_weather_map%2c_August_20%2c_1888.jpg) Surface weather analysis on August 20, showing the hurricane shortly after landfall inLouisiana | |
| Meteorological history | |
|---|---|
| Formed | August 14, 1888 (1888-08-14) |
| Extratropical | August 22, 1888 |
| Dissipated | August 24, 1888 (1888-08-25) |
| Category 3 major hurricane | |
| 1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS) | |
| Highest winds | 125 mph (205 km/h) |
| Lowest pressure | 945mbar (hPa); 27.91 inHg (estimated) |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 12 indirect |
| Damage | Unknown |
| Areas affected | The Bahamas,Florida,Alabama,Mississippi,Louisiana, much of theMississippi Valley,Mid-Atlantic states, andNortheastern United States |
Part of the1888 Atlantic hurricane season | |
The1888 Louisiana hurricane was a major hurricane that caused significantflooding and wind damage to theMississippi River Delta and theMississippi Valley in late August 1888. It was the thirdtropical cyclone and second hurricane of the1888 Atlantic hurricane season.
The cyclone first appeared north-northeast of theTurks and Caicos Islands, but may have formed earlier, undetected. It moved west-northwest, reaching hurricane intensity and making several landfalls inthe Bahamas. In the island chain, the hurricane caused some damage to shipping, fruit groves, and fences, but apparently caused no known deaths.
The storm then peaked as the equivalence of a strong Category 3 hurricane before hittingSouth Florida near present-dayMiami Beach. Few people then lived in the area, so damage was mostly minimal, but a large storm surge affected the coast, and areas farther north on the peninsula reported damage to fruit groves, communications wires, and boats. Afterward, the cyclone crossed the thinly populated southern peninsula into theGulf of Mexico, which it reached as a weaker hurricane. Re-intensifying over the Gulf of Mexico, the hurricane attained a secondary peak intensity of 110 miles per hour (177 km/h) before hitting Louisiana at that intensity. Areas along the Gulf Coast reported significant, widespread destruction from heavy rains, storm surge, and high tides, especially in Louisiana, where the storm destroyed crops and blew down buildings.
The storm then curved northeast intoNew England before transitioning into anextratropicallow-pressure area. The outer bands of the storm produced gale-force winds in the region and nearby Mid-Atlantic states, downing loose objects such as tree branches, awnings, and wires. Heavy rains washed out transportation networks like roads and railroads, but the worst effects were from a tornado outbreak; several significant tornadoes hit theMid-Atlantic region, one of which caused 10 of the 12 reported deaths in the outbreak.
Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depressionBy 12:00UTC on August 14, a weak tropical storm with winds of 40 mph (64 km/h) formed about 100 miles (161 km) north-northeast of theTurks and Caicos Islands. Operationally, theU.S. Signal Corps, responsible forweather forecasting at the time, did not issue updates on the system until August 16, when observations first indicated alow-pressure area off the coast of South Florida.[1] (The precise formative date of the cyclone was not documented in available observations, and may have occurred earlier than officially estimated.) Upon formation, the cyclone moved west-northwest towardThe Bahamas—then aBritishcrown colony andoverseas territory—and steadily strengthened. As a strong tropical storm, the cyclone made its first landfall on the northern tip ofSan Salvador Island, then known as Watlings Island until 1925. It first attained hurricane intensity by 12:00 UTC on August 15, exactly 24 hours after formation. As it reached hurricane intensity, the storm made its second landfall onCat Island in The Bahamas with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph (129 km/h). Continuing on its west-northwestward course, the hurricane passed over the northern islands ofExuma with winds of 90 mph (145 km/h). Afterward, it strengthened further to the equivalent of a modern Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale, with winds of 105 mph (169 km/h). Around 00:00 UTC on August 16, thecenter, oreye, of the cyclone passed 20 mi (32 km) south of the Bahamian capitalNassau, onNew Providence Island. Still pursuing a track to the west-northwest, the cyclone made a fourth landfall on the northern portion ofAndros Island. It then crossed the island in fewer than six hours, and by 06:00 UTC on August 16 it became a major hurricane—equivalent to a modernCategory 3 on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale—with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h).[2]
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After reaching major hurricane status, the cyclone approached theGulf Stream off the southeast coast of Florida. By 12:00 UTC on August 16, it attained its first and strongest peak intensity of 125 mph (201 km/h), near the upper threshold of the modern Category 3 on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale. About seven hours later, the hurricane struck the coast of South Florida, just north of present-dayMiami Beach, at its peak intensity. (The point of landfall was near the present-day site ofUpper Eastside inMiami.) Although few observations were available near the inner core of the cyclone, scientific reassessment conducted by theAtlantic hurricane reanalysis project determined that thecentral pressure at landfall was likely close to 945 millibars (27.91 inHg),[3] based primarily upon an observed storm surge value.[4] The hurricane is one of 15 major hurricanes to have impacted southeast Florida since official records in the Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT) began in 1851.[3] After striking South Florida—now defined as part of theMiami metropolitan area—the cyclone weakened as it moved inland over theEverglades, passing well to the south ofLake Okeechobee. By 06:00 UTC on August 17, the cyclone reached the coast ofSouthwest Florida near present-dayCape Coral; due to interaction with land, its maximum sustained winds had decreased to 80 mph (129 km/h), equivalent to a modern Category 1 on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale. The storm then passed out into theGulf of Mexico near present-dayMatlacha andCayo Costa State Park.[2]
After entering the Gulf of Mexico off Southwest Florida, the cyclone began to re-intensify and turn to the west. By 18:00 UTC on August 17, the hurricane regained winds equivalent to those of a modern Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale. After having traveled west-northwest for its entire lifespan, at this time its path shifted to the west and began to approach the northernU.S. Gulf Coast. By 00:00 UTC on August 18, the cyclone attained its second peak intensity of 110 mph (177 km/h), just below the modern Category 3 on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale. As it neared the coast of Louisiana, the hurricane maintained its intensity while gradually turning to the northwest and north-northwest.
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Around 16:00 UTC on August 19, the center of the cyclone made landfall just south ofCocodrie inTerrebonne Parish with winds of 110 mph (177 km/h). As it moved inland over the marshes of southern Louisiana, the hurricane turned northward and slowly weakened. By 18:00 UTC on August 20, the cyclone weakened to a strong tropical storm as it neared the town ofGreenville in westernMississippi. Its path gradually inclined to the northeast and accelerated over theMississippi Valley, reaching the Mid-Atlantic region by 00:00 UTC on August 22. Early on August 22, the storm passed over southern New England, and by 12:00 UTC it became extratropical while centered about 80 mi (129 km) south ofBar Harbor, Maine. The extratropical cyclone was last positioned northeast ofNewfoundland and Labrador at 18:00 UTC on August 24.[2]
As the hurricane passed through The Bahamas, it damaged fruit trees, crops, and fences, especially on theAbaco Islands,Harbour Island, and New Providence. According to theNew York Times, winds in Nassau, on New Providence, shifted from northeast and southwest, lasting about eight hours, but causing only slight damage to nearby shipping.[5]
The hurricane affected few people in South Florida, striking a portion of the coast that was largely unpopulated and devoid of major settlements. Nevertheless, the cyclone produced widespread damage over much of the region, extending as far north asSebastian.[6][7] The highest wind speed reported in South Florida was below hurricane intensity—only 60 mph (97 km/h) atPoint Jupiter[8]—and only modest rainfall of 2.02 in (51 mm) was measured at the same location.[1] The highest winds on the east coast of Florida occurred atSebastian Inlet and were estimated to have reached minimal hurricane intensity, 75 mph (121 km/h), from the northeast. The strong winds downed trees and telegraph poles; additionally, many small boats were reportedly pushed ashore, and nearby fruit groves sustained "several thousand dollars" in damage.[6] Although the storm mostly produced minimal damage, it reportedly generated a large storm surge of 14 feet (4.3 m) "on the beaches near Miami"[7]—one of the highest on record in South Florida.[4] The surge was comparable to the 14–15 ft (4.3–4.6 m) visually estimated fromCoconut Grove in the1926 Miami hurricane[9]—in fact, it was even higher than the officially measured value of 13.2 ft (4.0 m) in Miami from the same storm[10]—and was only exceeded by the 16.89 ft (5.1 m) measured at theBurger King International Headquarters nearCutler inDade County duringHurricane Andrew in1992.[11][12] However, little information is available about the circumstances of the storm surge value reported in 1888.[4]
As the hurricane passed into the Gulf of Mexico, high tides and strong winds affected the northern U.S. Gulf Coast, beginning in theBig Bend and theFlorida Panhandle. The town ofCedar Key experienced light rain as the storm passed well to its southwest. The town also witnessed peak winds of 42 mph (68 km/h) that led to reports of yachts capsizing.[6] The Florida Panhandle, closer to the center of the storm, experienced much higher winds and sustained heavier damages. Winds of 60 mph (97 km/h) affected the town ofPensacola, causing significant damage to property in the area.[6] Farther west, other communities reported even more severe damage due to high tides and storm surge. For instance, the city ofMobile, Alabama, experienced one of its worst floods on record as a storm surge caused theMobile River to overflow, submerging the Mobile waterfront to a depth of 3 ft (0.91 m) and spreading floodwater two to three blocks inland.[1][13] Strong winds that peaked at 55 mph (89 km/h) in the city topped trees, blew down fences, and unroofed some homes.[1][13] Some damage occurred along the Mississippi coast as waves washed out some coastal structures and winds prostrated trees.[14] However, the worst damage occurred in theMississippi River Delta, just to the east of the center, where severe flooding left large sections of countryside underwater.[7][14] Severe damage occurred to crops in the area, particularly rice and sugarcane: entire rice fields were flooded to a depth of several feet, and much of the sugarcane crop was flattened by strong winds. In theBayou Teche country, the hurricane blew down numerous outbuildings, unroofed numerous homes, and destroyed some large dwellings andchurches.[14] After the storm, growers estimated that 30–60% of the rice crop sustained damage.[15] In many areas at least one-third of thetimber was downed.[13]
In the Mid-Atlantic region and southern New England, the storm produced gale-force winds and heavy rainfall, washing out numerous railroad bridges and tracks.[16] Strong winds reached 38 mph (61 km/h) inNorfolk, Virginia, and 44 mph (71 km/h) inNew Haven, Connecticut. The winds blew down awnings, signs, and tree branches.[16] InDelaware andMaryland, the cyclone spawned numeroustornadoes—five of which were "significant" (F2 or greater) on theFujita scale—that killed at least 12 people.[17] One or more tornadoes may have hitSpringfield andGlendale inMontgomery County, Maryland, north ofWashington, D.C., destroying a church, a dwelling, and ablacksmith's shop. Winds downed largeoak trees, "shattering a car" in the county.[16] One tornado caused a large cannery, two stories tall, to collapse, killing 10 people under mounds of debris nearStill Pond, Maryland.[16][17]
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.
