This article is about the year 1848. For the film, see
1848 (film) .
Calendar year
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1848 .
1848 (MDCCCXLVIII ) was aleap year starting on Saturday of theGregorian calendar and aleap year starting on Thursday of theJulian calendar , the 1848th year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini 2nd millennium , the 48th year of the19th century , and the 9th year of the1840s decade. As of the start of 1848, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
1848 is historically famous for thewave of revolutions , a series of widespread struggles for moreliberal governments, which broke out from Brazil to Hungary; although most failed in their immediate aims, they significantly altered the political and philosophical landscape and had major ramifications throughout the rest of the century.
French Revolution of 1848: Republican riots force King
Louis-Philippe to abdicate
February 2 : TheTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is signed, ending theMexican–American War and ceding all theRepublic of Texas 's territorial claims to the United States for $15m.February 21 :Karl Marx publishesThe Communist Manifesto April 10 : "Monster Rally" ofChartists held onKennington Common in London; the first photograph of a crowd depicts it.January 3 –Joseph Jenkins Roberts is sworn in as the firstpresident of the independent AfricanRepublic of Liberia .January 12 –Sicilian revolution of 1848 : The Palermo rising erupts inSicily against theBourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies .January 24 –California Gold Rush :James W. Marshall findsgold atSutter's Mill , inColoma, California .January 31 – In the United States:February 2 February 17 –John Bird Sumner is nominated asArchbishop of Canterbury .February 21 –Karl Marx andFriedrich Engels publishThe Communist Manifesto Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei ) in London.February 23 –French Revolution of 1848 :François Guizot ,Prime Minister of France , resigns; 52 people from the Paris mob are killed by soldiers guarding public buildings.February 24 –Louis Philippe I , King of the French, abdicates in favour of his grandson,Prince Philippe, Count of Paris , and flees to England after days of revolution in Paris. TheFrench Second Republic is later proclaimed byAlphonse de Lamartine , in the name of the provisional government elected by the Chamber, under the pressure of the mob.March 2 – TheMarch Unrest breaks out in Sweden.March 4 –Carlo Alberto di Savoia signs theStatuto Albertino constitution of theRegno d'Italia March 7 –Comptoir national d'escompte de Paris , predecessor of European bankBNP Paribas , is founded by decree of theFrench Provisional Government .[ 1] March 11 –Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine andRobert Baldwin become the firstJoint Premiers of the Province of Canada to be democratically elected under a system ofresponsible government .March 13 – PrinceKlemens von Metternich gives up office asState Chancellor andForeign Minister of the Austrian Empire .March 15 –Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Hungarian young revolutionary intellectuals, led bySándor Petőfi ,Mór Jókai and others, called the Márciusi Ifjak (Young men of March) organize peaceful mass demonstrations in Pest, forcing the city's Habsburg authorities to accept the12 Points : the Hungarian claim for freedom andself-determination within theHabsburg Empire . On the same day,Lajos Kossuth and representatives of theDiet of Hungary go toVienna , and force the emperor and Hungarian kingFerdinand I of Austria to accept Hungarian claims for self-determination within the empire.March 18 March 22 – TheRepublic of San Marco comes into existence inVenice .March 23 – The settlement ofDunedin ,New Zealand is founded, with the arrival of settlers from Scotland on board theJohn Wickliffe March 24 – TheFirst Schleswig War (German:Schleswig-Holsteinischer Krieg , or Three Years' War (Danish:Treårskrigen )), a military conflict in southern Denmark and northern Germany rooted in theSchleswig-Holstein Question , contesting the issue of who should control the Duchies ofSchleswig andHolstein , begins.March 29 –Queen's College, London , founded, the world's first school to award academic qualifications to young women.April 3 – TheChicago Board of Trade is founded by 82Chicago merchants and business leaders.April 10 April 11 – The first Hungarian national government is formed, under the leadership ofLajos Batthyány . TheApril Laws , the first democratic revolutionary laws inHungary , are promulgated, putting an end to thefeudal privileges of the nobility andserfdom ; proclaiming thefreedom of religion ,freedom of the press and foundation of theHungarian National Bank ; and organising the first democraticelection in Hungary based in popular representation, a national guard and reunion ofTransylvania with Hungary. The Habsburg emperor, and Hungarian kingFerdinand I of Austria , ratify these laws, which form the basis of modern Hungary.April 18 – TheSecond Anglo-Sikh War breaks out in thePunjab .April 25 – CaptainFrancis Crozier and CommanderJames Fitzjames of theRoyal Navy deposit the final formal record ever recovered from theFranklin Expedition in a cairn onKing William Island , after deserting their ships, HMSErebus and HMSTerror , with their surviving 105 crew members on April 22 to attempt to march to the mainland of North America.April 27 – The second abolition of slavery in France and its colonies initiated byVictor Schœlcher .April 29 –Pope Pius IX publishes an allocution announcing his refusal to support Piedmont-Sardinia in its war with Austria, and dispelling hopes that he might serve as ruler of a pan-Italian republic. The allocution, by which Pius is seen to withdraw his moral support for theItalian unification movement, is a key first step in the soon-to-be crushing reaction against the revolutions of 1848.May 3 – The boar-crestedAnglo-Saxon Benty Grange helmet is discovered in abarrow on theBenty Grange farm inDerbyshire .May 13 – "Maamme ", thenational anthem of Finland written by German composerFredrik Pacius and Finnish poetJohan Ludvig Runeberg , was performed for the first time.May 15 May 18 – The 'Frankfurt Parliament ' (Nationalversammlung ), the first German National Assembly, opens inFrankfurt .May 19 – TheTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of February 2, ending theMexican–American War , is ratified by the Mexican government.May 29 –Wisconsin is admitted as the 30thU.S. state .[ 3] May 30 – ThePrudential Mutual Assurance Investment and Loan Association is established atHatton Garden in London (England) to provide loans to professional and working people, origin of the multinational lifeinsurance andfinancial services group.[ 4] June – TheSerbians fromVojvodina start a rebellion against the Hungarian government.June 2 –12 – ThePrague Slavic Congress brings together members of thePan-Slavism movement.June 17 – The Austrian army bombardsPrague , and crushes a working-class revolt.June 21 –Wallachian Revolution of 1848 : TheProclamation of Islaz is made public, and aRomanian revolutionary government led byIon Heliade Rădulescu andChristian Tell is created.June 22 – The French government dissolves thenational workshops in Paris, giving the workers the choice of joining the army or going to workshops in the provinces. The following day, theJune Days Uprising begins in response.June 24 –Anne Bronte published her final novel and her best-selling work,The Tenant of Wildfell Hall 25 June : Barricades at rue Saint-Maur in Paris just before the attack of the army.July 26 :Matale Rebellion begins inSri Lanka .September 12 : TheSwiss Confederation reconstitutes itself as afederal republic .July – ThePublic Health Act establishesBoards of Health acrossEngland and Wales , the nation's first public health law, giving cities broad authority to build modern sanitary systems.[ 5] July 3 – Governor-GeneralPeter von Scholten emancipates all remaining slaves in theDanish West Indies July 5 – The Hungarian national revolutionaryparliament starts to work.July 11 –Waterloo railway station in London opens.July 19 –Seneca Falls Convention : The 2-daywomen's rights convention opens inSeneca Falls, New York ; "Bloomers " are introduced.July 26 July 29 –Young Irelander Rebellion : A nationalist revolt inCounty Tipperary , against British rule, is put down by theIrish Constabulary .[ 5] August 6 –HMSDaedalus reports a sighting of a sea serpent.August 14 – American PresidentJames K. Polk annexes theOregon Country , and renames it theOregon Territory as part of the United States.August 17 – The IndependentRepublic of Yucatán officially unites with Mexico, in exchange for Mexican help in suppressing a revolt by the indigenousMaya population.August 19 –California Gold Rush : TheNew York Herald gold rush inCalifornia (although the rush started in January).August 24 – The U.S.barque Ocean Monarch Great Orme ,North Wales , with the loss of 178, chiefly emigrants.August 28 –Louisy Mathieu becomes the first black member to join theFrench Parliament , as a representative ofGuadeloupe .September 10 – The Austrian commanderKarl von Urban makes the first stand against the Revolution in Hungary, assembling in his headquarters in Năsăud hundreds of delegates from all districts of thePrincipality of Transylvania . As a result, 918 communities in the region distance themselves from the Revolution.September 11 – TheCroatian army ofJosip Jelačić , encouraged in secret by theHabsburg government, crosses theDrava River and attacks Hungary, with the goal of ending the revolution in that country.September 12 – One of the successes of theRevolutions of 1848 , theSwiss Federal Constitution , patterned on theConstitution of the United States , enters into force, creating afederal republic , and one of the first moderndemocratic states in Europe.September 13 –Vermont railroad workerPhineas Gage survives a 3-foot-plus iron rod being driven through his head.September 16 –William Cranch Bond andWilliam Lassell discoverHyperion ,Saturn 'smoon .September 25 – The Hungarian king andHabsburg emperorFerdinand V refuses to recognise theHungarian government , led byLajos Batthyány . The Batthyány government resigns and the National Defence Committee is formed, which is a temporary crisis government, totally independent from Vienna, under the leadership ofLajos Kossuth .September 26 – TheUniversity of Ottawa is founded in Canada as the College of Bytown, a Roman Catholic institution.September 29 –Battle of Pákozd : The Hungarian revolutionary army, led by János Móga, defeats theCroatian army ofJosip Jelačić , forcing him to retreat towardsVienna .September 24 : a huge panorama ofCincinnati is shot. It is the widest of its era and the most old of all the North American panoramas.October 2 – The National Defence Committee (Országos Honvédelmi Bizottmány ), led byLajos Kossuth , becomes the executive power in Hungary, after the resignation of theLajos Batthyány government.October 3 – General Anton Puchner, commander of the Austrian armies ofTransylvania , declares insurrection against Hungary, and, together withKarl von Urban in the north and theRomanian insurgents led byAvram Iancu , attacks and chases away the Hungarian armed forces occupying Transylvania.October 18 –Elizabeth Gaskell 's first novel,Mary Barton : A Tale of Manchester LifeOctober 24 –Romanian bands massacre 640 Hungarian civilians at the town ofZlatna ,Transylvania .[ 6] continues into 1849 .[ 7] [ 8] October 28 – InCatalonia , Spain, theBarcelona –Mataró railroad route (the first to be constructed in theIberian Peninsula ) is inaugurated.October 30 –Battle of Schwechat : Hungarian forces which crossed the Austrian border, in order to unite with the Viennese revolutionaries, are defeated by the imperial army, led byAlfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz andJosip Jelačić .October 31 –Vienna is occupied by the imperial forces led byAlfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz , who crushes therevolution here.November 1 – InBoston ,Massachusetts , the firstmedical school for women, the Boston Female Medical School (which later merges withBoston University School of Medicine ), opens.November 3 – A newConstitution of the Netherlands (drafted byJohan Rudolph Thorbecke ), severely limiting the power of themonarchy and introducingrepresentative democracy , is proclaimed.November 4 – France ratifies a new constitution. TheFrench Second Republic is set up, ending the state of temporary government.November 7 –1848 United States presidential election :Whig Zachary Taylor ofLouisiana defeatsDemocrat Lewis Cass ofMichigan , in the firstU.S. presidential election held in every state on the same day.November 13 – At theBattle of Gherla , the Austrian commanderKarl von Urban wins a victory with his force of 3.000 against the 12.000-strong Hungarian Revolutionary Army led byManó Baldacci , the Hungarian commander-in-chief in Transylvania.November 17 –Karl von Urban liberatesKlausenburg (Cluj-Napoca/Kolozsvár) , the capital of the Principality of Transylvania, during the Hungarian Revolutionary War.November 24 December 2 – EmperorFerdinand I of Austria abdicates in favor of his nephew,Franz Joseph , who will serve asEmperor of Austria andKing of Hungary andBohemia , until his death in1916 .December 6 – The Austrian imperial army, led byFranz Schlik , attacks Hungary.December 10 – PrinceLouis-Napoléon Bonaparte is elected first president of theFrench Second Republic .December 16 – The main Austrian imperial forces, led byAlfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz , cross the Hungarian border.December 18 –Punta Arenas , the first major settlement in theStrait of Magellan , is founded.December 20 December 25 – Hungarian forces, led byJózef Bem , enterKolozsvár (Cluj), after defeating the Austrian armies in northernTransylvania .December 30 –Battle of Mór : The imperial army, led byJosip Jelačić , defeats the Hungarian army, led byMór Perczel .Wyatt Earp Otto Lilienthal Paul Gauguin January 4 –Katsura Tarō , 6th prime minister of Japan (d.1913 )January 6 –Hristo Botev , Bulgarian revolutionary (d.1876 )January 21 –Henri Duparc , French composer (d.1933 )January 24 –Vasily Surikov , Russian painter (d.1916 )January 27 –Tōgō Heihachirō , Japanese admiral (d.1934 )February 5 February 13 –Hermann von Eichhorn , German field marshal (d.1918 )February 14 –Benjamin Baillaud , French astronomer (d.1934 )February 16 February 18 –Louis Comfort Tiffany , American glass artist (d.1933 )February 24 February 25 – KingWilliam II of Württemberg (d. 1921)February 27 –Sir Hubert Parry , English composer (d.1918 )March 3 –Adelaide Neilson , English actress (d.1880 )March 17 –Ernesta Forti , Italiananarchist and dairy worker[ 12] March 18 –Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll , daughter of Queen Victoria (d.1939 )March 19 –Wyatt Earp , American lawman and gunfighter (d.1929 )March 21 – David McNair, Scottish plasterer and amateur footballer (Falkirk F.C.) (d.1935 )March 29 –Aleksey Kuropatkin , Russian general, Imperial Russian Minister of War (d.1925 )March 31 –William Waldorf Astor , American-born British financier and statesman (d.1919 )April 3 –Arturo Prat , Chilean lawyer and navy officer (d.1879 )April 7 –Randall Davidson , BritishArchbishop of Canterbury (d.1930 )April 10 –Hubertine Auclert , French feminist (d.1914 )April 27 – KingOtto of Bavaria (d.1916 )May 3 –Francisco Teixeira de Queiroz , Portuguese writer (d.1919 )May 10 –Sir Thomas Lipton , Scottish retailer and yachtsman (d.1931 )May 20 –Howard Vernon , Australian actor (d.1921 )May 23 May 25 June 7 June 13 –Cornélie Huygens , Dutch writer, social democrat and feminist (d.1902 )June 15 –Sol Smith Russell , American stage comedian (d.1902 )June 19 –Mary R. Platt Hatch , American author (d.1935 )Susie Taylor July 3 –Lothar von Trotha , German military commander (d.1920 )July 6 –Gábor Baross , Hungarian statesman (d.1892 )July 7 –Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves , 5th president of Brazil (d.1919 )July 9 –Robert I, Duke of Parma , last ruling Duke of Parma (d.1907 )July 10 –Anatoly Stessel , Russian baron and general (d.1915 )July 15 –Vilfredo Pareto , Italian economist (d.1923 )July 18 –W. G. Grace , English cricketer (d.1915 )July 22 July 25 –Arthur Balfour ,Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d.1930 )July 31 –Jean-Baptiste Olive , French painter (d.1936 )August 6 –Susie Taylor , African American nurse and first nurse in theBlack Army (d.1912 )August 15 –António Enes , Portuguese writer and politician (d.1901 )August 19 –Gustave Caillebotte , French painter (d.1894 )August 24 –Kate Claxton , American actress (d.1924 )August 30 –Gheorghe Bengescu , Romanian diplomat and man of letters (d.1922 )September 3 September 4 –Lewis Howard Latimer , African-American inventor (d.1928 )September 8 –Viktor Meyer , German chemist (d.1897 )September 20 –Friedrich Soennecken , German entrepreneur, inventor of the hole punch and ringbinder (d.1919 )October 3 –Henry Lerolle , French painter (d.1929 )October 5 –Liborius Ritter von Frank , Austro-Hungarian general (d.1935 )October 15 –Harmon Northrop Morse , American chemist (d.1920 )November 8 –Gottlob Frege , German logician (d.1925 )November 11 –Zinovy Rozhestvensky , Russian admiral (d.1909 )November 12 –Eduard Müller ,member of the Swiss Federal Council (d.1919 )November 13 –Albert I, Prince of Monaco (d.1922 )November 14 –Sándor Wekerle , 3-time prime minister of Hungary (d.1921 )November 20 –James M. Spangler , American inventor (d.1915 )November 24 –Zhang Peilun , Chinese naval commander and government official (d.1903 )November 25 –Margaret Abigail Cleaves , American physician and writer (d.1917 )November 27 –Maximilian von Prittwitz , German general (d.1917 )November 29 –Paul Pau , French general (d.1932 )December 6 –Johann Palisa , Austrian astronomer (d.1925 )December 17 –William Wynn Westcott , British freemason (d.1925 )Christian VIII. of Denmark Annette von Droste-Hülshoff January 9 –Caroline Herschel , German astronomer (b.1750 )January 17 –Petrobey Mavromichalis , Prime Minister of Greece (b.1765 )January 19 –Isaac D'Israeli , English author (b.1766 )January 20 –Christian VIII , King of Denmark (b.1786 )February 15 –Hermann von Boyen , Prussian field marshal (b.1771 )February 22 –Wilhelmine Reichard , first German woman balloonist (b.1788 )February 23 –John Quincy Adams , 6thPresident of the United States , son ofJohn Adams andAbigail Adams (b.1767 )March 29 –John Jacob Astor , American businessman (b.1763 )April 8 –Gaetano Donizetti , Italian composer (b.1797 )April 10 –Godert van der Capellen , Dutch colonial governor (b.1778 )May 24 –Annette von Droste-Hülshoff , German writer (b.1797 )June 11 –Parashuramrao Shrinivas I (b.1777 )June 23 –Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria-Este (b.1776 )June 27 –Denis Auguste Affre , Archbishop of Paris (b.1793 )George Stephenson July 4 –François-René de Chateaubriand , French writer, diplomat (b.1768 )July 9 –Jaime Balmes , Spanish philosopher, theologian (b.1810 )July 10 –Karoline Jagemann , German actor (b. 1777)July 20 –Francis R. Shunk , American politician (b.1788 )August 3 –Edward Baines , British newspaperman, politician (b.1774 )August 5 –Pedro Vélez , Mexican politician (b.1787 )August 7 –Jöns Jacob Berzelius , Swedish chemist (b.1779 )August 8 –Puran Appu , Sri Lankan hero who led theMatale rebellion against the British (b.1812 )August 9 –Frederick Marryat , British novelist (b.1792 )August 12 –George Stephenson , English locomotive pioneer (Locomotion No. 1 Rocket 1781 )August 14 –Sarah Fuller Flower Adams , English hymnwriter (b.1805 )August 30 –Simon Willard , celebrated American horologist (b.1753 )September 24 –Branwell Brontë , English painter, poet, brother of novelists Charlotte, Emily and Anne (b.1817 )October 28 –Harrison Gray Otis , American politician (b.1765 )November 8 –Moseley Baker , American politician (b.1802 )November 9 –Robert Blum , German politician (b.1810 )November 10 –Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt , military leader (b.1789 )November 23 –Sir John Barrow , English statesman (b.1764 )November 24 –William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne ,Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b.1779 )December 1 –Kyokutei Bakin , Japanese author (b.1767 )December 18 –Bernard Bolzano , Bohemian mathematician, logician, philosopher and theologian (b.1781 )December 19 –Emily Brontë , English author (b.1818 )[ 13] ^ Stoskopf, Nicolas (2002)."La fondation du comptoir national d'escompte de Paris, banque révolutionnaire (1848)" .Histoire, Économie et Société .21 (3):395– 411.doi :10.3406/hes.2002.2310 . RetrievedJune 15, 2012 . ^ Stoica, Vasile (1919).The Roumanian Question: The Roumanians and their Lands ^ "Territorial Era: 1787-1848 | Short History of Wisconsin" .Wisconsin Historical Society . February 6, 2013. RetrievedJuly 17, 2025 .^ "Timeline 1826–1901" . Prudential plc. Archived fromthe original on August 13, 2010. RetrievedAugust 30, 2010 .^a b Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992).The Chronology of British History . London: Century Ltd. pp. 269– 270.ISBN 0-7126-5616-2 ^ Magyar Nemzet:Fejőszék Százhatvan éve irtották ki Nagyenyedet a román felkelők. Archived February 1, 2011, at theWayback Machine ^ Hermann, Róbert (n.d.). Ildikó Laszák (ed.)."Etnikai polgárháború Erdélyben 1848-1849-ben" [Ethnic civil war in Transylvania in 1848-1849] (in Hungarian). Társadalmi Konfliktusok Kutatóközpont. RetrievedAugust 17, 2024 . ^ Egyed Ákos: Erdély 1848–1849 (Transylvania in 1848–1849). Pallas Akadémia Könyvkiadó, Csíkszereda 2010. p. 517 (Hungarian)"Végeredményben úgy látjuk, hogy a háborúskodások során és a polgárháborúban Erdély polgári népességéből körülbelül 14 000–15 000 személy pusztulhatott el; nemzetiségük szerint: mintegy 7500–8500 magyar, 4400–6000 román, s körülbelül 500 lehetett a szász, zsidó, örmény lakosság vesztesége." ^ "History" .english .^ Yaran, Mary Clingerman (July 11, 2017)."University of Mississippi" .Mississippi Encyclopedia . Center for Study of Southern Culture. Archived fromthe original on August 13, 2020. RetrievedAugust 13, 2024 . ^ Conklin, David W. (2006).Cases in the Environment of Business: International Perspectives ISBN 978-1-4129-1436-9 ^ Dupuy, Rolf;Enckell, Marianne ; Petit, Dominique."FORTI Ernesta (ou Madeleine) [épouse SICARD, dite femme Constant MARTIN]" .Le Maitron (in French). RetrievedOctober 8, 2025 . ^ "Emily Bronte | Biography, Works, & Facts" .Encyclopedia Britannica . RetrievedApril 17, 2019 .
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