November 9: The English inventorWordsworth Donisthorpe files a patent for afilm camera, which he named a "kinesigraph."[1] The camera would have a mechanism to movephotographic plates one by one past a lens and shutter to be exposed for the necessary time and then dropped or carried into a receiver. The recorded images would be printed at equal distances apart on a strip of paper. The strip was to be wound between cylinders and carried past the eye of the observer, with astroboscopic device to expose each picture momentarily. Such photographic strips only became commercially available several years later and Donisthorpe seems to have been unable to produce motion pictures at this stage.[2] Donisthorpe reportedly produced a model of this camera around the late 1870s.[3] In 1889, Donisthorpe completed his work on an improved version of the camera and the projector necessary to show the motion frames.[4]In 1890, Donisthorpe and his cousinW. C. Crofts created a moving picture ofLondon'sTrafalgar Square.[5]
The French astronomerPierre Janssen introduces thechronophotography instrumentJanssen revolver to theAcadémie des Sciences. He suggested to the Académie the possibility of using his apparatus for the study ofanimal locomotion, especially of thebirds, because of the rapidity of the movement of their wings.[9][10]Etienne-Jules Marey would later use Janssen's invention as the primary inspiration for hischronophotographic gun (1882), a precursor to thecamcorder.The functioning of the chronophotographic gun is very similar to a normalrifle, with grip, canon and rotating drum, except that it does not carry bullets but photographic plates with which it caught the light at high speed.[11][12]
July 18:Anson Dyer, English director, screenwriter, animator, and actor (directedAdolf Hitler-themed animated short films forGaumont-British, includingThe British Lion Awakes,Hitler On His Front Line,Hitler's Peace Pudding,Hitler Dances To Stalin's Tune, andRun, Adolf, Run), (d.1962).[17][18]
Specific date unknown:Thomas Mann Baynes, English artist andlithographer (his works includephenakistiscope discs, for use by the first widespread animation device which created a fluent illusion of motion.)[26][27]
^Day Lance McNeil Ian (2002).Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology. Routledge. p. 631.ISBN1-134-65020-5.
^Hurter, Ferdinand & Driffield, Vero Charles (1890)Photochemical Investigations and a New Method of Determination of the Sensitiveness of Photographic Plates, J. Soc. Chem. Ind. May 31, 1890.
^Mees, C. E. Kenneth (May 1954)."L. A. Jones and his Work on Photographic Sensitometry"(PDF).Image, Journal of Photography of George Eastman House.III (5). Rochester, N.Y.: International Museum of Photography at George Eastman House Inc.:34–36. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 20 July 2014. Retrieved15 July 2014.
^Adler, Kraig (1989).Contributions to the History of Herpetology. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles (SSAR).
