist, and 11th Surgeon General of the United States Army (1862–1864) (b.1828 )January 11 –James Martineau , English religious philosopher (b.1805 )[ 75] January 16 –S. M. I. Henry , American evangelist (b.1839 )January 20 –John Ruskin , English writer, artist, and social critic (b.1819 )February 18 –Clinton L. Merriam , American politician (b.1824 )February 23 –William Butterfield , British architect (b.1814 )March 6 March 7 –Rachel Lloyd , American chemist (b.1839 )March 10 –Johan Peter Emilius Hartmann , Danish composer (b.1805 )March 18 –Hjalmar Kiærskou , Danish botanist (b.1835 )March 28 –Piet Joubert , Boer politician, military commander (b.1834 )March 29 –Cyrus K. Holliday , cofounder ofTopeka, Kansas , 1st president of theAtchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (b.1826 )April 2 –Gustaf Åkerhielm , 6th prime minister of Sweden (b.1833 )April 5 April 7 –Frederic Edwin Church , American landscape painter (b.1826 )April 12 –James Richard Cocke , American physician, homeopath, and pioneer hypnotherapist (b.1863 )April 17 –George Curry , Wild West robber (Wild Bunch ) (shot) (b.1871 )April 19 –James Dawson , Australian activist (b.1806 )April 21 –Vikramatji Khimojiraj , Indian ruler (b.1819 )April 22 –Amédée-François Lamy , French soldier (b.1858 ) (killed in battle)April 24 –George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll , British politician (b.1823 )April 30 –Casey Jones , American railway engineer (b.1864 )May 1 –Mihály Munkácsy , Hungarian painter (b.1844 )May 2 –Seweryn Morawski , Roman Catholic prelate (b.1819 )May 9 –Carit Etlar (Carl Brosbøll) , Danish author (b.1816 )May 18 –Félix Ravaisson-Mollien , French philosopher (b.1813 )May 28 –Sir George Grove , English music writer (b.1820 )June 2 –Samori Ture , West African empire-builder (b.1830 )June 3 –Mary Kingsley , English explorer, writer (b.1862 )[ 77] June 5 –Stephen Crane , American author (b.1871 )June 11 –Belle Boyd , American Confederate spy, actress (b.1843 )June 19 –Princess Josephine of Baden (b.1813 )KingUmberto I Friedrich Nietzsche Sir Arthur Sullivan Oscar Wilde July 5 –Henry Barnard , American educationalist (b.1811 )July 8 –Henry D. Cogswell , American philanthropist (b.1820 )July 9 –Gregorio Grassi , ItalianFranciscan friar,Roman Catholic martyr and saint (b.1833 )July 26 –Nicolae Kretzulescu , 2-time prime minister of Romania (b.1812 )July 29 – KingUmberto I of Italy (assassinated) (b.1844 )July 30 –Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , second son of Queen Victoria (b.1844 )[ 78] August 1 –Rafael Molina Sanchez , Spanish bullfighter (b.1841 )August 4 –Étienne Lenoir , Belgian engineer (b.1822 )August 7 –Wilhelm Liebknecht , German Social Democratic politician (b.1826 )[ 79] August 8 August 10 –Charles Russell, Baron Russell of Killowen , Lord Chief Justice of England (b.1832 )August 12 –Wilhelm Steinitz , Austrian-born chess player, first undisputed World Champion (b.1836 )August 13 –Vladimir Solovyov , Russian philosopher and poet (b.1853 )August 16 –José Maria de Eça de Queirós , Portuguese writer (b.1845 )August 23 –Kuroda Kiyotaka , Japanese politician, 2ndPrime Minister of Japan (b.1840 )August 25 –Friedrich Nietzsche , German philosopher, writer (b.1844 )September 23 September 29 –Samuel Fenton Cary , American politician (b.1814 )October 15 –Zdeněk Fibich , Czech composer (b.1850 )October 19 –Sir Roderick Cameron , Canadian shipping magnate (b.1825 )October 22 –John Sherman , American politician (b.1823 )October 28 –Max Müller , German philologist, Orientalist (b.1823 )November 22 –Sir Arthur Sullivan , English composer (b.1842 )November 24 –Rafael Monleón y Torres, Spanish painter, archaeologist, and historian (b.1843 )[ 80] November 26 –Méry Laurent , French artist's muse, model (b.1849 )November 30 –Oscar Wilde , Irish writer (b.1854 )[ 81] December 4 –Aquileo Parra , 11thPresident of Colombia (b.1825 )December 14 –Paddy Ryan , Irish-American boxer, former world's heavyweight champion (b.1851 )December 21 –Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal , Prussian field marshal (b.1810 )World population : 1,640,000,000Africa: 133,000,000 Asia: 947,000,000 Europe: 408,000,000 Latin America: 74,000,000 Northern America: 82,000,000 Oceania: 6,000,000
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