Calendar year
1865 by topic Humanities By country Other topics Lists of leaders Birth and death categories Establishments and disestablishments categories Works category
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1865 .
1865 (MDCCCLXV ) was acommon year starting on Sunday of theGregorian calendar and acommon year starting on Friday of theJulian calendar , the 1865th year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini 2nd millennium , the 65th year of the19th century , and the 6th year of the1860s decade. As of the start of 1865, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
January 15 : Union capturesFort Fisher .March 3 – TheU.S. Congress authorizes formation of theBureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands .March 4 – Washington College and Jefferson College are merged to formWashington & Jefferson College in the United States.[ 3] March 13 – American Civil War: TheConfederate States of America agrees to the use ofAfrican American troops.March 18 – American Civil War: The Congress of the Confederate States of America adjourns for the last time.March 19 –21 – American Civil War :Battle of Bentonville : Union troops compel Confederate forces to retreat fromFour Oaks, North Carolina .March 25 TheClaywater Meteorite explodes just before reaching ground level inVernon County, Wisconsin ; fragments having a combined mass of 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) are recovered. American Civil War: InVirginia , Confederate forces captureFort Stedman from the Union, although it is retaken the same day. Lee's army suffers heavy casualties: about 2,900, including 1,000 captured in the Union counterattack. Confederate positions are weakened. After the battle, Lee's defeat is only a matter of time. March –Hamm's Brewery opens in St. Paul, Minnesota.April 2 :Jefferson Davis .April 9 :Appomattox Court House .April 14 :Lincoln shot .April 1 –American Civil War –Battle of Five Forks : InPetersburg, Virginia , Confederate General Robert E. Lee begins his final offensive.April 2 – American Civil War: Confederate PresidentJefferson Davis and most of his Cabinet flee the Confederate capital ofRichmond, Virginia , which is taken by Union troops the next day.April 6 – German chemicals producerBadische Anilin- und Sodafabrik (BASF ) is founded inMannheim .April 9 – American Civil War:Confederate States Army GeneralRobert E. Lee surrenders toUnion Army GeneralUlysses S. Grant atAppomattox Court House , effectively ending the war.April 14 April 15 – President Lincoln dies early this morning from his gunshot wound, aged 56. Vice PresidentAndrew Johnson becomes the 17th President of the United States upon Lincoln's death and issworn in later that morning.April 18 – Confederate President Jefferson Davis and his entire cabinet arrive inCharlotte, North Carolina , with a contingent of 1,000 soldiers.April 21 – German chemicals producerBASF Mannheim , to theHemshof District ofLudwigshafen .April 26 April 27 May 1 – TheTreaty of the Triple Alliance ofArgentina ,Brazil , andUruguay againstParaguay is formally signed, following the outbreak of theParaguayan War .May 4 – American Civil War: Lieutenant GeneralRichard Taylor , commanding all Confederate forces inAlabama ,Mississippi , and easternLouisiana , surrenders his forces to Union GeneralEdward Canby atCitronelle, Alabama , effectively ending all Confederate resistance east of the Mississippi River.May 5 – In the United States:May 10 – American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is captured by the Union Army nearIrwinville, Georgia .May 12 – Electric equipment and mobile brandNokia founded inTampere ,Finland .May 12 –13 – American Civil War –Battle of Palmito Ranch : In far southTexas , more than a month after Confederate GeneralLee 's surrender, the last land battle of the civil war with casualties, ends with a Confederate victory.May 17 May 23 –Grand Review of the Armies : Union Army troops parade downPennsylvania Avenue (Washington, D.C.) to celebrate the end of the American Civil War.May 25 –Mobile magazine explosion : 300 are killed inMobile, Alabama , when an ordnance depot explodes.May 28 – TheMimosa Wales forPatagonia .[ 5] May 29 – American Civil War: President of the United StatesAndrew Johnson issues a proclamation of general amnesty for most citizens of the former Confederacy.July 2 :Salvation Army July 2 – The Christian Mission, later renamedThe Salvation Army , is founded inWhitechapel , London, byWilliam andCatherine Booth .July 4 –Lewis Carroll publishes his children's novelAlice's Adventures in Wonderland [ 7] [ 8] July 5 July 7 – FollowingAbraham Lincoln 's assassination onApril 14 , the four conspirators condemned to death during the trial arehanged , includingDavid Herold ,George Atzerodt ,Lewis Powell andMary Surratt . Her son,John Surratt , escapes execution by fleeing to Canada, and ultimately toEgypt .July 14 –First ascent of the Matterhorn : The summit of theMatterhorn in theAlps is reached for the first time, by a party of 7 led by theEnglishman Edward Whymper ; 4 die in a fall during the descent.July 14 :Matterhorn climbed.July 30 : SteamerBrother Jonathan November 6 –American Civil War : TheCSSShenandoah , last remnant of theConfederate States of America and its military, surrenders inLiverpool after fleeing westward from the Pacific.November 10 – CaptainHenry Wirz , Confederate superintendent ofAndersonville Prison (Camp Sumter) ishanged , becoming the second of two combatants, and only serving regular soldier, to beexecuted forwar crimes committed during theAmerican Civil War .November 11 –Duar War between Britain andBhutan ends with the Treaty of Sinchula, in which Bhutan cedes control of its southern passes to Britain in return for an annual subsidy.[ 7] November 17 –Chincha Islands War :Action of 17 November 1865 – A Spanish gunboat is captured by the Chilean tugboatIndependencia offTomé , in theBay of Concepción , Chile.November 26 – Chincha Islands War:Battle of Papudo – The Spanish shipCovadonga is captured by theChileans and thePeruvians , north ofValparaíso , Chile.December 11 – TheUnited States Congress creates theUnited States House Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on Banking and Commerce, reducing the tasks of theHouse Committee on Ways and Means .December 17 –Leopold II becomes King of the Belgians, following the death (on December 10) of his father, KingLeopold I .December 18 –Secretary of State William H. Seward declares theThirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ratified by three-quarters of the states, including those in secession. As ofDecember 6 , slavery is legally outlawed in the last two slave states of Kentucky and Delaware, and the remaining 45,000 slaves are freed.December 21 – TheKappa Alpha Order is founded atWashington College ,Lexington, Virginia .December 24 – Jonathan Shank and Barry Ownby form theKu Klux Klan in theAmerican South , to resistReconstruction and intimidatecarpetbaggers scalawags Francis Galton .January 5 –Julio Garavito Armero , Colombian astronomer (d.1920 )January 9 –Leo Ditrichstein , Austrian-born stage actor, playwright (d.1928 )January 19 –Valentin Serov , Russian portrait painter (d.1911 )January 20 –Yvette Guilbert , French cabaret singer, actress (d.1944 )January 27 –Nikolai Pokrovsky , Russian politician, last foreign minister of the Russian Empire (d.1930 )January 28 January 31 –Henri Desgrange , French cycling enthusiast, founder of theTour de France (d.1940 )February 4 –Ernest Hanbury Hankin , English bacteriologist, naturalist (d.1939 )February 9 – Beatrice Stella Tanner, laterMrs. Patrick Campbell , English theatre actress, producer (d.1940 )February 12 February 17 –Ernst Troeltsch , German theologian (d.1923 ).February 19 –Sven Hedin , Swedish scientist, explorer (d.1952 )February 21 –John Haden Badley , English author, educator (d.1967 )February 28 –Wilfred Grenfell , English medical missionary to Newfoundland and Labrador (d.1940 )Elma Danielsson March 1 –Elma Danielsson , Swedish socialist, journalist (d.1936 )March 10 –Tan Sitong , Chinese reformist leader (d.1898 )March 15 –Sui Sin Far , English-born writer (d.1914 )March 19 –William Morton Wheeler , American entomologist (d.1937 )March 30 –Heinrich Rubens , German physicist (d.1922 )April –Richard Rushall , British sea captain and businessman (d.1953 )April 1 –Richard Adolf Zsigmondy , Austrian-born chemist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1929 )April 2 –Gyorche Petrov , Macedonian and Bulgarian revolutionary (d.1921 )April 6 –Victory Bateman , American stage and screen actress (d.1926 )April 9 April 14 –Alfred Hoare Powell , English Arts and Crafts architect, and designer and painter of pottery (d.1960 )April 16 –Harry Chauvel , Australian Army general (d.1945 )[ 14] April 18 –Leónidas Plaza , 16th President of Ecuador (d.1932 )April 19 –Josephine Hall , American actress and soprano (d.1920 )April 26 –Akseli Gallen-Kallela , Finnish artist (d.1931 )[ 15] April 28 Pieter Zeeman KingGeorge V of the United Kingdom May 2 –Clyde Fitch , American dramatist (d.1909 )May 3 –Martha M. Simpson , Australian educationalist ((d.1948 )May 23 –Epitácio Pessoa , 11th President of Brazil (d.1942 )May 25 May 26 –Robert W. Chambers , American artist (d.1933 )June 2 –George Lohmann , English cricketer (d.1901 )June 3 –George V of the United Kingdom (d.1936 )June 9 June 13 –W. B. Yeats , Irish writer,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1939 )June 19 June 21 –Otto Frank , German physiologist (d.1944 )June 26 –Bernard Berenson , American art historian (d.1959 )June 27 –John Monash , Australian general (d.1931 )[ 16] June 29 –Shigechiyo Izumi , Japanese supercentenarian (d.1986 )Philipp Scheidemann Julia Marlowe July 1 –Granville Ryrie , Australian Army general, politician, and diplomat (d.1937 )[ 17] July 13 –Gérard Encausse , French occultist (d.1916 )July 15 –Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe , Irish-born British publisher; founder of theDaily Mail Daily Mirror 1922 )July 23 July 26 –Philipp Scheidemann , 11thChancellor of Germany (d.1939 )August 2 August 10 –Alexander Glazunov , Russian composer (d.1936 )August 15 –Usui Mikao , Japanese founder ofreiki (d.1926 )August 17 –Julia Marlowe , English-born American stage actress (d.1950 )August 20 –Bernard Tancred , South African cricketer (d.1911 )August 22 –Templar Saxe , British actor and singer (d.1935 )August 24 – KingFerdinand I of Romania (d.1927 )August 27 –James Henry Breasted , American Egyptologist (d.1935 )Charles W. Clark Hovhannes Abelian Warren G. Harding Jean Sibelius Rudyard Kipling October 1 –Paul Dukas , French composer (d.1935 )October 9 –Arthur Hayes-Sadler , British admiral (d.1952 )October 10 –Rafael Merry del Val , Spanish Roman Catholic Cardinal and Secretary of the Congregation of the Holy Office (d.1930 )October 12 –Arthur Harden , English chemist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1940 )October 15 –Charles W. Clark , American baritone (d.1925 )October 16 –Rudolph Lambart, 10th Earl of Cavan , British field marshal (d.1946 )October 17 –James Rudolph Garfield , U.S. politician (d.1950 )October 22 October 23 –Hovhannes Abelian , Armenian actor (d.1936 )October 26 –Benjamin Guggenheim , American businessman (d.1912 )October 27 –Tinsley Lindley , English footballer (d.1940 )November 2 –Warren G. Harding , 29thPresident of the United States (d.1923 )November 11 –Edwin Thanhouser , American actor, businessman, and film producer, founder of theThanhouser Company (d.1956 )December 8 December 12 –Edwyn Alexander-Sinclair , British admiral (d.1945 )December 16 –Olavo Bilac , Brazilian poet (d.1918 )December 19 –Minnie Maddern Fiske , American stage actress (d.1932 )December 20 –Elsie de Wolfe , American socialite, interior decorator (d.1950 )December 23 December 25 December 28 –Félix Vallotton , Swiss painter, printmaker (d.1925 )December 29 –Otis Harlan , American actor and comedian (d.1940 )December 30 –Rudyard Kipling , Indian-born English writer,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1936 )Abraham Lincoln John Wilkes Booth January 14 –Marie-Anne Libert , Belgian botanist (b.1782 )January 19 –Pierre-Joseph Proudhon , French philosopher, anarchist (b.1809 )January 28 –Felice Romani , Italian poet, librettist (b.1788 )February 6 –Isabella Beeton , British cook, household management expert (b.1836 )[ 20] March 1 –Anna Pavlovna of Russia , queen consort of the Netherlands (b.1795 )March 20 –Yamanami Keisuke , Japanese samurai (b.1833 )March 30 –Alexander Dukhnovich , Russian priest, writer and social activist (b.1803 April 1 April 2 –A. P. Hill , American Confederate general (b.1825 )April 13 –Achille Valenciennes , French zoologist (b.1794 )April 15 –Abraham Lincoln , 16thPresident of the United States (b.1809 )April 18 –Léon Jean Marie Dufour , French medical doctor, naturalist (b.1780 )April 24 –Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsarevich of Russia (b.1843 )April 26 –John Wilkes Booth , American actor, assassin of Abraham Lincoln (b.1838 )April 28 –Sir Samuel Cunard , Canadian businessman, founder of theCunard Line (b.1787 )May 5 –Ben Hall , Australian bushranger (b.1837 )May 10 –William Armstrong , American lawyer, civil servant, politician, and businessperson (b.1782 )[ 21] Paul Bogle Henry John Temple Leopold I of Belgium July –Dimitris Plapoutas , Greek military leader (b.1786 )July 6 –Princess Sophie of Sweden , Grand Duchess of Baden (b.1801 )July 7 – The Lincoln assassination conspirators (executed)July 25 –James Barry , British military surgeon (b.1795 )August 4 –Percival Drayton , United States Navy officer (b.1812 )August 12 –William Jackson Hooker , English botanist (b.1785 )August 13 –Ignaz Semmelweis , Hungarian physician (b.1818 )August 16 –Sir Frederick Stovin , British army general (b.1783 )August 27 –Thomas Chandler Haliburton , Canadian author (b.1796 )August 29 –Robert Remak , German embryologist, physiologist and neurologist (b.1815 )September 2 –William Rowan Hamilton , Irish mathematician (b.1805 )September 10 –Maria Silfvan , Finnish actor (b.1802 )September 25 –Andrés de Santa Cruz , Peruvian military officer, seventhPresident of Peru andPresident of Bolivia (b.1792 )October 16 –Andrés Bello , Venezuelan poet, lawmaker, teacher, philosopher and sociologist (b.1781 )October 18 –Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston ,Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b.1784 )October 24 –Paul Bogle ,Jamaican activist, Baptist deacon and leader of theMorant Bay rebellion . (executed) (b.1820 )November 10 –Henry Wirz , Swiss-born American Confederate military officer, prisoner-of-war camp commander (executed) (b.1823 )November 12 –Elizabeth Gaskell , British novelist, biographer (b.1810 )November 28 November 29 –Isaac A. Van Amburgh , American animal trainer (b.1811 )December 6 –Sebastián Iradier , Spanish composer (b.1809 )December 10 – KingLeopold I of Belgium (b.1790 )December 14 –Johan Georg Forchhammer , Danish geologist (b.1794 )December 17 –Luigi Ciacchi , Italian cardinal (b.1788 )^ "Kunnallinen itsehallinto 150 vuotta" [150 years of local self-government].Nopolanews (in Finnish). February 6, 2015. Archived fromthe original on February 24, 2015. RetrievedFebruary 6, 2024 .^ Moore, Randy (May 2001)."The "Rediscovery" of Mendel's Work" (PDF) .Bioscene .27 . Archived fromthe original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. RetrievedDecember 6, 2016 . ^ Coleman, Helen Turnbull Waite (1956).Banners in the Wilderness: The Early Years of Washington and Jefferson College 214 .OCLC 2191890 . RetrievedApril 28, 2011 . ^ "Elaphurus davidianus " .Ultimate Ungulate . 2004.Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. RetrievedMay 5, 2011 .^ Wilkinson, Susan (September 1998)."Welsh immigrants in Patagonia: Mimosa, the old ship that sailed into history" .Buenos Aires Herald . Archived fromthe original on March 5, 2007. RetrievedNovember 26, 2010 . ^ Galton, Francis (1865)."Hereditary talent and character" (PDF) .Macmillan's Magazine .12 :157– 166,318– 327. RetrievedDecember 6, 2016 . ^a b c Everett, Jason M., ed. (2006). "1865".The People's Chronology . Thomson Gale. ^a b Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992).The Chronology of British History . London: Century Ltd. p. 286.ISBN 0-7126-5616-2 ^ "Timeline of Our History" .www.secretservice.gov . RetrievedJuly 18, 2025 .^ Levine, Stephen (June 20, 2012)."Capital city – Wellington, capital city" .Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand Archived from the original on February 5, 2019. RetrievedMay 23, 2019 . ^ Cartmell, Donald (2001).The Civil War Book of Lists . Career Press. p. 104. ^ James Louis Garvin; Franklin Henry Hooper; Warren E. Cox (1929).The Encyclopædia Britannica: A New Survey of Universal Knowledge ^ Italian Navy website page dedicated to Enrico Millo, 2008 (in Italian).^ Hill, Alec (1979)." .Australian Dictionary of Biography Australian National University .ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7 ISSN 1833-7538 .OCLC 70677943 . RetrievedJanuary 11, 2010 . ^ O'Sullivan, James (April 26, 2015)."An artist's mark on the story of Finland (150th anniversary of Gallen-Kallela's birth)" .thisisFINLAND . RetrievedApril 26, 2022 . ^ Cecil Edwards "John Monash" (State Electricity Commission of Victoria, 1970), p. 5. ^ Serle, Percival (1949)."Ryrie, Granville" .Dictionary of Australian Biography Angus & Robertson . RetrievedNovember 1, 2008 .^ "Death Record Detail: James Munroe Canty" . West Virginia Archives and History, West Virginia Department of Arts, Culture and History. 2019.Archived from the original on August 2, 2020. RetrievedAugust 2, 2020 .^ Ahmadullah, Mufti (2016).Mashayekh-e-Chatgam . Vol. 1 (3 ed.). Dhaka: Ahmad Publishers. pp. 109– 136.ISBN 978-984-92106-4-1 ^ "Mrs Beeton" .BBC . RetrievedApril 22, 2021 .^ Munske, Roberta R.; Kerns, Wilmer L., eds. (2004).Hampshire County, West Virginia, 1754–2004 .Romney, West Virginia : The Hampshire County 250th Anniversary Committee. p. 46.ISBN 978-0-9715738-2-6 OCLC 55983178 . 
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