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1894 United States House of Representatives elections

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House elections for the 54th U.S. Congress

1894 United States House of Representatives elections

← 1892

June 4, 1894^[a] – November 6, 1894^[b]

1896 →

All 356 seats in theUnited States House of Representatives^[c]
179 seats needed for a majority

	Majority party	Minority party	Third party

Leader	Thomas Brackett Reed	Charles F. Crisp
Party	Republican	Democratic	Populist
Leader's seat	Maine 1st	Georgia 3rd
Last election	124 seats	218 seats	11 seats
Seats before	143 seats^[d]	198 seats^[g]	13 seats
Seats won	253^[e]^[f]	93^[e]^[f]	9^[e]^[f]
Seat change	110	105	4
Popular vote	5,442,266	4,252,292	1,242,242
Percentage	48.27%	37.72%	11.02%
Swing	7.45pp	9.66pp	2.73pp

	Fourth party	Fifth party

Party	Silver	Independent
Last election	1 seat	2 seats
Seats before	1 seat	2 seats
Seats won	1^[e]	0
Seat change		2
Popular vote	4,581	82,148
Percentage	0.04%	0.73%
Swing	0.02pp	0.08pp

Results:
     Democratic gain     Republican gain
     Democratic hold     Republican hold
     Populist gain     Populist hold
     Silver hold

Speaker before election

Charles Crisp
Democratic

ElectedSpeaker

Thomas Reed
Republican

The1894 United States House of Representatives elections were held from June 4, 1894, to November 6, 1894, withspecial elections throughout the year. Elections were held to elect representatives from all 356congressional districts across each of the 44U.S. states at the time, as well asnon-voting delegates from the inhabitedU.S. territories. The winners of this election served in the54th Congress, with seats apportioned among the states based on the1890 United States census.

The elections comprised a significantpolitical realignment, with a majorRepublican landslide that set the stage for the decisiveelection of 1896. The 1894 elections came in the middle ofDemocratic President Grover Cleveland's second term. The nation was in its deepest economic depression yet following thePanic of 1893, which pushed economic issues to the forefront. In the spring,a major coal strike damaged the economy of theMidwest andMid-Atlantic. It was accompanied by violence; the miners lost and many joined thePopulist Party. Immediately after the coal strike concluded,Eugene V. Debs leda nationwide railroad strike. It shut down the nation's transportation system west ofDetroit for weeks, until President Cleveland's use of federal troops ended the strike. Debs went to prison for disobeying a court order.Illinois Governor John Peter Altgeld, a Democrat, broke bitterly with Cleveland.

The fragmented and disoriented Democratic Party was crushed everywhere outside of the South, losing more than 55% of its seats to the Republican Party. The Democrats did so poorly that even in the South, they lost seats to the Republican-Populistelectoral fusion inAlabama,North Carolina,Tennessee,Kentucky, andTexas.^[2]^[3] The Democrats ultimately lost 127 seats in this election, with the Republicans gaining 130 seats after the resolution of several contested elections.

The Democratic Party failed to win one seat in twenty-four states and only won one seat in six states. Prominent Democrats in the house includingRichard P. Bland,William S. Holman,William M. Springer, andWilliam L. Wilson were defeated in the election.^[4] To date, the 1894 election represents the largest seat swing in a single election in the history of the House of Representatives; the only other occasion where a political party has suffered triple-digit losses was in1932.

The main issues revolved around the severe economic depression, which the Republicans blamed on the conservativeBourbon Democrats led by Cleveland. Cleveland supporters lost heavily, weakening their hold on the party and setting the stage for an 1896 takeover by the free silver wing of the party. The Populist Party ran candidates in the South and Midwest, but generally lost ground outside of the South. The Democrats tried to raise a religious issue, claiming the GOP was in cahoots with theanti-Catholic American Protective Association; the allegations seem to have fallen flat as Catholics swung towards the GOP.^[5] Despite the Republicans winning a veto proof majority, House Republicans were not sufficiently united to override President Cleveland's vetoes during his remaining two years in office.

State	Type	Total seats	Democratic		Populist		Republican		Silver
State	Type	Total seats	Seats	Change	Seats	Change	Seats	Change	Seats	Change
Alabama	District	9	5	4	2	2	2	2	0
Arkansas	District	6	6		0		0		0
California	District	7	1	2	0	1	6	3	0
Colorado	District	2	0		1	1	1	1	0
Connecticut	District	4	0	3	0		4	3	0
Delaware	At-large	1	0	1	0		1	1	0
Florida	District	2	2		0		0		0
Georgia	District	11	11		0		0		0
Idaho	At-large	1	0		0		1		0
Illinois	District	22	0	11	0		22	11	0
Indiana	District	13	0	11	0		13	11	0
Iowa	District	11	0	1	0		11	1	0
Kansas	District +at-large	8	0		1	4	7	4	0
Kentucky	District	11	5	5	0		6	5	0
Louisiana	District	6	6		0		0		0
Maine^[i]	District	4	0		0		4		0
Maryland	District	6	3	3	0		3	3	0
Massachusetts	District	13	1	3	0		12	3	0
Michigan	District	12	0	5	0		12	5	0
Minnesota	District	7	0	2	0	1	7	3	0
Mississippi	District	7	7		0		0		0
Missouri	District	15	4	9	0		11	9	0
Montana	At-large	1	0		0		1		0
Nebraska	District	6	0	1	1	1	5	2	0
Nevada	At-large	1	0	1	0		0		1	1
New Hampshire	District	2	0		0		2		0
New Jersey	District	8	0	6	0		8	6	0
New York	District	34	4	16	0		30	16	0
North Carolina	District	9	2	6	4	4	3	2	0
North Dakota	At-large	1	0		0		1		0
Ohio	District	21	2	9	0		19	9	0
Oregon^[i]	District	2	0		0		2		0
Pennsylvania	District +2 at-large	30	2	8	0		28	8	0
Rhode Island	District	2	0	2	0		2	2	0
South Carolina	District	7	6		0		1		0
South Dakota	At-large	2	0		0		2		0
Tennessee	District	10	6	2	0		4	2	0
Texas	District	13	12	1	0		1	1	0
Vermont^[i]	District	2	0		0		2		0
Virginia	District	10	8	2	0		2	2	0
Washington	At-large	2	0		0		2		0
West Virginia	District	4	0	4	0		4	4	0
Wisconsin	District	10	0	6	0		10	6	0
Wyoming	At-large	1	0	1	0		1	1	0
Total^[c]		356	93^[e] 26.1%	107	9^[e] 2.5%	4	253^[e] 71.1%	110	1^[e] 0.3%	1

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Virginia 7	Charles T. O'Ferrall	Democratic	1884(special)	Incumbent resigned December 28, 1893 after being electedGovernor of Virginia. New member elected January 30, 1894. Democratic hold. Winner later re-elected in November;see below.	▌YSmith S. Turner (Democratic) 65.09% ▌E. D. Root (Republican) 34.59% ▌Basil Gordon (unknown) 0.32%^[6]
New York 14	John R. Fellows	Democratic	1890	Incumbent resigned December 31, 1893 to becomeDistrict Attorney of New York City. New member elected January 30, 1894. Republican gain. Winner later re-elected in November;see below.	▌YLemuel E. Quigg (Republican) 49.62% ▌William L. Brown (Democratic) 46.14% ▌Daniel De Leon (Socialist Labor) 2.46% ▌George Munro (Prohibition) 0.90% ▌George A. Hunter (Populist) 0.88%^[7]
Pennsylvania at-large	William Lilly	Republican	1892	Incumbent died December 1, 1893. New member elected February 26, 1894. Republican hold.	▌YGalusha A. Grow (Republican) [data missing]
South Carolina 1	William H. Brawley	Democratic	1890	Incumbent resigned February 12, 1894, to become judge for theUnited States District Court for the District of South Carolina. New member elected April 12, 1894. Democratic hold.	▌YJames F. Izlar (Democratic) [data missing]
Maryland 1	Robert F. Brattan	Democratic	1892	Incumbent died May 10, 1894. New member elected November 6, 1894. Democratic hold.	▌YW. Laird Henry (Democratic) [data missing]
Ohio 3	George W. Houk	Democratic	1890	Incumbent died February 9, 1894. New member elected May 21, 1894. Democratic hold.	▌YPaul J. Sorg (Democratic) [data missing]
Wisconsin 7	George B. Shaw	Republican	1892	Incumbent died August 27, 1894. New member elected November 6, 1894. Republican hold.^[8]	▌YMichael Griffin (Republican) 57.8% ▌George W. Levis (Democratic) 32.5% ▌Clement H. Van Worner (Populist) 5.3% ▌Edward Berg (Prohibition) 4.1% ▌William F. Button (Independent) 0.4%
Alabama 3	William C. Oates	Democratic	1880	Incumbent resigned November 5, 1894, after being electedGovernor of Alabama. New member elected November 6, 1894. Democratic hold.	▌YGeorge P. Harrison Jr. (Democratic) [data missing]
Kentucky 9	Thomas H. Paynter	Democratic	1888	Incumbent resigned January 5, 1895, having been elected to theKentucky Court of Appeals. New member elected November 6, 1894 and seated March 4, 1895. Republican gain.	▌YSamuel J. Pugh (Republican) [data missing]
Maryland 5	Barnes Compton	Democratic	1884 1890(lost contest) 1890	Incumbent resigned May 15, 1894, to become a naval officer. New member elected November 6, 1894. Republican gain.	▌YCharles E. Coffin (Republican) [data missing]
Arkansas 2	Clifton R. Breckinridge	Democratic	1882	Incumbent resigned August 14, 1894, to becomeU.S. Minister to Russia. New member elected December 3, 1894. Democratic hold.	▌YJohn S. Little (Democratic) [data missing]
Kentucky 10	Marcus C. Lisle	Democratic	1892	Incumbent died July 7, 1894. New member elected December 3, 1894. Democratic hold.	▌YWilliam M. Beckner (Democratic) [data missing]
Louisiana 4	Newton C. Blanchard	Democratic	1880	Incumbent resigned March 12, 1894, to become aU.S. Senator. New member elected December 3, 1894. Democratic hold.	▌YHenry W. Ogden (Democratic) [data missing]
Ohio 2	John A. Caldwell	Republican	1888	Incumbent resigned April 4, 1894, to becomeMayor of Cincinnati. New member elected December 3, 1894. Republican hold.	▌YJacob H. Bromwell (Republican) [data missing]
New York 15	Ashbel P. Fitch	Democratic	1886	Incumbent resigned December 26, 1893, to becomeNew York City Comptroller. New member elected December 30, 1894. Democratic hold.	▌YIsidor Straus (Democratic) [data missing]

v t e (1893←) 1894 United States elections (→1895)
U.S. Senate	Alabama Georgia Georgia (special) Illinois Iowa Kentucky Louisiana Louisiana (special) Mississippi (special) North Carolina North Carolina (special) Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Texas Virginia
U.S. House	Alabama 3rd sp Arizona Territory Arkansas 2nd sp California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky 9th sp 10th sp Louisiana 4th sp Maine Maryland 1st sp 5th sp Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico Territory New York 14th sp 15th sp North Carolina North Dakota Ohio 2nd sp 3rd sp Oklahoma Territory Oregon Pennsylvania At-large sp Rhode Island South Carolina 1st sp 4th sp South Dakota Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia 7th sp Washington West Virginia Wisconsin 7th sp Wyoming
Governors	Alabama Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Georgia Idaho Kansas Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Nebraska Lt. Gov Nevada New Hampshire North Dakota Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Vermont Wisconsin Wyoming
State legislatures	Minnesota Senate
Mayors	Boston, MA Manchester, NH New York, NY
States and territories	Alabama Arizona Territory Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Territory Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

↓
93	10	254
Democratic	^[h]	Republican

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
California 1	Thomas J. Geary	Democratic	1890	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	▌YJohn All Barham (Republican) 41.1% ▌Thomas J. Geary (Democratic) 37.0% ▌Roger F. Grigsby (Populist) 19.7% ▌J. R. Gregory (Prohibition)
California 2	Anthony Caminetti	Democratic	1890	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	▌YGrove L. Johnson (Republican) 43.0% ▌Anthony Caminetti (Democratic) 35.1% ▌Burdelli Cornell (Populist) 20.0% ▌Elam Briggs (Prohibition) 1.9%
California 3	Warren B. English	Democratic	1892(contested)	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	▌YSamuel G. Hilborn (Republican) 45.5% ▌Warren B. English (Democratic) 37.8% ▌W. A. Vann (Populist) 14.9% ▌L. B. Scranton (Prohibition) 1.8%
California 4	James G. Maguire	Democratic	1892	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YJames G. Maguire (Democratic) 48.3% ▌Thomas Bowles Shannon (Republican) 32.0% ▌B. K. Collier (Populist) 18.4% ▌Joseph Rowell (Prohibition) 1.3%
California 5	Eugene F. Loud	Republican	1890	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YEugene F. Loud (Republican) 36.8% ▌Joseph P. Kelly (Democratic) 23.0% ▌James T. Rogers (Populist) 21.5% ▌James Denman (Prohibition) 18.7%
California 6	Marion Cannon	Populist	1892	Incumbent retired. Republican gain.	▌YJames McLachlan (Republican) 44.3% ▌George S. Patton (Democratic) 27.6% ▌W. C. Bowman (Populist) 23.1% ▌J. E. McComas (Prohibition) 5.0%
California 7	William W. Bowers	Republican	1890	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YWilliam W. Bowers (Republican) 42.9% ▌W. H. Alford (Democratic) 28.2% ▌J. L. Gilbert (Populist) 25.0% ▌W. H. Somers (Prohibition) 3.9%

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Maine 1	Thomas B. Reed	Republican	1876	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YThomas B. Reed (Republican) 63.53% ▌John Deering (Democratic) 33.10% ▌Linus Seely (Prohibition) 2.20% ▌James E. Campion (Populist) 1.17%
Maine 2	Nelson Dingley Jr.	Republican	1881(special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YNelson Dingley Jr. (Republican) 63.74% ▌Daniel J. McGillicuddy (Democratic) 28.38% ▌Elbert Y. Turner (Populist) 5.96% ▌Edward W. Ogier (Prohibition) 1.92%
Maine 3	Seth L. Milliken	Republican	1882	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YSeth L. Milliken (Republican) 64.78% ▌Moses R. Leighton (Democratic) 25.55% ▌George C. Sheldon (Populist) 7.62% ▌William S. Thompson (Prohibition) 2.05%
Maine 4	Charles A. Boutelle	Republican	1882	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YCharles A. Boutelle (Republican) 65.46% ▌Al L. Simpson(Democratic) 25.90% ▌Oliver D. Chapman (Populist) 4.98% ▌Charles W. Johnston (Prohibition) 3.66%

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Massachusetts 1	Ashley B. Wright	Republican	1892	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YAshley B. Wright (Republican) 55.2% ▌Addison L. Green (Democratic) 39.2% ▌Augustus R. Smith (Prohibition) 3.3% ▌Jonathan Johnson (Populist) 2.3%
Massachusetts 2	Frederick H. Gillett	Republican	1892	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YFrederick H. Gillett (Republican) 61.4% ▌Edward A. Hall (Democratic) 31.4% ▌George M. Stearns (Populist) 4.2% ▌Hubbard Lawrence (Unknown) 3.0%
Massachusetts 3	Joseph H. Walker	Republican	1888	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YJoseph H. Walker (Republican) 59.4% ▌Charles Haggerty (Democratic) 35.6% ▌Henry S. Brown (Populist) 2.55% ▌George F. Wright (Prohibition) 2.45%
Massachusetts 4	Lewis D. Apsley	Republican	1892	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YLewis D. Apsley (Republican) 64.9% ▌John J. Desmond (Democratic) 32.2% ▌Bertram Sparhawk (Populist) 3.0%
Massachusetts 5	Moses T. Stevens	Democratic	1890	Incumbent retired. Republican gain.	▌YWilliam S. Knox (Republican) 51.7% ▌George W. Fifield (Democratic) 44.4% ▌Hiram W. Eastman (Populist) 2.7% ▌Warren F. Taylor (Prohibition) 1.1%
Massachusetts 6	William Cogswell	Republican	1886	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YWilliam Cogswell (Republican) 68.3% ▌Henry B. Little (Democratic) 24.2% ▌Joseph K. Harris (Populist) 7.5%
Massachusetts 7	William Everett	Democratic	1893 (special)	Incumbent retired. Republican gain.	▌YWilliam Emerson Barrett (Republican) 57.8% ▌Samuel K. Hamilton (Democratic) 33.7% ▌Walter L. Ramsdell (Populist) 4.6% ▌George Buttrick (Prohibition) 2.9% ▌George R. Peare (Socialist Labor) 1.1%
Massachusetts 8	Samuel W. McCall	Republican	1892	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YSamuel W. McCall (Republican) 57.8% ▌Charles Arthur Conant (Democratic) 35.4% ▌Linn B. Porter (Populist) 3.1%
Massachusetts 9	Joseph H. O'Neil	Democratic	1888	Incumbent lost renomination. Democratic hold.	▌YJohn F. Fitzgerald (Democratic) 53.3% ▌Jesse M. Gove (Republican) 44.4% ▌Patrick F. O'Neil (Socialist Labor) 2.4%
Massachusetts 10	Michael J. McEttrick	Citizens Democratic	1892	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected Republican gain.	▌YHarrison H. Atwood (Republican) 36.0% ▌Michael J. McEttrick (Citizens Democratic) 35.4% ▌William S. McNary (Democratic) 26.0% ▌Frederick W. Peabody (Ind. Republican) 4.3% ▌Michael D. Fitzgerald (Socialist Labor) 1.2%
Massachusetts 11	William F. Draper	Republican	1892	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YWilliam F. Draper (Republican) 62.0% ▌Bentley W. Warren (Democratic) 34.7% ▌John F. Dowd (Populist) 3.4%
Massachusetts 12	Elijah A. Morse	Republican	1888	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YElijah A. Morse (Republican) 65.3% ▌William H. Jordan (Democratic) 26.2% ▌Elbridge G. Brown (Populist) 8.5%
Massachusetts 13	Charles S. Randall	Republican	1888	Incumbent lost renomination. Republican hold.	▌YJohn Simpkins (Republican) 61.2% ▌Robert Howard (Democratic) 38.8%

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Election summaries

Special elections

Early election dates

Alabama

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Non-voting delegates

Oklahoma Territory

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links