January 3 –Third Carlist War:Battle of Caspe – Campaigning on the Ebro in Aragon for the Spanish Republican Government, Colonel Eulogio Despujol surprises a Carlist force under Manuel Marco de Bello at Caspe, northeast of Alcañiz. In a brilliant action the Carlists are routed, losing 200 prisoners and 80 horses, while Despujol is promoted to Brigadier and becomes Conde de Caspe.
January 20 – ThePangkor Treaty (also known as the Pangkor Engagement), by which the British extend their control over first the Sultanate ofPerak, and later the other independent Malay States, is signed.
February 24–25 –Third Carlist War: First Battle of Somorrostro – Determined to raise the siege of Bilbao by the Pretender Don Carlos VII, Republican commander Marshal Francisco Serrano sends General Domingo Moriones with a relief force of 14,000 men. Carlists, under General Nicolás Ollo, entrenched at Somorrostro outside Bilbao, drive back a courageous assault by General Fernando Primo de Rivera and then the entire Republican army. The republicans lose 1,200 men, and Moriones loses his nerve, demanding reinforcements and a replacement for himself. Moriones's men entrench and wait.
March 14 –Third Carlist War: Battle of Castellfollit de la Roca – Appointed to command the Spanish Republican army in the north, General Ramón Nouvilas attempts to relieve the Carlist siege of Olot in Girona. But at Castellfollit de la Roca, in one of the Government's worst defeats, Nouvilas is routed by Carlist GeneralFrancesc Savalls, and captured along with about 2,000 of his men. Olot capitulates two days later.
March 25–27 –Third Carlist War: Second Battle of Somorrostro – In a renewed attempt to raise the siege of Bilbao by Don Carlos VII, Republican commander Marshal Francisco Serrano himself arrives with 27,000 men and 70 cannons. However, in three days of fierce fighting, the Carlist General Joaquín Elío, with just 17,000 men, once again drives off the attack at nearby Somorrostro, and it is another six weeks before Serrano manages to relieve Bilbao.
March – The Young Men's Hebrew Association inManhattan (which will still be operating 150 years later as the92nd Street Y) is founded.
April 15–May 15 – A group of young painters,Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes, Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs, gives their first exhibition, at the studio of the photographerNadar in Paris.Louis Leroy's critical review of it published on25 April gives rise to the termImpressionism for the movement, with reference toClaude Monet'sImpression, Sunrise.
May 23 – Passenger shipBritish Admiral, on a voyage fromLiverpool (England) toMelbourne (Australia), sinks after hitting rocks offKing Island (Tasmania); only nine of the 88 passengers and crew are rescued.[3]
May 27 – The first group ofDorsland Trekkers, a series of expeditions byTrekboere in search of political independence and better farming conditions, departs South Africa to settle inAngola, led byGert Alberts.[4]
July 14 – TheChicago Fire of 1874 burns down 47 acres of the city, destroying 812 buildings, killing 20, and resulting in the fire insurance industry demanding municipal reforms from Chicago's city council.
Third Carlist War: Sack of Cuenca – After Carlist forces successfully defend Estella, Don Alfonso de Bourbon, brother of the Don Carlos VII, leads 14,000 Catalan Carlists south to attack Cuenca (136 km from Madrid), held by Republicans under Don Hilario Lozano. After two days the outnumbered garrison capitulates, but Don Alfonso permits a terrible slaughter. The city is sacked. Subsequently, another republican force defeats the disorderly Catalans, who flee back to the Ebro.
July 31 –Patrick Francis Healy, S.J., the first Black man to receive a PhD, is inaugurated as president ofGeorgetown University, the oldest Catholic University in America, and becomes the first Black person to head a predominantly White university.
August 11 –Third Carlist War: Battle of Oteiza – Two months after Government forces were repulsed from Carlist-held Estella, in Navarre, Republican General Domingo Moriones makes a fresh diversionary attack a few miles to the southeast at Oteiza. In heavy fighting Moriones secures a costly tactical victory over Carlist General Torcuato Mendíri, but the war continues another 18 months, before Estella finally falls.
November 18 – Sailing shipCospatrick carrying emigrants from England bound for New Zealand, catches fire and sinks in the South Atlantic with the loss of all but three of the 472 persons on board.
December 29 – General Martínez and Brigadier General Luís Daban stage apronunciamento atSagunto, and proclaim Isabel's sonAlfonso as King of Spain. Subsequently, the Madrid garrison follows suit, and theFirst Spanish Republic comes to an end.
December 26 –Khan Bahadur Ahsanullah, Indian educationist, philosopher, philanthropist, social reformer, Sufi thinker, scientist and spiritual person (d.1965)
December 29 –Thomas W. Benoist, American aviator, aircraft designer and manufacturer, founder of the world's first scheduled airline (d.1917)
^"Standard Catalog of World Paper Money General Issues, 1368 - 1960".Standard Catalog of World Paper Money. Vol. 2, General Issues: 1088. 2008.ISSN1538-2001.
^"Chief Justice Edward Douglass White", by William H. Forman, Jr., inABA Journal (March 1970) p261
^Frances H. Kennedy,American Indian Places: A Historical Guidebook (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2008) p168
^Herren, Madeleine (October 8, 2024)."The story of the Universal Postal Union".Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog (in German).Archived from the original on April 21, 2025. RetrievedJuly 18, 2025.
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