Calendar year
The world in 1852 February 25 : HMSBirkenhead sinks, killing 450 people but establishing the principle of "women and children first".1852 by topic Humanities By country Other topics Lists of leaders Birth and death categories Establishments and disestablishments categories Works category
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1852 .
1852 (MDCCCLII ) was aleap year starting on Thursday of theGregorian calendar and aleap year starting on Tuesday of theJulian calendar , the 1852nd year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini 2nd millennium , the 52nd year of the19th century , and the 3rd year of the1850s decade. As of the start of 1852, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
January 14 – PresidentLouis-Napoléon Bonaparte proclaims anew constitution for theFrench Second Republic .January 15 – Nine men representing various Jewishcharitable organizations come together to form what will becomeMount Sinai Hospital in New York City.January 17 – The United Kingdom recognizes the independence of theTransvaal .February 3 –Battle of Caseros ,Argentina : The Argentine provinces ofEntre Rios andCorrientes , allied withBrazil and members ofColorado Party of Uruguay, defeat Buenos Aires troops underJuan Manuel de Rosas .February 11 – The first British public toilet for women opens inBedford Street , London.February 14 – TheGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children, London, admits its first patient.February 15 – TheHelsinki Cathedral (known asSt. Nicholas' Church at time) is officially inaugurated inHelsinki ,Finland .[ 1] February 16 – TheStudebaker Brothers Wagon Company, precursor of the automobile manufacturer, is established inSouth Bend, Indiana .February 19 –Phi Kappa Psi fraternity is founded inCanonsburg, Pennsylvania , atJefferson College .February 25 –HMS Birkenhead sinks nearCape Town ,British Cape Colony . Only 193 of the 643 on board survive, after troops stand firm on the deck so as not to overwhelm thelifeboats containing women and children.March 1 –Archibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton , is appointedLord Lieutenant of Ireland .March 2 – The first American experimental steamfire engine is tested.[ 2] March 4 –Phi Mu sorority is founded in Macon, Georgia.March 17 –Annibale de Gasparis discovers the asteroidPsyche from the north dome of theAstronomical Observatory of Capodimonte inNaples .[ 3] March 18 –Henry Wells andWilliam Fargo createWells Fargo & Company .March 20 –Uncle Tom's Cabin Harriet Beecher Stowe , is published in book form inBoston , Massachusetts.October 7 – After learning that U.S. President Fillmore has sent CommodoreMatthew C. Perry to open trade with Japan,Nicholas I of Russia sends Rear AdmiralYevfimy Putyatin to lead thePallada on a similar mission (Putyatin arrives onAugust 21 ,1853 , one month after Perry).[ 6] October 16 – After nearly five years' imprisonment in France, former Algerian EmirAbdelkader El Djezairi is released by orders of then-presidentLouis-Napoléon Bonaparte .[ 7] October 23 – The conjecture of thefour color theorem is first proposed, as studentFrancis Guthrie ofUniversity College London presents the question of proving, mathematically, that no more than four colors are needed to give separate colors to bordering shapes on a map (the theorem is not proven for almost 123 years, until1976 ).[ 8] October 31 – General Joaquin Solares ofGuatemala leads an invasion of neighboringHonduras , beginning a war that lasts untilFebruary 13 ,1856 .[ 9] November –Leo Tolstoy 'sdebut novel Childhood Sovremennik November 2 –1852 United States presidential election :Democrat Franklin Pierce ofNew Hampshire defeatsWhig Winfield Scott ofVirginia .November 4 –Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour becomes thePiedmontese prime minister.November 11 – The newPalace of Westminster opens in London as the home of theParliament of the United Kingdom .November 21 –22 – TheNew French Empire is confirmed byplebiscite : 7,824,000for , 253,000against .November 23 – The first roadsidepillar boxes in the British Isles are brought into public use inSaint Helier , onJersey in theChannel Islands , at the suggestion of English novelistAnthony Trollope , at this time an official of the BritishGeneral Post Office .[ 10] November 26 – Amagnitude 7.5 to 8.8 earthquake strikes near the Banda Islands, Dutch East Indies, triggering a deadly tsunami.[ 11] December – TheWestern Railroad is chartered to build a railroad fromFayetteville ,North Carolina , to the coal fields ofEgypt , North Carolina.[ 12] December 2 –Napoleon III becomesEmperor of the French .[ 13] December 4 – The Frenchcapture Laghouat .December 23 –Taiping Rebellion : The Taiping army takesHanyang and begins the siege ofWuchang .December 29 –Taiping Rebellion : The Taiping army takesHankou .Thegrooved rail is developed byAlphonse Loubat .[ 14] TheDevil's Island penal colony opens in the colony ofFrench Guiana . Thesemaphore line in France is superseded by thetelegraph . Smith & Wesson is founded as a firearms manufacturer in the United States.InHawaii , sugar planters bring over the first Chinese laborers on 3- or 5-year contracts, giving them 3 dollars per month plus room and board for working a 12-hour day, 6 days a week. Germans are encouraged toimmigrate toChile . The BritishInman Line is the first to offer United States-bound migrants steerage passage in a steamer,SS City of Glasgow . Loyola College is chartered inBaltimore ,Maryland .Antioch College is founded inYellow Springs, Ohio (its first president is Horace Mann).Mills College is founded as the Young Ladies Seminary inBenicia, California .The French CatholicDe La Salle Brothers arrive from Europe inSingapore , aboardLa Julie , and sail up toPenang in theStraits Settlements , to found the firstLasallian educational institutions in Asia. Justin Perkins , an AmericanPresbyterian missionary, produces the first translation of theBible inAssyrian Neo-Aramaic , which is published with the parallel text of theSyriac Peshitta , by the American Bible Society.Elnora Monroe Babcock John Harvey Kellogg Friedrich Loeffler Antoni Gaudi Alice Liddell January 8 –James Milton Carroll , American Baptist pastor, leader, historian and author (d.1931 )January 11 –Constantin Fehrenbach ,Chancellor of Germany (d.1926 )January 18 –Augustin Boué de Lapeyrère , French admiral (d.1924 )January 20 –José Guadalupe Posada , Mexican political engraver and printmaker (d.1913 )January 26 –Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza , Italian-born explorer of Africa (d.1905 )February 5 –Terauchi Masatake , 9th Prime Minister of Japan (d.1919 )February 16 –Charles Taze Russell (Pastor Russell), American Protestant reformer, evangelist, forerunner ofJehovah's Witnesses (d.1916 )February 26 –John Harvey Kellogg , American Adventist doctor and health reformer (d.1943 )March 1 –Théophile Delcassé , French statesman (d.1923 )April 1 –Edwin Austin Abbey , American painter (d.1911 )April 3 –Talbot Baines Reed , English author (d.1893 )[ 15] April 13 –Frank Winfield Woolworth , American merchant, businessman (d.1919 )April 22 –William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (d.1912 )May 1 May 2 –Max von Gallwitz , German general (d.1937 )May 4 –Alice Pleasance Liddell , inspiration for the English children's classicAlice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll (d.1934 )[ 16] May 13 –Dashi-Dorzho Itigilov , BuryatBuddhist leader (d.1927 )May 14 May 22 –Moritz von Auffenberg , Austro-Hungarian general and politician (d.1928 )May 31 June 13 –Anna Whitlock , Swedish women's rights activist (d.1930 )June 24 –Victor Adler , Austrian politician (d.1918 )June 25 June 30 –Karl Petrovich Jessen , Russian admiral (d.1918 )Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff H. H. Asquith Eva Kinney Griffith Hermann Emil Fischer Emperor Meiji Ella Maria Ballou Yamamoto Gonnohyōe Henri Becquerel July 9 –Grigore C. Crăiniceanu , Romanian general and politician (d.1935 )July 12 –Hipólito Yrigoyen , 18thPresident of Argentina (d.1933 )July 15 –Josef Josephi , Polish-born singer and actor (d.1920 )July 20 July 31 –Charles Lanrezac , French general (d.1925 )August 4 August 23 –Clímaco Calderón , 15thPresident of Colombia (d.1913 )August 30 –Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff , Dutch chemist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1911 )September 6 –Schalk Willem Burger , Boer military leader, lawyer, politician, and statesman, actingPresident of the South African Republic (1900–1902) (d.1918 )September 8 –Gojong , 26th king of the Korean Joseon dynasty, first emperor of Korea (d.1919 )September 10 –Hans Niels Andersen , Danish businessman, founder of theEast Asiatic Company (d.1937 )September 12 –H. H. Asquith ,Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d.1928 )September 28 September 29 –Ijuin Gorō , Japanese admiral (d.1921 )September 30 –Charles Villiers Stanford , Irish composer, resident in England (d.1924 )Leonardo Torres Quevedo October 2 –William Ramsay , Scottish chemist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1916 )October 9 –Emil Fischer , German chemist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1919 )October 11 –Mary Isabella Macleod , North American pioneer (d.1933 )October 16 –Carl von In der Maur , Governor of Liechtenstein (d.1913 )October 17 –George Egerton , British admiral (d.1940 )November 1 –Eugene W. Chafin , American politician (d.1920 )November 3 –Emperor Meiji ofJapan (d.1912 )November 6 –Béni Grosschmid , Hungarian jurist and civil law scholar (d.1938 )[ 17] November 7 –Johan Ramstedt , 9th Prime Minister of Sweden (d.1935 )November 8 –Eva Kinney Griffith , American activist and writer (d.1918 )November 11 –Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf , Austro-Hungarian field marshal (d.1925 )November 15 –Ella Maria Ballou , American writer (d.1937 )November 22 –Paul Henri Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant , French diplomat, recipient of theNobel Peace Prize (d.1924 )November 26 –Yamamoto Gonnohyōe , 16th and 22ndPrime Minister of Japan , admiral in theImperial Japanese Navy (d.1933 )December 10 –Felix Graf von Bothmer , German general (d.1937 )December 15 December 19 –Albert A. Michelson , German-born physicist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1931 )December 21 –George Callaghan , British admiral (d.1920 )December 28 –Leonardo Torres Quevedo , Spanish engineer, one of pioneers ofcomputing and theradio control , inventor ofEl Ajedrecista (The Chess Player) (d.1936 )Emma Eliza Bower , American physician, club-woman, and newspaperwoman (d.1937 )Liu Buchan , Chinese admiral (d.1895 )Gef , supposed Indian-born Manx talking mongoose (presumed hoax of 1930s)Paavo Ruotsalainen Étienne Maurice Gérard Sara Coleridge January 1 –John George Children , British chemist, mineralogist and zoologist (b.1777 )January 6 –Louis Braille , French teacher of the blind, inventor ofbraille (b.1809 )January 27 –Paavo Ruotsalainen , Finnish farmer and lay preacher (b.1777 )[ 18] February 10 –Samuel Prout , English watercolour painter (b.1783 )[ 19] March 4 –Nikolai Gogol , Russian writer (b.1809 )March 22 –Auguste de Marmont , French general, nobleman and marshal (b.1774 )April 17 –Étienne Maurice Gérard , French general, statesman and marshal, 11thPrime Minister of France (b.1773 )May 3 –Sara Coleridge , British author and translator (b.1802 )[ 20] May 15 –Louisa Adams ,First Lady of the United States (b.1775 )June 7 –José Joaquín Estudillo , second Mexican alcalde of Yerba Buena (b.1800 )June 21 –Friedrich Fröbel , German pedagogue (b.1782 )June 29 –Henry Clay , American statesman (b.1777 )Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington Friedrich Ludwig Jahn Georg August Wallin Ada Lovelace July 20 –José Antonio Estudillo , early California settler (b.1805 )August –Táhirih , Iranian Baha'i theologian, poet and feminist (b.1814 )August 14 –Margaret Taylor ,First Lady of the United States (b.1788 )August 24 –Sarah Guppy , English inventor (b.1770 )September 4 –William MacGillivray , Scottish naturalist and ornithologist (b.1796 )September 8 –Anna Maria Walker , Scottish botanist (b.1778 )September 14 September 20 –Philander Chase , American founder of Kenyon College (b.1775 )October 7 –Sir Edward Troubridge, 2nd Baronet , British admiral (b. ca.1787 )October 13 –John Lloyd Stephens , American traveler, diplomat and Mayanist archaeologist (b.1805 )October 15 –Friedrich Ludwig Jahn , German gymnastics educator (b.1778 )October 23 –Georg August Wallin , Finnishorientalist , explorer and professor (b.1811 )[ 21] October 24 –Daniel Webster , American statesman (b.1782 )October 25 –John C. Clark , American politician (b.1793 )October 26 –Vincenzo Gioberti , Italian philosopher (b.1801 )[ 22] November 2 –Pyotr Kotlyarevsky , Russian military hero (b.1782 )November 10 –Gideon Mantell , English geologist, palaeontologist (b.1790 )November 17 –Adam Karl August von Eschenmayer , German philosopher (b.1768 )November 18 –John Andrew Shulze , American politician (b.1775 )November 27 –Augusta Ada King (née Byron), Countess of Lovelace , early English computer pioneer (b.1815 )November 29 –Nicolae Bălcescu , Wallachian revolutionary (b.1819 )November 30 –Junius Brutus Booth , English-born stage actor, father ofEdwin Booth andJohn Wilkes Booth (b.1796 )December 16 –Andries Hendrik Potgieter , Voortrekker leader (b.1792 )date unknown –Joanna Żubr , Polish soldier (b.1770 )Maktoum bin Butye , Chief of Dubai^ Ruuth, Martti (1952).Helsingin Suurkirkko satavuotias (in Finnish). Helsinki: Helsingin evankelis-luterilaisten seurakunta. p. 7. ^ King, William T. (1896).History of the American Steam Fire-Engine ^ Lick Observatory (1935).Publications of the Lick Observatory of the University of California ^ Sergeĭ Leonidovich Tikhvinskiĭ (1983).Modern History of China ^ "Quick history" . New Zealand Parliament. 2021-06-29. Retrieved2022-08-31 .^ Kimura, Hiroshi (2008).The Kurillian Knot: A History of Japanese-Russian Border Negotiations . California: Stanford University Press. p. 23. ^ Chateaux of the Loire . Casa Editrice Bonechi. 2007. p. 10.^ MacKenzie, Donald (2004).Mechanizing Proof: Computing, Risk, and Trust . Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. p. 103. ^ Scheina, Robert L. (2003).Latin America's Wars . Vol. I. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 1849. ^ Farrugia, Jean Young (1969).The Letter Box: A History of Post Office Pillar and Wall boxes . Fontwell: Centaur Press. p. 27.ISBN 0-90000014-7 ^ H. Ringer; J. P. Whitehead; J. Krometis; R. A. Harris; N. Glatt-Holtz; S. Giddens; C. Ashcraft; G. Carver; A. Robertson; M. Harward; J. Fullwood; K. Lightheart; R. Hilton; A. Avery; C. Kesler; M. Morrise; M. H. Klein (2021)."Methodological Reconstruction of Historical Seismic Events From Anecdotal Accounts of Destructive Tsunamis: A Case Study for the Great 1852 Banda Arc Mega-Thrust Earthquake and Tsunami" (PDF) .Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth .126 (4).arXiv :2009.14272 Bibcode :2021JGRB..12621107R .doi :10.1029/2020JB021107 .S2CID 222066748 .Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved19 June 2021 . ^ CommunicationSolutions/ISI, "Railroad — Western Railroad Company" ,North Carolina Business History , 2006, accessed 1 Feb 2010.^ "Napoleon III, Emperor of the French (1808-1873)" .napoleon.org . Retrieved2025-07-17 .^ James E. Vance (1990).Capturing the Horizon: The Historical Geography of Transportation Since the Sixteenth Century ISBN 978-0-8018-4012-8 ^ Morison, Stanley (1960).Talbot Baines Reed: Author, Bibliographer, Typefounder . Cambridge, England: Published by Stanley Morison: printed privately by the Cambridge University Press. pp. 1– 3. {{cite book }}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link )^ Anne Clark Amor (1982).The Real Alice: Lewis Carroll's Dream Child ISBN 978-0-8128-2870-2 ^ Szabó, Béla (2001)."Grosschmid, Béni" . In Michael Stolleis (ed.).Juristen: ein biographisches Lexikon; von der Antike bis zum 20. Jahrhundert (in German) (2nd ed.). München: Beck. p. 264.ISBN 3406-45957-9 ^ Paavo Ruotsalainen – Aholansaari (in Finnish)^ "Samuel Prout (1783-1852)" .artuk.org . Retrieved3 January 2017 .^ Paula R. Feldman (19 January 2001).British Women Poets of the Romantic Era: An Anthology ISBN 978-0-8018-6640-1 ^ WALLIN, Georg August (1811–1852) – Biografiskt lexikon för Finland (in Swedish)^ Samuel J. Rogal (1991).Calendar of Literary Facts: A Daily and Yearly Guide to Noteworthy Events in World Literature from 1450 to the Present ISBN 978-0-8103-2943-0 
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