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First general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897
9 February 1897 (1897-02-09) 1920 →
First page of an imperial Russian census form fromKovno Governorate
General information
Country	Russian Empire
Authority	Central Statistical Bureau
Results
Total population	125,640,021
Most populous governorate oroblast	Kiev Governorate (3,559,229)
Least populous governorate oroblast	Amuroblast (120,306)

TheRussian Empire census, formally theFirst general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897,^[a] was the first and only nation-wide census performed in theRussian Empire. The census recorded demographic data as of 9 February 1897 [O.S. 28 January]; with a population of 125,640,021, it made Russiathe world's third-most populated country at the time, after theBritish andQing empires. Although the census was performed in most of the empire, no enumeration was done in theGrand Duchy of Finland.

The census revealed the social class, native language, religion, and profession of citizens, which were aggregated to yield district and provincial totals. The data processing took eight years; publishing the results began in 1898 and was completed in 1905. In total, 119 books in 89 volumes were published for 89 governorates in the empire, including a two-volume summary.

The next census had been planned for December 1915, but was cancelled due toWorld War I.^[1] It was not rescheduled before theRussian Revolution. The next census in Russia only occurred at the end of1926, almost three decades later.

Previous censuses had been recorded for fiscal and military purposes. Until the eighteenth century, population records were sporadic, as in either scribal or census books.Audits began to be carried out at the beginning of the eighteenth century, and population censuses became relatively regular. Since 1858, the audit had been replaced by administrative and police registration of the population based on data from family lists. In total, three large administrative and police censuses of the population were carried out—in 1858, 1863, and 1885. Running population registrations – including births, marriages, and deaths – were carried out by religious organisations until 1918. All the items mentioned above were characterised by inaccuracy and insufficient completeness.

By 1897, significant experience had been accumulated in local, mainly urban, population censuses that had been conducted since the later half of the nineteenth century. Population censuses were performed in separate governorates (Pskov in 1870 and 1887,Astrakhan in 1873,Akmola in 1877, etc.), in which residents in all cities were enumerated. The population in the entireCourland Governorate was enumerated in 1863 and 1881, and in thegovernorates of Livonia andEstonia in the latter. Registration of the rural population was performed during household and other surveys ofzemstvos. In 1871, under the general editorship of the professor of military statistics,Nikolai Obruchev, officers of the General Staff published a military statistical collection, the four-volume edition of which contained data on the population of Russia as a whole, and was categorised by governorates andokrugs.

In 1870, the project for an all-Russian population census was discussed at the First All-Russian Congress of Statisticians, and in 1876, at the eighth session of the International Statistical Congress. On 26 February 1877, the draft of "Regulations on the General National Census", which was developed by a commission under theMinistry of Finance, was submitted to theState Council; however, it was not discussed there, possibly due to theRusso-Turkish War that occurred from 1877 to 1878. In the early 80s of the nineteenth century, theMinistry of Internal Affairs began to receive statements from somezemstvo assemblies and governors about the need to conduct a population census as soon as possible; this was due to the unbalanced distribution of taxes among peasant families and an increase in arrears in collections from the population. After thefamine of 1891–1892, the question of the obligation to have accurate figures of the population of the empire again arose.

The census project was suggested during 1877 byPyotr Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, a famous Russiangeographer and director of the Central Statistical Bureau, and was approved byCzarNicholas II in 1895.

The census was performed in two stages. For the first stage (December 1896 — January 1897) the counters (135,000 persons: teachers, priests, and literate soldiers) visited all households and filled in the questionnaires, which were verified by local census managers. For the second stage (9 January 1898 [O.S. 28 December 1897]) the counters simultaneously visited all households to verify and update the questionnaires. The census was performed during winter as the population was less mobile then.^[2] Despite this being the only imperial census, historians are able to estimate the Russian Empire's population during earlier times by collecting city censuses.

The data processing required 8 years usingHollerith card machines. Publication of the results started during 1898 and ended in 1905. In total, 119 volumes for 89guberniyas, as well as a two-volume summary, were issued.

The questionnaire contained the following questions:

• Family name,given name,patronymic ornickname (прозвище)
• Sex
• Relation with respect to the head of the family or household
• Age
• Marital status
• Social status:sosloviye (estate of the realm), rank or title (сословіе, состояніе, званіе)
• Place of birth
• Place of registration
• Usual place of residence
• Notice of absence
• Faith
• First language (родной язык)
• Literacy
• Occupation (profession, trade, position of office or service), both primary and secondary

In the census summary tables,nationality was based on the declared primary language of respondents.^{[citation needed]}

• 
  The first page of a census form fromKiev Governorate.
• 
  The second page of a census form fromKiev Governorate.
• 
  The third page of a census form fromKiev Governorate.
• 
  A description page for a census form fromKiev Governorate.

The total population of the Russian Empire was recorded to be 125,640,021 people, 62,477,348 or 49.73% of whom were men and 63,162,673 or 50.27% were women—the median age was 21.16 years.

For specifically the nobility, accounting for 1.8 million people, native languages were as follows: 53% Russian, 28.6% Polish, 5.9% Georgian, 5.3% Tatar, 3.4% Lithuanian, 2.4% German, 1.4% other.^[4]

• 
  Eastern Orthodox
• 
  Muslims
• 
  Roman Catholic
• 
  Jews
• 
  Lutherans
• 
  Old Believers
• 
  Armenian Apostolics
• 
  Buddhists
• 
  Pagans

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• Russia 67,476,000 (from thisSiberia 5,758,822)
• Ukraine 23,430,407 (from thisCrimea 1,447,790; it excludes Ukraine that was not a part of Russian Empire, seeAustro-Hungarian Empire)
• Poland (Vistula basin) 9,402,253
• Belarus 6,927,040
• Kazakhstan 4,000,000
• Lithuania 3,135,771
• Georgia 2,109,273
• Uzbekistan 2,000,000
• Moldova 1,935,412
• Latvia 1,929,387
• Azerbaijan 1,705,131
• Estonia 900,000
• Armenia 797,853^{[6][better source needed]}
• Kyrgyzstan 750,000
• Tajikistan 646,000
• Turkmenistan 350,000

Largest cities of the Empire according to the census:

• Saint Petersburg – 1,264,900
• Moscow – 1,038,600
• Varshava (Warsaw) – 626,000
• Odessa (Odesa) – 403,800
• Lod (Łódź) – 314,000
• Riga – 282,200
• Kiev (Kyiv) – 247,700
• Kharkov (Kharkiv) – 174,000
• Tiflis (Tbilisi) – 159,600
• Vilna (Vilnius) – 154,500
• Saratov – 137,100
• Kazan – 130,000
• Rostov-on-Don – 119,500
• Tula – 114,700
• Astrakhan – 112,900
• Ekaterinoslav (Dnipro) – 112,800
• Baku – 111,900
• Chișinău – 108,500
• Helsinki – 93,000
• Nikolayev (Mykolaiv) – 92,000
• Minsk – 90,900
• Nizhny Novgorod – 90,100
• Samara – 90,000
• Orenburg – 72,400
• Yaroslavl – 71,600
• Dvinsk (Daugavpils) – 69,675
• Vitebsk – 65,900
• Reval (Tallinn) – 64 572
• Libava (Liepāja) – 64,489
• Yekaterinodar (Krasnodar) – 65,600
• Tsaritsyn (Volgograd) – 55,200

Each enumeration form was copied twice, with the three copies filed in theVolost (county) archives, thegovernorate archives, and the Central Statistical Bureau in St. Petersburg. The copies in St. Petersburg were destroyed after they had been tabulated.^[7] Most of the copies stored locally and regionally have also been destroyed; however, the complete census for theArkhangelsk andTobolsk governorates has been preserved, and the census for portions of several other governorates is also extant.^[8][9]

The results may have been influenced by national policy of the authorities: the population of Russian ethnicity was somewhat exaggerated.^[10] Thus for example, the number of Poles is underrepresented.^[11][12] Imperial officials classified the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages as belonging to the Russian group and labeled those nationalities asLittle Russian for Ukrainians andWhite Russian for Belarusians.^[10]

The census did not contain a question on ethnicity, which was deduced from data on mother tongue, social estate and occupation. There was also a 1916 and 1917 "agricultural census" that was carried out throughout the empire (except in some parts of the Caucasus, Eastern Russia, and Siberia), and a 1920 "general census" (except in the Russian far north, far east, Ukraine, and the Caucasus).^[13]

• Revision list

• A website containing an interactive map with native language, religion, and urbanization data for each Russian district (uyezd) in the 1897 Russian census for a district's total population, urban population, and rural population

• Society of the Russian Empire
• Demographics of Russia
• Censuses by country
• 1897 in the Russian Empire
• 1897 censuses

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