Calendar year
March 25 : TheThames Tunnel , a pedestrian crossing underneath the River Thames in London, is opened to the public.1843 by topic Humanities By country Other topics Lists of leaders Birth and death categories Establishments and disestablishments categories Works category
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1843 .
1843 (MDCCCXLIII ) was acommon year starting on Sunday of theGregorian calendar and acommon year starting on Friday of theJulian calendar , the 1843rd year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini 2nd millennium , the 43rd year of the19th century , and the 4th year of the1840s decade. As of the start of 1843, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
January 3 – TheIllustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms Hǎiguó Túzhì ) compiled byWei Yuan and others, the first significant Chinese work on the West, is published in China.[ 1] [ 2] January 6 –Antarctic explorerJames Clark Ross discoversSnow Hill Island .January 20 –Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná is appointed by the Emperor, Dom Pedro, as the leader of the Brazilian Council of Ministers, although the office ofPrime Minister of Brazil will not be officially created until 1847.January February 3 –Uruguayan Civil War :Argentina supportsOribe ofUruguay , and begins asiege of Montevideo .February 6 – TheVirginia Minstrels perform the firstminstrel show , at theBowery Amphitheatre in New York City.February 8 – The1843 Guadeloupe Earthquake hits the Caribbean island ofGuadeloupe , killing 1,500–5,000 people.[ 3] February 11 –Giuseppe Verdi 's operaI Lombardi alla prima crociata La Scala inMilan .February 14 – The event that will inspire The Beatles' 1967 song "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite! " is held in England.February 25 –Paulet Affair :Lord George Paulet occupies theKingdom of Hawaii in the name of Great Britain.February – Shaikh Ali bin Khalifa Al-Khalifa captures the fort and town ofRiffa after the rival branch of the family fails to gain control of the Riffa Fort and flees to Manama. Shaikh Mohamed bin Ahmed is killed at the battle, called the Battle of Hunayniya.March 8 – The Danish government re-establishes theAlthing inIceland as an advisory body, by royal decree.March 11 –14 –Eta Carinae second-brightest star .March 13 –Catawba County, North Carolina is created, and its first court is held in Mathias Barringer Jr.'s house.March 15 –Victoria, British Columbia , is founded by the Hudson's Bay Company as a trading post and fort.March 16 – The city ofPetrópolis is founded by the government ofBrazil .[ 4] March 21 – The world does not end, contrary to the first prediction by American preacherWilliam Miller .March 24 –Battle of Hyderabad : TheBombay Army , led byMajor General Sir Charles Napier , defeats theTalpur Mirs , securingSindh as aprovince of British India .March 25 –Marc Isambard Brunel 'sThames Tunnel , the first tunnel under theRiver Thames and the world's first bored underwater tunnel, is opened in London for pedestrians.[ 5] April 7 – TheIndian Slavery Act, 1843 removes legal support for slavery within the territories of the East India CompanyApril 16 or17 – A group of 24West Indian Moravians fromJamaica andAntigua , recruited by theDanish minister andBasel missionary ,Andreas Riis , arrive in Christiansborg (Osu ),Gold Coast , nowGhana , to set up schools and Presbyterian churches in the country.May 4 –Natal is proclaimed a British colony.May 18 – In Edinburgh, theFree Church of Scotland isdisrupted from theChurch of Scotland .May 22 – The first majorwagon train headed for the American Northwest sets out with 1,000 pioneers fromElm Grove, Missouri , on theOregon Trail .May 23 –Chile takes possession of theStrait of Magellan .June 6 – InBarbados ,Samuel Jackman Prescod is the first non-white person elected to the House of Assembly.June 17 – InNew Zealand , a posse of British settlers sent to arrestMāori chiefTe Rauparaha clash with members of hisNgāti Toa tribe, resulting in 26 deaths.June 21 –Edgar Allan Poe 's short story "The Gold-Bug " begins serialization in American newspapers.July 19 :SS Great Britain launchAugust 15 : TheTivoli Gardens open in Denmark.August 15 –Tivoli Gardens , one of the oldestamusement parks in the world still intact, opens inCopenhagen , Denmark.September –Ada Lovelace translates and expandsMenabrea 's notes onCharles Babbage 'sAnalytical Engine , including analgorithm for calculating a sequence ofBernoulli numbers , regarded as the world's firstcomputer program .[ 7] [ 8] [ 9] September 2 –The Economist August ).September 4 – Emperor DomPedro II of Brazil marries DonaTeresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies , in a state ceremony inRio de Janeiro Cathedral .September 15 (Sept. 3, O.S.) – APopular uprising inAthens , Greece, including citizens and military captains, demands fromKing Otto a liberalConstitution from the state, which has been governed since independence (1830 ) by various domestic and foreign business interests.September 21 – The crew ofschoonerAncud , includingJohn Williams Wilson ,takes possession of theStrait of Magellan on behalf of the Chilean government.[ 10] [ 11] October 3 –Elling Eielsen is ordained as the first Norwegian Lutheran minister in the United States.[ 12] October 16 October 30 –Fuerte Bulnes , the first Chilean settlement in thestrait of Magellan , is founded.November 17 – The city ofShanghai opens for trade with foreigners for the first time, welcoming a party of traders from the United Kingdom.[ 14] [ 15] November 25 –Mount Etna erupts inItaly , and kills 69 people in the village ofBronte .[ 16] [ 17] November 28 – Hawaii is recognized as an independent nation by the United Kingdom and France. The holiday is celebrated annually asLa Ku'oko'a (Independence Day).December 9 –Bishop's University is founded as Bishop's College by BishopGeorge Jehoshaphat Mountain inLennoxville, Quebec , for the education of members of theChurch of England .December 13 –Basutoland becomes a British protectorate.[ 18] December 19 –Charles Dickens 's novellaA Christmas Carol December 19 , it sells out by Christmas Eve.[ 19] December 21 – The first total solar eclipse ofSaros 139 occurs over southern Asia.December – The world's firstChristmas cards , commissioned by SirHenry Cole in London from the artistJohn Callcott Horsley , are sent.[ 20] Bertha von Suttner January 1 –Nikolai Lodyzhensky , Russian composer (d.1916 )January 3 –Elzéar Abeille de Perrin , French entomologist (d.1910 )January 5 –Victor Brooke ,Anglo-Irish naturalist and baronet (d.1891 )January 8 January 9 –Darius D. Hare , U.S. representative fromOhio (d.1897 )January 10 January 11 –Adolf Eberle , German painter (d.1914 )January 13 –David Ferrier , Scottish neurologist (d.1928 )January 17 –Anton Thraen , German astronomer (d.1902 )January 18 –Fernand Pelez , French painter (d.1913 )January 20 –Paul Cambon , French diplomat (d.1924 )January 21 –Émile Levassor , French engineer (d.1897 )January 22 –Friedrich Blass , German scholar (d.1907 )January 25 –Hermann Schwarz , German mathematician (d.1921 )January 26 –Erdmann Encke , German sculptor (d.1896 )January 28 –Mihkel Veske , Estonian poet (d.1891 )January 29 February 1 –John Isaac Thornycroft , English shipbuilder (d.1928 )February 3 –William Cornelius Van Horne , American entrepreneur (d.1915 )February 9 February 10 –Philippe Alexandre Jules Künckel d'Herculais , French entomologist and zoologist (d.1918 )February 13 –Georg von Rosen , Swedish painter (d.1923 )February 14 –Louis Diémer , French pianist (d.1919 )February 16 –Henry M. Leland , American machinist, inventor, engineer and automotive entrepreneur (d.1932 )February 17 –Aaron Montgomery Ward , American department store founder (d.1913 )February 19 –Adelina Patti , Spanish opera singer (d.1919 )February 20 –Theodor Höijer , Finnish architect (d.1910 )February 22 –Rudolf Montecuccoli , Austro-Hungarian admiral (d.1922 )February 24 –Teófilo Braga , Portuguese writer, playwright and politician (d.1924 )[ 23] February 25 –Karl Gussow , German painter (d.1907 )February 28 –Đorđe Simić , Serbian politician (d.1921 )March 2 –Princess Maria Clotilde of Savoy daughter ofVictor Emmanuel II of Italy , (d.1911 )March 3 March 4 –John Barr , Canadian physician and politician (d.1909 March 6 –Arthur Napoleão dos Santos , Portuguese composer (d.1925 )March 7 March 8 –Arthur Brown , U.S. senator fromUtah (d.1906 )March 9 –Abraham Abraham , American businessman (d.1911 )March 10 –James D. Richardson , American politician (d.1914 )March 11 –Harald Høffding , Danish philosopher and theologian (d.1931 )March 12 –Ludwig Dahn , German actor (d.1898 )March 14 –Léon Dehon , FrenchRoman Catholic priest, founder ofPriests of the Sacred Heart (d.1925 )March 15 –Arichi Shinanojō , Japanese admiral (d.1919 )March 16 –Louis Gregh , French composer (d.1915 )March 17 –Henry Ware Lawton , American general (d.1899 )March 18 –Jules Vandenpeereboom , Belgian politician (d.1917 )March 22 –Hiram Y. Smith , American politician (d.1894 )March 23 –Joseph F. Johnston , American politician (d.1913 )March 24 –James A. Mount , 24th governor ofIndiana (d.1901 )March 26 –Johann Sioly , Austrian composer (d.1911 )March 27 –George Frederick Leycester Marshall , English naturalist (d.1934 )March 28 –Hippolyte Berteaux , French painter (d.1926 )March 31 –Bernhard Förster , German teacher (d.1889 )April 1 April 2 –Karl Koester , German pathologist (d.1904 )April 3 –Knut Ekwall , Swedish painter (d.1912 )April 4 –William Henry Jackson , American explorer and photographer (d.1942 )April 7 April 8 –Asger Hamerik , Danish composer (d.1923 )April 9 –Samuel W. Pennypacker , American politician and 23rd governor of Pennsylvania (d.1916 )April 11 –Johannes Minckwitz , German chess player (d.1901 )April 13 –Thomas Pennington Lucas , Scottish-bornAustralian medical practitioner, naturalist, author, philosopher and utopianist (d.1917 )April 14 –Gustave Huberti , Flemish composer (d.1910 )April 15 –Henry James , American novelist (d.1916 )[ 25] April 17 –Camillo Sitte , Austrian architect (d.1903 )April 18 –Josiah Wood , Canadian lawyer, entrepreneur, mayor, parliamentarian, and the 13th Lieutenant Governor of the province of New Brunswick (d.1927 )April 21 –Walther Flemming , German biologist (d.1905 )April 22 –George I. Alden , American mechanical engineer and academic innovator (d.1926 )April 25 –Princess Alice of the United Kingdom , third child ofQueen Victoria (d.1878 )April 29 –Pedro Américo , Brazilian novelist, poet, scientist, art theorist, essayist, philosopher, politician and professor (d.1905 )April 30 –Edward Colborne Baber , English orientalist (d.1890 )May 2 –Karl Michael Ziehrer , Austrian composer (d.1922 )May 3 –William Lyne Wilson , American politician (d.1900 )May 4 –Eugène Revillout , French Egyptologist (d.1913 )May 5 –William George Beers , Canadian dentist (d.1900 )May 6 –Grove Karl Gilbert , American geologist (d.1918 )May 7 –Léon Melchissédec , French baritone (d.1925 )May 8 –Rudolf Mosse , German publisher (d.1920 )May 9 –Anton von Werner , German painter (d.1915 )May 10 –Benito Pérez Galdós , Spanish novelist (d.1920 )[ 26] May 13 –Paul de Smet de Naeyer , Belgian politician (d.1913 )May 15 –Georges Hartmann , French music publisher and dramatist (d.1900 )May 16 –Charles Wynn-Carington, 1st Marquess of Lincolnshire , English politician (d.1928 )May 19 –Axel Gudbrand Blytt , Norwegian botanist and geologist (d.1898 )May 20 –Itō Sukeyuki , Japanese admiral (d.1914 )May 21 May 22 –Adolf Aron Baginsky , German professor of diseases (d.1918 )May 23 –Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev , Russian admiral and politician (d.1917 )May 25 –Paul Scheffer-Boichorst , German historian (d.1902 )May 27 –Prince Paul of Thurn and Taxis , son of Maximilian Karl, 6th Prince of Thurn and Taxis (d.1879 )May 28 –Joyce Emmerson Preston Muddock , British journalist (d.1934 )May 29 May 30 –Louis Boehmer ,German-American agronomist (d.1896 )May 31 –Fredrikke Marie Qvam , Norwegian humanitarian leader, feminist and liberal politician (d.1938 )June 1 June 3 – KingFrederik VIII of Denmark (d.1912 )June 4 –Charles Conrad Abbott , German archaeologist (d.1919 )June 5 –Samuel Garman , American zoologist (d.1927 )June 7 –Susan Blow , American educator (d.1916 )June 8 –Kálmán Széll , 13th Prime Minister of Hungary (d.1915 )June 9 June 10 –Heinrich von Herzogenberg , Austrian composer (d.1900 )June 11 –Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral , Portuguese naval commander and politician (d.1923 )June 12 –David Gill , Scottish astronomer (d.1914 )June 13 –Adolf Neuendorff ,German American composer (d.1897 )June 14 –Richard Otto Zöpffel ,Baltic German church historian and theologian (d.1891 )June 15 –Edvard Grieg , Norwegian composer (d.1907 )June 16 –David Popper , Bohemian cellist and composer (d.1913 )June 18 –René Pénicaud , French politician (d.1899 )June 19 –Charles-Édouard Lefebvre , French composer (d.1917 )June 23 –Otto Kuntze , German botanist (d.1907 )June 24 –Andreas Ascharin ,Baltic-German chessmaster (d.1896 )June 25 –Prince Frederick of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen , Member of the Hohenzollern Sigmaringen family (d.1904 )June 28 –Julius Runge , German landscape artist (d.1922 )June 30 – SirErnest Satow , British diplomat, scholar (d.1928 )Camillo Golgi Robert Koch Lydia Koidula QueenElisabeth of Wied August –Joseph Abbott , Australian wool-broker and politician (d.1903 )[ 28] August 1 –Robert Todd Lincoln , American politician, businessman, first son of U.S. PresidentAbraham Lincoln (d.1926 )August 4 –Florimond Van Duyse , Belgian lawyer, composer and musicologist (d.1910 )August 5 –James Scott Skinner , Scottish violinist and composer (d.1927 )August 7 –Charles Warren Stoddard , American author (d.1909 )August 8 –Alfred Duclos DeCelles , Canadian journalist (d.1925 )August 9 –Adolf Mayer ,German agricultural chemist (d.1942 )August 10 –Joseph McKenna , American politician,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d.1926 )August 11 –Louis Gathmann ,German American inventor (d.1917 )August 12 –Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz , Prussian field marshal (d.1916 )August 15 –Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major , Scottish-born Swiss physician (d.1923 )August 17 –Mariano Rampolla , ItalianRoman Catholic cardinal (d.1913 )August 18 –Moritz Brasch , German philosopher (d.1895 )August 19 –C. I. Scofield , American theologian (d.1921 )August 20 –Christina Nilsson , Swedish operatic soprano (d.1921 )August 21 –Marion McCarrell Scott , American educator (d.1922 )August 22 –John M. Thome , American astronomer (d.1908 )August 23 –William Southam , Canadian newspaper publisher (d.1932 )August 24 –Ernst Wülcker , German archivist and lexicographer (d.1895 )August 26 –Victor Gardthausen , German ancient historian (d.1925 )August 27 –Wilhelm Wisser , German dialectologist (d.1935 )August 28 –August Sedláček , Czech historian (d.1926 )August 29 –Alfred Agache , French painter (d.1915 )August 30 –Carl Theodor Albrecht , German astronomer (d.1915 )August 31 –Georg von Hertling ,Chancellor of Germany (d.1919 )September 1 –William Ziegler , American industrialist (d.1905 )September 2 –Richard Alsop Wise , American educator (d.1900 )September 4 September 5 –Friedrich Reusch , German sculptor (d.1906 )September 6 –Alexander Fok , Russian general (d.1926 )September 7 –Otto von Diederichs , German admiral (d.1918 )September 9 –Oscar Montelius , Swedish archaeologist (d.1921 )September 10 –William Gill , English explorer (d.1882 )September 11 –Adolf Wach , German jurist (d.1926 )September 12 –Daniel F. Davis , American politician and 37th governor of Maine (d.1897 )September 14 –Lola Rodríguez de Tió , Puerto Rican poet, abolitionist, and women's rights activist (d.1924 )September 16 –George Brettingham Sowerby III , British conchologist, publisher, illustrator (d.1921 )September 17 –William Elliot Griffis , AmericanCongregationalist minister (d.1928 )September 18 –Charles Valentine Riley , British-born American entomologist and artist (d.1895 )September 19 September 20 –Julius Lessing , German art historian (d.1908 )September 21 –Gabriel Paul Othenin de Cléron, comte d'Haussonville , French politician (d.1924 )September 22 –Pietro Respighi , ItalianRoman Catholic cardinal (d.1913 )September 23 –Emily Warren Roebling , American engineer (d.1903 )September 24 –Carl Constantin Platen , German physician (d.1899 )September 25 September 26 –Joseph Furphy , Australian novelist (d.1912 )September 27 –Gaston Tarry , French mathematician (d.1913 )September 29 –Mikhail Skobelev , Russian general (d.1882 )September 30 –Hector Clare Cameron , Scottish surgeon (d.1928 )October 2 –James Whitney , Canadian politician (d.1914 )October 4 –Marie-Alphonsine Danil Ghattas , Palestinian Catholic nun, canonized (d.1927 )October 9 –Christian Christiansen , Danish physicist (d.1917 )October 10 –François C. Antoine Simon , 18th president of Haiti (d.1923 )October 12 –Émile Louis Ragonot , French entomologist (d.1895 )October 13 –René de Lespinasse , French historian (d.1922 )October 14 –Marcus Beck , early proponent of thegerm theory of disease (d.1893 )October 15 –Herbert W. Ladd , American politician and governor ofRhode Island (d.1913 )October 16 –Johann Friedrich Ahlfeld , German obstetrician and gynecologist (d.1929 )October 17 –Lot Thomas , American state court judge (d.1905 )October 19 –Albert Viger , French politician (d.1926 )October 20 –Victor de Stuers , Dutch artist (d.1916 )October 22 –Anton Yegorovich von Saltza , Russian general (d.1916 )October 23 –René de Lespinasse , French historian (d.1922 )October 24 –Caroline Brown Buell , American activist (d.1927 )October 25 –Pierre Lallement , French inventor of thebicycle (d.1891 )October 26 –Henry Trimen , British botanist (d.1896 )October 28 October 29 –John Miller 1st governor of North Dakota (d.1908 )October 31 –Henri Regnault , French painter (d.1871 )November 3 –Isaac S. Struble , American politician (d.1913 )November 4 –Theodor Gartner , Austrian linguist (d.1925 )November 5 –Harry Rawson , English explorer and 21st governor ofNew South Wales (d.1919 )November 6 –Job Adams Cooper , American politician (d.1899 )November 7 –Heinrich Friedrich Weber , German physicist (d.1912 )November 8 –Moritz Pasch , German mathematician (d.1930 )November 11 –Cornelius Vanderbilt II , American railway magnate (d.1899 )November 13 –Friedrich Albin Hoffmann , German internist (d.1924 )November 14 –Theodor Wilhelm Engelmann , German botanist (d.1909 )November 15 –Joseph König (chemist) , German chemist (d.1930 )November 16 –Louise Jopling , English painter (d.1933 )November 19 –C. X. Larrabee , American businessman (d.1914 )November 21 –Gaston Tissandier , French chemist, meteorologist, aviator and editor (d.1899 )November 22 –Albert Huntington Chester , American geologist (d.1903 )November 24 –Ekaterina Junge , Russian painter (d.1913 )November 25 –Henry Ware Eliot , American industrialist (d.1919 )November 27 November 28 –Émile Bernard (composer) , French composer (d.1902 )November 29 November 30 –Martha Ripley , American physician (d.1912 )January 11 February 13 –Nathaniel Chipman , United States federal judge (b.1752 )February 26 –Sir John Thomas Jones , British army general (b.1783 )March 3 –David Porter , American naval officer (b.1780 )March 21 March 25 –Robert Murray M'Cheyne , Scottish clergyman (b.1813 )March 27 –Karl Salomo Zachariae von Lingenthal , German jurist (b.1769 )April 17 –Samuel Morey , American inventor (b.1762 )May 23 –Pierre Lorillard II , American businessman (b.1764 )May 28 –Noah Webster , American lexicographer (b.1758 )June 1 –William Abbot , English actor (b.1798 )June 7 –Friedrich Hölderlin , German writer (b.1770 )[ 34] Marie-Madeleine Lachenais Howqua July 2 –Samuel Hahnemann , German physician (b.1755 )July 7 –John Holmes , American politician (b.1773 )July 14 –Miguel de Álava , Spanish soldier, statesman (b.1770 )August –Sequoyah , Native American silversmith, creator of the Cherokee syllabary (b. c.1767 )July 22 –Marie-Madeleine Lachenais , Haitian de facto politician (b.1778 )July 25 –Charles Macintosh , Scottish chemist and inventor of awaterproof fabric (b.1766 )[ 35] September 4 –Howqua , Chinese merchant, "richest man in the world" (b.1769 )September 11 –Joseph Nicollet , French geographer (b.1786 )September 16 –Ezekiel Hart , Canadian entrepreneur, politician (b.1767 or1770 )October 6 –Sir Archibald Campbell, 1st Baronet , British army general (b.1769 )October 18 –Ebenezer Elmer , American politician (b.1752 )November –Esther Leach , English-Indian actress and director (b.1809 )November 10 –John Trumbull , American painter (b.1756 )December 12 – KingWilliam I of the Netherlands (b.1772 )December 18 –Thomas Graham, 1st Baron Lynedoch , British Governor-General of India (b.1748 )
^ Hao, Yen-p'ing; Wang, Erh-min (1980).Fairbank, John King ; Twitchett, Denis Crispin (eds.).The Cambridge History of China: Late Ch'ing 1800-1911 ISBN 978-0521-2202-93 ^ Leonard, Jane Kate (1984).Wei Yuan and China's Rediscovery of the Maritime World ISBN 978-0674-9485-56 ^ "Guadeloupe Earthquake, Antilles, 1843".The Illustrated History of Natural Disasters . Springer, Dordrecht. April 3, 2018. p. 163.doi :10.1007/978-90-481-3325-3_38 .ISBN 978-90-481-3324-6 ^ "Emperor Street" .World Digital Library . Retrieved2013-08-24 .^ Penguin Pocket On This Day . Penguin Reference Library. 2006.ISBN 978-0-14-102715-9 ^ "Royal Visit".The Bristol Mirror . 20 July 1843. pp. 1– 2. ^ Fuegi, John; Francis, Jo (October–December 2003). "Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 'notes'IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 25 (4):16– 26.Bibcode :2003IAHC...25d..16F .doi :10.1109/MAHC.2003.1253887 . ^ "Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace" .Archived from the original on July 21, 2010. Retrieved2010-07-11 .^ Menabrea, L. F. (1843)."Sketch of the Analytical Engine Invented by Charles Babbage" .Scientific Memoirs 3 .Archived from the original on September 13, 2010. Retrieved2010-10-01 .^ "A 178 años de la Toma de Posesión del Estrecho de Magallanes, ministro Prokurica resalta a los uniformados que hacen Patria en lugares apartados" .Ministerio de Defensa Nacional (in Spanish). 2021-09-22. Retrieved2022-11-10 .^ Talbott, Robert D. (1974). "The Strait of Magellan".A history of the Chilean boundaries (A Replica ed.). The Iowa State University Press. p. 82.ISBN 0-8138-0305-5 ^ p. 345 of the Lutheran Cyclopedia^ "William Rowan Hamilton Plaque" .Geograph . 2007. Retrieved2011-03-08 .^ Wen-Hsin Yeh,The Alienated Academy: Culture and Politics in Republican China, 1919-1937 (Harvard University Asia Center, 2000) p51 ^ Edward Denison and Guang Yu Ren,Building Shanghai: The Story of China's Gateway (John Wiley & Sons, 2013) ^ George Dennis,A Handbook for Travellers in Sicily: Including Palermo, Messina, Catania, Syracuse, Etna, and the Ruins of the Greek Temples (John Murray Publishers, 1864) p429 ^ Jan Kozák and Vladimir Cermák,The Illustrated History of Natural Disasters (Springer, 2010) p55 ^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992).The Chronology of British History . London: Century Ltd. pp. 266– 267.ISBN 978-0-7126-5616-0 ^ Dickens, Charles (2006). Douglas-Fairhurst, Robert (ed.).A Christmas Carol and other Christmas Books . Oxford world's classics. Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-280694-9 ^ Buday, György (1992). "The history of the Christmas card".Omnigraphics : 8. ^ Joule, J. P. (1843)."On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat" .Abstracts of the Papers Communicated to the Royal Society of London 5 : 839.doi :10.1098/rspl.1843.0196 ^ Meggs, Philip B. (1998).A History of Graphic Design (3rd ed.). Wiley. p. 147.ISBN 978-0-471-29198-5 U.S. patent 5,199 1847 and is placed in commercial use the same year.^ Boléo, Maria Luísa V. de Paiva Boléo (2006)."Oito Presidentes para a História (1910–1926): Teófilo Braga (1843–1924)" (in Portuguese). Lisbon: O Leme. ^ "Venancio Antonio Morin" .Venezuela Tuya (in Spanish). Retrieved2022-10-30 .^ Woolf, Judith (1991).Henry James: the major novels . Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 1.ISBN 9780521316552 ^ Lisa P. Condé (1990).Stages in the Development of a Feminist Consciousness in Pérez Galdós (1843-1920): A Biographical Sketch . E. Mellen Press. p. 18.ISBN 9780889463752 ^ "Bertha von Suttner" .NobelPrize.org . Retrieved6 June 2019 .^ Teale, Ruth."Abbott, Joseph (1843–1903)" .Australian Dictionary of Biography Australian National University .ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7 ISSN 1833-7538 .OCLC 70677943 . Retrieved27 August 2014 . ^ Miljan, Toivo (2004).Historical dictionary of Estonia . Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press. p. 285.ISBN 9780810865716 ^ Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey ;Harvey, Joy Dorothy (2000-01-01).The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L-Z ISBN 9780415920407 ^ "The Naval Construction in the Works of Rafael Monleón Torres" (PDF) . p. 24. Retrieved6 September 2025 .^ La Pittura lombarda nel secolo XIX , page 98.^ "Guadalupe Victoria" (in Spanish). Historia-Biografia.com. November 21, 2018. RetrievedMay 30, 2019 .^ Hölderlin, Friedrich (1988).Friedrich Hölderlin: essays and letters on theory . Albany, N.Y: State University of New York Press. p. xiv.ISBN 9780887065583 ^ Day, Lance; McNeil, Ian (11 September 2002).Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology ISBN 978-1-134-65019-4 
