Decade
From top left, clockwise: Thecoronation of Queen Victoria marked the beginning of her 64-year long reign. Her reign meant the revival of theBritish Empire , as theUnited Kingdom rapidly grew powerful territorially and economically. Under her rule, Britain saw a massive upheaval of colonial power, as over a quarter of the world fell into British rule;France's 1830 revolution reinstated liberal values – and later French imperialism – back into French governance and power. The revolution resulted in the dethroning of KingCharles X and indirectly rebirthed theFrench colonial empire ;Michael Faraday andJohn Daniell 's studies helped form the basis ofelectrochemistry via the discovery ofelectromagnetic induction . Their discoveries moulded a huge part of contemporarychemistry , and forever changed the way people utilizedelectricity ;HMS Beagle circumnavigates the world twice. Itssecond expedition withCharles Darwin has proven to be particularly pioneering, as the discoveries and theories he made on said voyage, helped him develop thetheory of evolution , widely enhanced scientific consensus and knowledge ontaxonomy andbiology , and birthed the concept ofnatural selection .Slave and free states grow in number and power; a dynamic movement widely perceived as a prelude to theAmerican Civil War as abolishment and establishment began to socio-politically polarize the United States' society, subsequently formingUnion andConfederate states. Thetelegraph is invented bySamuel Morse . His patent opened the world to global networking and broke long distances as boundaries with it – the first of its kind; an 1832 still-life image developed by adaguerreotype . The daguerreotype was first introduced to the public in 1839. Its release made it the first invention that enabled the public to capture images on a recurrent basis – a move that would eventually nurture the growth of modern-dayphotography ;Hans Christian Andersen publishes his first collection of fairy tales in 1837. His publications profoundly transformed literature, and grew to become one of the most popular and influential storywriters of the 19th century, with stories likeThe Little Mermaid (as pictured), andThumbelina ; a legacy that today retains asDenmark 's national icon. The1830s (pronounced "eighteen-thirties") was thedecade that began on January 1, 1830, and ended on December 31, 1839.
In this decade, the world saw a rapid rise inimperialism andcolonialism , particularly inAsia andAfrica . Britain saw a surge of power and world dominance, asQueen Victoria took to the throne in 1837. Conquests took place all over the world, particularly around the expansion of theOttoman Empire and theBritish Raj . New outposts and settlements flourished in Oceania, as Europeans began to settle overAustralia ,New Zealand ,Canada and theUnited States .
Lin Zexu supervising the destruction of opium in 1839China was ruled by theDaoguang Emperor of theQing dynasty during the 1830s. The decade witnessed a rapid rise in the sale of opium in China,[ 2] [ 3] East India Company , leaving trade in the hands of private entrepreneurs. By 1838, opium sales climbed to 40,000 chests.[ 2] [ 4] Lin Zexu banned the sale of opium and imposed several restrictions on all foreign traders. Lin also closed the channel toGuangzhou (Canton) , leading to the seizure and destruction of 20,000 chests of opium.[ 5] Hong Kong onAugust 23 of that year, starting what would be known as theFirst Opium War . It would end three years later with the signing of theTreaty of Nanking in 1842.
ThePadri War was fought from 1803 until 1837 inWest Sumatra between thePadris and theAdats . The latter asked for the help of theDutch , who intervened from 1821 and helped the Adats defeat the Padri faction. The conflict intensified in the 1830s, as the war soon centered on Bonjol, the fortified last stronghold of the Padris. It finally fell in 1837[ 6] Tuanku Imam Bonjol , the conflict died out.
Australia and New Zealand [ edit ] August 15 ,1834 – TheSouth Australia Act allows for the creation of a colony there.June 8 ,1835 – TheAustralian city ofMelbourne is founded byJohn Batman andJohn Pascoe Fawkner .[ 7] October 28 ,1835 –United Tribes of New Zealand founded atWaitangi with theDeclaration of the Independence of New Zealand .November 19 ,1835 – A force of 500Māori people invade, massacre, eat and enslave theMoriori people of theChatham Islands .[ 8] July 27 ,1836 –Adelaide , is founded.December 26 ,1836 – TheColony of South Australia , founded by CaptainJohn Hindmarsh , is officially proclaimed (now celebrated in the state ofSouth Australia asProclamation Day ).June 10 ,1838 – 28Indigenous Australians are killed in theMyall Creek massacre .The British government appointed a series of administrative heads of British India in the 1830s ("Governor-General of India " starting in 1833):Lord William Bentinck (1828–1835),Sir Charles Metcalfe, Bt (1835–1836), andThe Lord Auckland (1836–1842). TheGovernment of India Act 1833 was enacted to remove theEast India Company 's remaining trade monopolies and divested it of all its commercial functions, renewing the company's political and administrative authority for another twenty years. It invested the Board of Control with full power and authority over the company.
TheEnglish Education Act by the Council of India in 1835 reallocated funds from the East India Company to spend on education and literature in India. In 1837, the British East India companyreplaced Persian with local vernacular in various provinces as the official and court language. However, in the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent,Urdu instead of Hindi was chosen to replace Persian.[ 9] [ 10]
In 1835,William Henry Sleeman captured "Feringhea" in his efforts to suppress theThuggee secret society. Sleeman's work led to his appointment as General Superintendent of the operations for the Suppression ofThuggee . In February 1839, he assumed charge of the office ofCommissioner for the Suppression of Thuggee and Dacoity Thugs were hanged ortransported for life .
June 20 :Queen Victoria , Queen of the United Kingdom (1837–1901).In 1830,William IV succeeded his brotherGeorge IV as King of theUnited Kingdom . Upon his death in 1837, his 18-year-old niece,Princess Victoria .[ 11] Salic law , theKingdom of Hanover passed to William's brother,Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland , ending thepersonal union of Britain and Hanover which had existed since1714 .Queen Victoria took up residence inBuckingham Palace , the first reigning British monarch to make this, rather thanSt James's Palace , her London home.[ 12]
Britain had fourprime ministers during the 1830s. As the decade began, ToryArthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington led parliament. Wellington's government fell in late 1830, failing to react to calls for reform.[ 13] Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey to succeed him, who led passage of many reforms, including theReform Act 1832 , theSlavery Abolition Act 1833 (abolishing slavery throughout theBritish Empire ), and theFactory Acts (limitingchild labour ).
In 1834 Grey retired from public life, leavingLord Melbourne as his successor. Reforms continued under Lord Melbourne, with thePoor Law Amendment Act in 1834, which stated that no able-bodied British man could receive assistance unless he entered aworkhouse . KingWilliam IV 's opposition to the Whigs' reforming ways led him to dismiss Melbourne in November and then appoint SirRobert Peel to form a Tory government. Peel's failure to win a House of Commons majority in the resultinggeneral election (January 1835) made it impossible for him to govern, and the Whigs returned to power under Melbourne in April 1835. TheMarriage Act 1836 establishedcivil marriage and registration systems that permit marriages innonconformist chapels, and aRegistrar General of Births, Marriages, and Deaths.[ 14] [ 15]
There were protests and significant unrest during the decade. In May and June 1831 in Wales, coal miners and others rioted for improved working conditions in what was known as theMerthyr Rising .William Howley Archbishop of Canterbury has his coach attacked by an angry mob on his first official visit toCanterbury in 1832. In 1834,Robert Owen organized theGrand National Consolidated Trades Union , an early attempt to form a nationalunion confederation . In May1838 , thePeople's Charter was drawn up in theUnited Kingdom , demandinguniversal suffrage . Chartism continued to gain popularity, leading to theNewport Rising in 1839, the last large-scale armed rebellion against authority in mainland Britain.
In 1835,James Pratt and John Smith werehanged outsideNewgate Prison in London after a conviction ofsodomy , the last deadly victims of the judicialpersecution ofhomosexual men in England.[ 16]
May 30 ,1832 – Germany:Hambacher Festival , a demonstration forcivil liberties and national unity, ends with no result.December 14 ,1833 –Kaspar Hauser , a mysterious German youth, is stabbed, dying three days later onDecember 17 .January 1 ,1834 –Zollverein :Customs charges are abolished at borders withinGermany .October 13 ,1836 –Theodor Fliedner , aLutheran minister, and Friederike, his wife, open theDeaconess Home and Hospital atKaiserswerth ,Germany , as an institute to train women innursing .1837 – The 5th century BCBerlin Foundry Cup is acquired for theAntikensammlung Berlin in Germany.August 25 ,1830 – TheBelgian Revolution begins.September 27 ,1830 – TheBelgian Revolution ends by liberating Brussels from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.October 4 ,1830 – The Provisional Government in Brusselsdeclares the creation of the independent state ofBelgium , in revolt against theUnited Kingdom of the Netherlands .December 20 ,1830 – The independence ofBelgium is recognized by theGreat Powers .July 21 ,1831 –Leopold I of Belgium is inaugurated as first king of theBelgians .August 2 ,1831 – The Dutchten days' campaign inBelgium is halted by aFrench army.December 4 ,1832 – Battle of Antwerp: The last remainingDutch enforcement, thecitadel , is underFrench attack.December 23 ,1832 – The Battle of Antwerp ends with theNetherlands losing the city.1839 – Half of theLimburg province ofBelgium is added to theNetherlands (since 1839 there is aBelgian Limburg andDutch Limburg ).April 19 ,1839 – TheTreaty of London establishesBelgium as akingdom .French Revolution of 1830 French Revolution of 1830 [ edit ] The French Revolution of 1830 was also known as theJuly Revolution , Second French Revolution orTrois Glorieuses Charles X , the FrenchBourbon monarch, and the ascent of his brotherLouis, Duke of Orléans (who would in turn be overthrown in 1848). The revolution ended theBourbon Restoration , shifting power to theJuly Monarchy (rule by theHouse of Orléans ).Duc de Broglie briefly served asState Minister , with many successors over the course of 2 years.
The first twoCanut revolts occurred in the 1830s. They were among the first well-defined worker uprisings of theIndustrial Revolution . The wordCanut was a common term to describe to all Lyonnais silk workers.
The First Canut revolt in 1831 was provoked by a drop in workers' wages caused by a drop in silk prices. After a bloody battle with the military causing 600 casualties, rebellious silk workers seizeLyon , France. The government sent MarshalJean-de-Dieu Soult , a veteran of theNapoleonic Wars , at the head of an army of 20,000 to restore order. Soult was able to retake the town without any bloodshed, and without making any compromises with the workers. The Second Canut revolt in 1834 occurred when owners attempted to impose a wage decrease. The government crushed the rebellion in a bloody battle, and deported or imprisoned 10,000 insurgents.
[ edit ] September 29 ,1833 – Three-year-oldIsabella II becomes Queen of Spain, under the regency of her mother,Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies . Her uncleDon Carlos, Conde de Molina challenges her claim, beginning theFirst Carlist War .July 15 ,1834 – TheSpanish Inquisition , which began in the 15th century, is suppressed by royal decree.September 19 ,1837 –Battle of Aranzueque : Liberal victory for the forces loyal to QueenIsabel II of Spain, end of the Carlist campaign known as theExpedición Real First Carlist War .[ 17] October 1 ,1838 – Supporters ofInfante Carlos, Count of Molina , are victorious in theBattle of Maella during theFirst Carlist War .August 31 ,1839 – TheFirst Carlist War (Spain ) ends with the Convenio de Vergara, also known as the Abrazo de Vergara ("the embrace in Vergara"; Bergara in Basque), between liberal generalBaldomero Espartero , Count of Luchana and Carlist General Rafael Maroto.French conquest of Algeria [ edit ] In 1830,France invaded and quickly seizedOttoman Regency of Algiers , and rapidly took control of other coastal communities. Fighting would continue throughout the decade, with the French pitted against forces underAhmed Bey atConstantine , primarily in the east, and nationalist forces inKabylia and the west. The French made treaties with the nationalists under'Abd al-Qādir , enabling them to capture Constantine in 1837. Al-Qādir continued to give stiff resistance in the west, which lasted throughout the decade (and well into the1840s , with Al-Qādir surrendering in 1847).
United States territories and states that forbade or allowed slavery, 1837. January 1 ,1831 –William Lloyd Garrison begins publishingThe Liberator Boston ,Massachusetts .August 21 ,1831 –USA :Nat Turner's Rebellion breaks out inSouthampton County, Virginia .September 19 ,1835 –William Lloyd Garrison publishesAngelina Grimké 's anti-slavery letter inThe Liberator May 13 ,1837 –Pennsylvania Hall (Philadelphia) burned by mob hostile to slavery.November 7 ,1837 – Americanabolitionist and newspaper editorElijah Lovejoy is killed by a pro-slavery mob, at his warehouse in Alton, Illinois.May 28 ,1830 – TheUnited States Congress passes theIndian Removal Act .April 6 ,1832 – TheBlack Hawk War begins.July 9 ,1832 –Commissioner of Indian Affairs post created within theWar Department .August 2 ,1832 –Battle of Bad Axe ends the last major Native American rebellion east of the Mississippi in the U.S.1832 –George Catlin starts to live among theSioux in theDakota Territory .1832 – The federal government establishes asmallpox vaccination program for Native Americans (The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832 ).[ 18] July 29 ,1834 –Office of Indian Affairs organized in the United States.December 28 ,1835 – TheSecond Seminole War breaks out inFlorida .December 29 ,1835 – TheTreaty of New Echota is signed between the United States Government and members of theCherokee Nation .1835 –Fort Cass is established, the military headquarters and site of the largest internment camps during the 1838Trail of Tears .May 19 ,1836 –Fort Parker massacre : Among those captured byNative Americans is nine-year-oldCynthia Ann Parker ; she later gives birth to a son namedQuanah , who becomes the lastchief of theComanche .1836 –George Catlin ends his 6-year tour of 50 tribes in theDakota Territory .February 4 ,1837 –Seminoles attackFort Foster inFlorida .May 26 ,1838 –USA : The people of theCherokee Nation are forcibly relocated during theTrail of Tears .December 3 ,1832 –U.S. presidential election, 1832 :Andrew Jackson is re-elected president.March 4 ,1833 –Andrew Jackson is sworn in for his second term asPresident of the United States .May 6 ,1833 – InAlexandria, Virginia , the first public physical attack on anAmerican President , withAndrew Jackson struck by a disgruntledRobert B. Randolph , who was dismissed from the navy by Jackson for embezzlement. Though the assailant was immediately apprehended, Jackson decided not to press charges.March 27 ,1834 –Andrew Jackson is censured by the Congress of the United States (expunged in 1837).January 30 ,1835 – Anassassination is attempted against PresidentAndrew Jackson in theUnited States Capitol (the first assassination attempt against aPresident of the United States ).December 7 ,1835 – Future U.S. PresidentJames K. Polk becomesSpeaker of the House December 4 ,1836 –Whig Party holds its first national convention, inHarrisburg, Pennsylvania .December 7 ,1836 –1836 United States presidential election :Martin Van Buren defeatsWilliam Henry Harrison .March 4 ,1837 –Martin Van Buren succeedsAndrew Jackson asPresident of the United States .November 14 ,1832 –Charles Carroll , the last surviving signer of theDeclaration of Independence dies at his home in Maryland at age 95.April 14 ,1834 – TheWhig Party is officially named byUnited States Senator Henry Clay .August 11 –August 12 ,1834 –Ursuline Convent riots : A convent of Ursuline nuns is burned nearBoston .January 8 ,1835 – TheUnited States public debt contracts to $0 for the only time in history.[ 21] 1835 –Edward Strutt Abdy publishes hisJournal of a Residence and Tour in the United States of North America: From April, 1833, to October 1834 .May 10 ,1837 – ThePanic of 1837 begins inNew York City .June 11 ,1837 – TheBroad Street Riot occurs inBoston ,Massachusetts , fueled by ethnic tensions between the Irish and the Yankees.1839 – the first state law permitting women to own property is passed inJackson, Mississippi .[ edit ] October 2 ,1835 –Province of Tejas, Northern Mexico , –Battle of Gonzales : Under orders from Mexican President-turned dictator, GeneralAntonio López de Santa Anna ,Mexican soldiers attempt to capture a cannon that the Mexican government had earlier provided to the settlers ofGonzales, Texas for protection against hostile Indians, but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia. This became known as the "Come-and-Take-it" skirmish.December 9 ,1835 – Texian "army" volunteers, under General Burleson, capture the town ofSan Antonio de Bejar from the Mexican forces occupying the town under General Martin Perfecto de Cos.December 20 ,1835 – ATexas Declaration of Independence is first signed atGoliad, Texas .January 5 ,1836 –David Crockett arrives inTexas .February 23 ,1836 – TheSiege of the Alamo begins, with a Texian army under the command of Lt ColonelWillam B. Travis and volunteers under ColonelJames Bowie , hastily fortifying and defending the Alamo against the Mexican Army underSanta Anna .March 1 ,1836 –Convention of 1836 : Delegates from several Texian settlements gather inWashington-on-the-Brazos, Texas , to deliberate and vote on independence fromMexico .March 2 –Convention of 1836 : TheTexas Declaration of Independence is signed by 60 delegates and theRepublic of Texas is declared.[ 22] March 6, 1836: TheBattle of the Alamo March 6 ,1836 – TheBattle of the Alamo ends the 13-day siege; approximately 200 defenders (Anglo settlers & Tejano townsfolk) die in a fierce struggle with approximately 5,000 Mexican soldiers.[ 23] March 17 ,1836 –Convention of 1836 : Delegates adopt theConstitution of the Republic of Texas , modeled after theUnited States Constitution . It allows slavery, requiresfree blacks to petition Congress to live in the country, but prohibits import of slaves from anywhere but the United States.[ 24] March 27 ,1836 – On Palm Sunday, 342 Texian prisoners captured a week earlier are shot and killed in theGoliad Massacre along with Texian ColonelJames Walker Fannin by Mexican troops inGoliad near thePresidio La Bahia during theTexas Revolution .April 21 ,1836 –Battle of San Jacinto :Mexican forces underGeneral Santa Anna are defeated in a battle lasting 18 minutes by theSan Jacinto River, Texas . (General Houston is wounded during the battle, and is later relieved of command by interim President David G. Burnet. This action enables Houston to recover from his wounds.)April 22 ,1836 – Forces under Texian GeneralSam Houston captureMexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna who had attempted to escape during the chaos of the battle the previous day. Capturing Santa Anna guarantees Texas independence from Mexico.The 1830s for Mexico saw the end of theFirst Mexican Republic and saw General Santa Anna move in and out of the presidency in a 30-year span now known as the "Age of Santa Anna". In 1834, PresidentAntonio López de Santa Anna dissolved Congress, forming a new government. That government instituted theCentralist Republic of Mexico by approving a new centralist constitution ("Siete Leyes "). From its formation in 1835 until its dissolution in 1846, the Centralist Republic was governed by elevenpresidents (none of which finished their term). It called for the state militias to disarm, but many states resisted, includingMexican Texas , which declared independence in theTexas Revolution of 1836. During the1840s , other provinces separated. TheRepublic of the Rio Grande in 1840, and theRepublic of Yucatán declared independence in 1841.
27 December ,1831 –Sam Sharpe leads a major slave rebellion, also known as theBaptist War . The slave uprising lasted for 10 days and spread throughout the entire island, mobilizing as many as 60,000 of Jamaica's enslaved population. The British colonial government used the armed Jamaican military forces and warriors from the towns of the JamaicanMaroons to put down the rebellion, suppressing it within two weeks. Some 14 whites were killed by armed slave battalions, but more than 200 slaves were killed by troops.Riograndense Republic [ edit ] Science and technology [ edit ] Robert's Quartet Mechanical Engineering [ edit ] L'Atelier de l'artiste. An 1837daguerreotype byLouis Daguerre , the first to complete the full process.Many key discoveries about electricity were made in the 1830s.Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently byMichael Faraday andJoseph Henry in 1831; however, Faraday was the first to publish the results of his experiments.[ 30] [ 31] potential difference (voltage) across aconductor when it is exposed to a varyingmagnetic field . This discovery was essential to the invention oftransformers ,inductors , and many types ofelectrical motors ,generators andsolenoids .[ 32] [ 33]
In 1834,Michael Faraday 's published his research regarding the quantitative relationships in electrochemical reactions, now known asFaraday's laws of electrolysis .[ 34] Jean C. A. Peltier discovered thePeltier "effect" , which is the presence of heating or cooling at an electrified junction of two different conductors. In 1836,John Daniell invented a primary cell in whichhydrogen was eliminated in the generation of the electricity.
Darwin .Darwin 's voyage aboardHMSBeagle .September 15 ,1830 – TheLiverpool and Manchester Railway opens , the world's first intercitypassenger railway operated solely bysteam locomotives .1834 – TheWilmington and Raleigh Railroad is chartered inWilmington, North Carolina .[ 40] Railroad construction begins in earnest in the United States.May 5 ,1835 –Rail transport in Belgium : a railway is opened betweenBrussels andMechelen , the first incontinental Europe .December 7 ,1835 – TheBavarian Ludwig Railway opens betweenNuremberg andFürth , with a train hauled byDer Adler ("The Eagle "), thefirst railway in Germany .December 21 ,1835 – TheRaleigh and Gaston Railroad is chartered inRaleigh, North Carolina .[ 41] February 8 ,1836 –London and Greenwich Railway opens its first section, the first railway inLondon ,England .[ 42] July 13 ,1836 – The first numberedU.S. patent 1 John Ruggles for improvements to railroadsteam locomotive tires.July 21 ,1836 – TheChamplain and St. Lawrence Railroad opens betweenSt. John andLa Prairie, Quebec , the first steam-worked passenger railroad inBritish North America .October 25 ,1836 – Construction begins on theWilmington and Raleigh Railroad inNorth Carolina . Due to a lack of support inRaleigh , the route is revised to run fromWilmington to thePetersburg Railroad inWeldon .[ 43] May 24 ,1832 – Francois Arban, early French balloonist makes his 1st ascent.[ 44] August 18 ,1833 – TheCanadian shipSSRoyal William sets out fromPictou, Nova Scotia , on a 25-day passage of theAtlantic Ocean largely under steam toGravesend, Kent ,England .April 4 –April 22 ,1838 – Thepaddle steamer SSSirius (1837) makes theTransatlantic Crossing toNew York fromCork ,Ireland , in eighteen days, though not using steam continuously.[ 45] April 8 –April 23 ,1838 –Isambard Kingdom Brunel 's paddle steamerSSGreat Western (1838) makes the Transatlantic Crossing to New York fromAvonmouth ,England , in fifteen days, inaugurating a regular steamship service.[ 11] This section
needs expansion . You can help by
adding to it .
(January 2010 )
Charles Dickens publishes his first novelThe Pickwick Papers Oliver Twist Nicholas Nickleby January 14 ,1831 –The Hunchback of Notre-Dame Victor Hugo .1832 – Publication of the firstBaedeker guidebook,Voyage du Rhin de Mayence à Cologne , inKoblenz .1832 – Publication begins (posthumously) ofCarl von Clausewitz 'sVom Kriege ("On War June 10 ,1834 –Thomas Carlyle moves toCheyne Row (Carlyle's House ) in London.August 25 ,1835 – In the U.S., theNew York Sun Great Moon Hoax .December 1 ,1835 –Hans Christian Andersen publishes his first book of fairy tales.March1836 – First monthly part ofCharles Dickens 'The Pickwick Papers The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club ... , edited by Boz") published in London. 1836 – The first printed literature inAssyrian Neo-Aramaic is produced byJustin Perkins , an AmericanPresbyterian missionary .February1837 –Charles Dickens 'sOliver Twist London . March 23 ,1839 – TheBoston Morning Post OK " (oll korrect).Innovations inroller printing on textiles introduced new dress fabrics. Broad, exaggerated sleeves for women and padded shoulders for men contrasted a narrow, idealized waist. Brocades come back into style.Low boots withelastic insets appear. Greatcoats , overcoats with wide sleeves, become fashionable for men to wear with day wear.March 26 ,1830 – TheBook of Mormon is published inPalmyra, New York .April 6 ,1830 –Joseph Smith and 5 others organize theChurch of Christ (later renamed theChurch of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints ), the first formally organized church of theLatter Day Saint movement , in northwesternNew York .February 2 ,1831 –Pope Gregory XVI succeedsPope Pius VIII as the 254thpope .August 7 ,1831 – AmericanBaptist ministerWilliam Miller preaches his first sermon on the Second Advent of Christ in Dresden, New York, launching the Advent Movement in the United States.March 24 ,1832 – InHiram, Ohio , a group of men beat,tar and feather Latter Day Saint movement founderJoseph Smith .October 27 ,1838 – Missouri GovernorLilburn Boggs declares Mormons to be enemies of the state and encourages the extermination or the exile of the religious minority, forcing nearly 10,000 Mormons out of the state.[ 46] 1838 –Biblical criticism :Christian Hermann Weisse proposes thetwo-source hypothesis .[ edit ] June 29 ,1833 –William Fraser Tolmie experiences an earthquake atFort Nisqually . His journal entry records the first written eyewitness account of an earthquake in thePuget Sound region.November 12 –November 13 ,1833 –Stars Fell on Alabama : A spectacular occurrence of theLeonid meteor shower is observed inAlabama .November 25 ,1833 – A major 8.7earthquake strikesSumatra .October 16 ,1834 – ThePalace of Westminster is destroyed by fire.February 20 ,1835 –Concepción, Chile , is destroyed by anearthquake .November 16 ,1835 –Halley's Comet reachesperihelion , its closest approach to the sun.December 16 –December 17 ,1835 – TheGreat Fire of New York destroys 530 buildings, including theNew York Stock Exchange .December 15 ,1836 – TheUnited States Patent Office burns inWashington, D.C. December 27 ,1836 –Lewes avalanche : Anavalanche atLewes inSussex , England, kills eight of fifteen people buried when a row of cottages is engulfed in snow.December 30 ,1836 – InSaint Petersburg , the Lehman Theater catches fire, killing 800 people.January 1 ,1837 –Galilee earthquake .August 1837 to August 1838 –Agra famine of 1837–1838 , India December 17 ,1837 –Fire in the Winter Palace ,Saint Petersburg .January 10 ,1838 – A fire destroysLloyd's Coffee House and theRoyal Exchange inLondon .September 7 ,1838 –Grace Darling and her father rescue thirteen survivors from theSSForfarshire off theFarne Islands .September 9 ,1839 – In the Great Fire ofMobile, Alabama , hundreds of buildings are burned.November 25 ,1839 – A disastrouscyclone slamsIndia with terrible winds and a giant 40-footstorm surge , wiping out the port city ofCoringa ; 300,000 people die.Historians believe that thefirst cholera pandemic had lingered in Indonesia and the Philippines in 1830. The second cholera pandemic spread from India to Russia and then to the rest of Europe claiming hundreds of thousands of lives.[ 47] Moscow in August 1830, and by 1831, the epidemic had infiltrated Russia's main cities and towns.
Russian soldiers brought the disease to Poland during theNovember Uprising .[ 48] Cholera riots " occurred in Russia, caused by the anti-cholera measures undertaken by thetsarist government.
The epidemic reached western Europe later in 1831. In London, the disease claimed 6,536 victims; in Paris, 20,000 died (out of a population of 650,000), with about 100,000 deaths in all of France.[ 49] Quebec ,Ontario , andNova Scotia , Canada; andDetroit andNew York City in the United States. It reached the Pacific coast of North America between 1832 and 1834.[ 50]
January 11 ,1830 –LaGrange College (now theUniversity of North Alabama ) opens its doors, becoming the first publicly chartered college inAlabama .July 13 ,1830 – The General Assembly's Institution, now theScottish Church College , one of the pioneering institutions that ushered theBengal Renaissance , is founded byAlexander Duff andRaja Ram Mohan Roy , inCalcutta ,India .1830 –Austins of Derry established inNorthern Ireland and, until 2016, remained standing as the world's oldest independentdepartment store .[ 51] March 10 ,1831 – TheFrench Foreign Legion is founded.December 31 ,1831 –Gramercy Park is deeded toNew York City .April 18 ,1831 –University of Alabama founded.1831 – Founding ofDenison University inGranville, Ohio 1831 – Founding ofWesleyan University inMiddletown, Connecticut 1831 – Founding ofNew York University inNew York City 1831 – Founding ofXavier University inCincinnati, Ohio (as "The Athenaeum")1831 –The Sydney Morning Herald July 4 ,1832 –The University of Durham is founded by an act of Parliament and given royal assent by King William IV.1832 –Belvedere College , Dublin, is founded by the order of the Jesuit Society of Ireland.[ 52] [ 53] October 19 ,1832 –Alpha Delta Phi fraternity is founded at Hamilton College.November 21 ,1832 –Wabash College , a small, private, liberal arts college for men, is founded.August 1 ,1833 –King William's College on theIsle of Man officially opens.1833 – Foundation ofKalamazoo College inKalamazoo, Michigan 1833 – Foundation ofMadras College ,St Andrews 1833 – Foundation ofOberlin College inOberlin, Ohio March 19 ,1834 – Founding of Cavendish Villa Football Club.[where? November 4 ,1834 –Delta Upsilon fraternity is founded atWilliams College .1834 – Medical School of Louisiana is founded, later to becomeTulane University inNew Orleans .March 23 ,1835 – TheMexican Academy of Language is established.June 1 ,1835 –Kingston Penitentiary inKingston ,Ontario , opens.July 14 ,1835 – Organisation of the universalCatholic Apostolic Church , initially in the U.K.August 28 ,1835 –Castleknock College is founded by the Vincentian order inDublin ,Ireland .October 3 ,1835 –Staedtler Company founded by J.S. Staedtler inNuremberg , Germany.1835 – TheBritish Geological Survey is founded as the world's first nationalgeological survey .1835 – The Cachar Levy, forerunner of theAssam Rifles , is founded inIndia .1835 – The firstBulgarian -language school opens in theOttoman Empire .1835 –Charles-Louis Havas createsHavas , the first news agency in the world (which later spawnsAgence France-Presse ).1836 – TheNew Board brokerage group is founded inNew York City .February 25 ,1837 – InPhiladelphia , TheInstitute for Colored Youth (ICY) is founded as the first institution for the higher education of black people in the United States.March 4 ,1837 – The city of Chicago is incorporated.1837 – AtLe Mans , France, FatherBasil Moreau , CSC, founds theCongregation of Holy Cross by joining the Brothers of St. Joseph and the Auxiliary Priests of Le Mans.November 8 ,1837 – Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, laterMount Holyoke College , is founded in South Hadley, Massachusetts.1838 –Duke University is established inNorth Carolina .November 3 ,1838 –The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce The Times of India 1861 ).February 11 ,1839 – TheUniversity of Missouri is established, becoming the first public university west of theMississippi River .March 5 ,1839 –Longwood University is founded inFarmville ,Virginia .March 7 ,1839 –Baltimore City College , the third public high school in the United States, is established inBaltimore ,Maryland .March 26 ,1839 – The firstHenley Royal Regatta is held.August 8 ,1839 – TheBeta Theta Pi fraternity is founded inOxford, Ohio .November 11 ,1839 – TheVirginia Military Institute is founded in Lexington,Virginia .November 27 ,1839 – InBoston ,Massachusetts , theAmerican Statistical Association is founded.1839 –Episcopal High School in Alexandria, Virginia, is founded.1839 – TheAnti-Corn Law League is founded inManchester .
Births 1830
Lars Hertervig Louise Michel January 7 –Albert Bierstadt , German-American painter (d.1902 )January 8 –Hans von Bülow , German conductor, pianist and composer (d.1894 )January 21 –Liu Kunyi , Chinese general (d.1902 )January 23 –Gaston Alexandre Auguste, Marquis de Galliffet , French general (d.1909 )January 31 –James G. Blaine ,28th and 31st United States Secretary of State (d.1893 )February 3 –Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury ,Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d.1903 )February 8 –Abdülaziz , Ottoman Sultan (d.1876 )February 16 –Lars Hertervig , Norwegian painter (d.1902 )March 15 –Paul Heyse , German writer,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1914 )March 21 –Friedrich von Beck-Rzikowsky , Austrian general (d.1920 )[ 54] March 26 –Dewitt Clinton Senter , American politician, 18thGovernor of Tennessee (d.1898 )May 5 –John Batterson Stetson , American hat maker (d.1906 )May 9 –Harriet Lane , ActingFirst Lady of the United States (d.1903 )May 10 –François-Marie Raoult , French chemist (d.1901 )May 14 –Antonio Annetto Caruana , Maltese archaeologist, author (d.1905 )May 29 –Louise Michel , French anarchist (d.1905 )April 9 –Eadweard Muybridge , English photographer, pioneer of photographic studies of motion (d.1904 )April 21 –Clémence Royer , French anthropologist (d.1902 )June 1 –Martha Hooper Blackler Kalopothakes , American missionary, journalist, translator (d.1871 )June 5 –Carmine Crocco , Italian brigand (d.1905 )June 22 –Theodor Leschetizky , Polish pianist, professor and composer (d.1915 )Camille Pissarro Christina Rossetti Porfirio Diaz Franz Joseph I of Austria July 8 –Frederick W. Seward , American politician (d.1915 )July 10 –Camille Pissarro , French painter (d.1903 )July 20 –Clements Markham , English explorer (d. 1916)[ 55] July 21 –John H. Lewis , American politician (d.1929 )July 22 –William Sooy Smith , American civil engineer and general (d.1916 )July 25 –John Jacob Bausch , German-American optician who co-foundedBausch & Lomb 1926 )August 18 – EmperorFranz Joseph I of Austria (d.1916 )August 26 –Daniel Webster Jones , American Latter-day Saint pioneer (d.1915 )September 2 –William P. Frye , American politician (d.1911 )September 8 –Frédéric Mistral , French writer,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1914 )September 12 –William Sprague IV , American politician from Rhode Island (d.1915 )September 15 –Porfirio Díaz , 29thPresident of Mexico (d.1915 )September 17 –Maria Theresia Bonzel , GermanRoman Catholic nun and saint (d.1905 )September 20 –Sir Edward Reed , British naval architect, author, politician, and railroad magnate (d.1906 )September 22 –Caroline Webster Schermerhorn Astor , prominent Americansocialite (d.1908 )October 10 – QueenIsabella II of Spain (d.1904 )November 7 –Emanuele Luigi Galizia , Maltese architect, civil engineer (d.1907 )November 8 –Oliver Otis Howard , American Civil War general (d.1909 )December 5 –Christina Rossetti , English poet (d.1894 )December 10 –Emily Dickinson , American poet (d.1886 )December 16 –Kálmán Tisza , 9th Prime Minister of Hungary (d.1902 )December 17 –Jules de Goncourt , French writer (d.1870 )December 19 –Susan Huntington Gilbert Dickinson , American writer and publisher (d.1913 )December 21 –Bartolomé Masó , Cuban patriot (d.1907 )1831
Myra Bradwell James Clerk Maxwell January 3 –Savitribai Jyotirao Phule , Indian social reformer, poet (d.1897 )January 7 –Heinrich von Stephan , German postal union organizer (d.1897 )January 11 –Pope Cyril V of Alexandria (d.1927 )January 26 –Heinrich Anton de Bary , German botanist, mycologist (d.1888 )February 12 –Myra Bradwell , American lawyer, political activist (d.1894 )February 24 –Leo von Caprivi ,Chancellor of Germany (d.1899 )March 3 March 6 –Philip Sheridan , American general (d.1888 )March 12 –Clement Studebaker , American automobile pioneer (d.1901 )March 15 –Mariano Álvarez , Filipino general (d. 1924) March 16 –Elise Hwasser , Swedish actress (d.1894 )April 3 –Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg ,Queen consort of Portugal (d.1909 )[ 56] April 6 –Nire Kagenori , Japanese admiral (d.1900 )April 19 –Mary Louise Booth , American writer, editor and translator (d.1889 )May 7 –Richard Norman Shaw , British architect (d.1912 )June 1 –John Bell Hood , American Confederate general (d.1879 )June 2 –Jan Gerard Palm , Curaçao-born composer (d.1906 )June 7 –Amelia Edwards , English journalist and author (d.1892 )[ 57] June 13 –James Clerk Maxwell , Scottish physicist (d.1879 )June 28 –Joseph Joachim , Austrian violinist (d.1907 )John Pemberton Xianfeng Emperor Emperor Kōmei Lucy Hayes July 8 –John Pemberton , American inventor ofCoca-Cola (d.1888 )July 9 –Wilhelm His Sr. , Swiss anatomist (d.1904 )July 17 –Xianfeng Emperor of China (d.1861 )July 22 –Emperor Kōmei of Japan (d.1867 )August 12 –Helena Blavatsky , Russian-born author, theosophist (d.1891 )August 16 –Ebenezer Cobb Morley , English sportsman and thefather of modernfootball (d.1924 )August 20 –Eduard Suess , Austrian geologist (d.1914 )August 28 –Lucy Webb Hayes ,First Lady of the United States (d.1889 )September 3 –States Rights Gist ,Confederate Brigadier General in theAmerican Civil War (d.1864 )September 8 –Wilhelm Raabe , German novelist (d.1910 )September 18 –Siegfried Marcus , German-born automobile pioneer (d.1898 )September 20 –Kate Harrington , American teacher, writer and poet (d.1917 )September 29 –John Schofield , American general (d.1906 )October 6 –Richard Dedekind , German mathematician (d.1916 )October 14 –Samuel W. Johnson , English railway mechanical engineer (d.1912 )October 16 –Lucy Stanton , American abolitionist (d.1910 )October 18 –Frederick III, German Emperor (d.1888 )October 29 –Othniel Charles Marsh , American paleontologist (d.1899 )October 31 November 1 –Harry Atkinson , 10thPremier of New Zealand (d.1892 )November 5 –Anna Leonowens , Anglo-Indian educator (Anna ofThe King and I 1915 )November 7 –Mélanie Calvat , FrenchRoman Catholic nun, Marian Visionary, canonized (d.1904 )November 19 –James A. Garfield , 20thPresident of the United States (d.1881 )December 1 –Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil , daughter of EmperorPedro I of Brazil (d.1853 )December 14 –Arsenio Martínez Campos , Spanish general, revolutionary and prime minister (d.1900 )December 19 –Bernice Pauahi Bishop , Hawaiianaliʻi (d.1884 )Richard Hawksworth Barnes , English coffee grower, naturalist and meteorologist (d.1904 )Jacob W. Davis , (b. Jacob Youphes), Latvian-born American tailor, inventor of jeans (d.1908 )Sotirios Sotiropoulos , Greek economist, politician (d.1898 )Eugenia Kisimova , Bulgarian feminist, philanthropist, women's rights activist (d.1885 )1832
Édouard Manet Wilhelm Busch Lucretia Garfield T. Muthuswamy Iyer January 1 January 4 January 6 –Gustave Doré , French painter, sculptor (d.1883 )January 13 –Horatio Alger, Jr. , American Unitarian minister, author (d.1899 )January 21 –Carl Hubert von Wendt , German landowner and politician (d.1903 )January 22 –Alonzo B. Cornell , 27th Governor of New York (d.1904 )January 23 January 24 January 25 January 26 –George Shiras Jr. ,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d.1924 )January 27 –Lewis Carroll , English author (d.1898 )January 28 –Sir Charles Gough , British general, Victoria Cross recipient (d.1912 )January 28 January 29 –Wilhelm Böckmann , German architect (d.1902 )January 30 –Infanta Luisa Fernanda of Spain ,Duchess of Montpensier (d.1897 )February 6 –John B. Gordon , attorney, slaveholdingplanter , general in theConfederate States Army , and politician (d.1904 )February 9 –Adele Spitzeder , German actress, folk singer and confidence trickster (d.1895 )February 18 –Octave Chanute , French-American engineer, aviation pioneer (d.1910 )February 21 –Louis Maurer ,German-American lithographer , and the father of painterAlfred Henry Maurer (d.1932 )February 26 –John George Nicolay , German-American author, diplomat, and private secretary toAbraham Lincoln (d.1901 )March 4 –Samuel Colman , American painter, interior designer, and writer (d.1920 )March 7 –Carl Neumann , Germanmathematician (d.1925 )March 10 –John Owen Dominis ,prince consort of theKingdom of Hawaiʻi as the husband of QueenLiliʻuokalani (d.1891 )March 17 –Moncure D. Conway , Americanabolitionist minister and radical writer (d.1907 )March 19 –Ármin Vámbéry , HungarianTurkologist and traveler (d.1913 )March 21 –Charles Altamont Doyle , illustrator, watercolourist and civil servant (d.1893 )March 27 –William Quiller Orchardson , Scottish portraitist (d.1910 )April 3 –James Sewall Reed , American soldier (d.1864 )April 4 –Fedor Flinzer , German author, educator and illustrator (d.1911 )April 5 –Jules Ferry , French premier (d.1893 )April 7 –Ferdinand Kittel , German missionary,Lutheran priest andindologist (d.1903 )April 8 April 14 April 15 –John Irwin , American admiral (d.1901 )April 17 –Robert Loyd-Lindsay , British soldier, politician, and philanthropist (d.1901 )April 19 May 7 –Heinrich Julius Holtzmann , German Protestant theologian (d.1910 )May 14 May 20 –Garretson W. Gibson , 14thpresident of Liberia (d.1910 )May 21 May 22 –Laura Gundersen , Norwegian actor (d.1898 )March 26 –Michel Bréal , Frenchphilologist (d.1915 )May 27 –Alexandr Aksakov , Russian writer (d.1903 )May 28 –Heinrich XIV , Prince Reuss Younger Line from 1867 to 1913 (d.1913 )June 9 –Martha Waldron Janes , American minister, suffragist, columnist (d. unknown)June 10 –Nicolaus Otto , German engineer (d.1891 )June 11 –Jules Vallès , French journalist, author, and left-wing political activist (d.1885 )June 12 –Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal , Haitian politician, 12thPresident of Haiti (d.1905 )June 17 – SirWilliam Crookes , English chemist, physicist (d.1919 )June 21 June 23 –Gustav Jäger , Germannaturalist andhygienist (d.1917 )June 29 –Rafqa Pietra Chobok ,Lebanese Maronite nun who wascanonized (d.1914 )Caroline Harrison Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld July 1 –Karl Binz , German physician andpharmacologist (d.1913 )July 5 –Pavel Chistyakov , Russian painter and art teacher (d.1919 )July 6 – EmperorMaximilian I of Mexico (d.1867 )July 10 –Alvan Graham Clark , Americanastronomer andtelescope -maker (d.1897 )July 11 –Charilaos Trikoupis , 7-timePrime Minister of Greece (d.1896 )July 19 –Julius von Verdy du Vernois , Germangeneral and staff officer (d.1910 )July 22 –Colin Archer , Norwegiannaval architect andshipbuilder (d.1921 )July 26 –Joseph P. Fyffe , American admiral (d.1896 )July 29 –Luigi Palma di Cesnola , Italian-American soldier, diplomat and archaeologist (d.1904 )August 2 –Henry Steel Olcott , American officer (d.1907 )August 3 –Edward Wilmot Blyden ,Americo-Liberian educator, writer, diplomat, and politician (d.1912 )August 7 –Max Lange , German chess player andproblem composer (d.1899 )August 8 –George, King of Saxony (d.1904 )August 9 –Alexander von Monts , officer in thePrussian Navy and later theGerman Imperial Navy (d.1889 )August 13 –George F. Robinson , American soldier (d.1907 )August 16 –Wilhelm Wundt , German physiologist, philosopher, and professor, and pioneer of modern psychology (d.1920 )August 20 –Thaddeus S. C. Lowe , American aeronaut, scientist and inventor (d.1913 )August 26 –Charles DeRudio ,Italian aristocrat andU.S. Army officer (d.1910 )September 1 –Hermann Steudner , botanist and an explorer of Africa (d.1863 )September 10 –Randall L. Gibson , American politician and general in theConfederate Army (d.1892 )September 14 –Henry Steers , son ofJames Rich Steers , nephew ofGeorge Steers , proprietor of Henry Steers' Ship Yard (d.1903 )September 20 –Prince Nikolaus Wilhelm of Nassau (d.1905 )September 21 –Louis Paul Cailletet , Frenchphysicist and inventor (d.1913 )September 22 –John Smith , nephew ofJoseph Smith , the founder ofThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints and the fifthPresiding Patriarch of LDS Church (d.1911 )September 25 –William Le Baron Jenney , Americanarchitect andengineer (d.1907 )September 30 –Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts , British Victorian era general (d.1914 )October 1 October 2 October 3 –Richard Meade, Lord Gilford , British admiral (d.1907 )October 4 –Thorborg Rappe , Swedish social reformer (d.1902 )October 6 October 7 –William Thomas Blanford , English geologist and naturalist (d.1905 )October 10 –Joe Cain , American parade organizer forMardi Gras in Mobile, Alabama (d.1904 )October 15 -Hugh Ryves Baker , Church of England priest and founder ofSt Michael's Woolwich (d.1898 )October 16 –George Crockett Strong ,Union brigadier general in theAmerican Civil War (d.1863 )October 21 –Gustav Langenscheidt , German publisher (died1895 )October 22 –Robert Eitner , German musicologist, researcher and bibliographer (died1905 )October 23 October 25 –Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia , Russian noble, child of EmperorNicholas I andCharlotte of Prussia (d.1909 )October 29 –Narcisa de Jesús , Ecuadorian-born philanthropist, lay hermit, sainted (d.1869 )November 1 –Gyula Szapáry , Hungarian politician, 10thPrime Minister of Hungary (d.1905 )November 3 –Hubert de Burgh-Canning, 2nd Marquess of Clanricarde (d.1916 )November 7 –Andrew Dickson White , American historian, diplomat and co-founder ofCornell University (d.1918 )November 9 –Émile Gaboriau , French writer, novelist, journalist, and a pioneer ofdetective fiction (d.1873 )November 10 –Samuel McKee , Colonel for theUnion Army and served in theThird Kentucky Volunteer Infantry (d.1862 )November 12 –Nancy Edberg , Swedish pioneer of women's swimming (d.1892 )November 15 –Hermann Ottomar Herzog , German-American painter (d.1932 )November 18 –Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld , Finnish-Swedish geologist and explorer (d.1901 )November 26 –Mary Edwards Walker , American physician (d.1919 )November 28 –Sir Leslie Stephen , English writer, critic (d.1904 )November 29 –Louisa May Alcott , American author (d.1888 )[ 61] December 4 –Jonathan (tortoise) , British tortoiseDecember 6 –Thaddeus C. Pound , American businessman and politician (d.1914 )December 8 December 11 –Nancy Edberg , Swedish swimmer, swimming instructor andbath house manager (d.1892 )December 13 –Alexander Milton Ross , Canadian abolitionist (d.1897 )December 14 –Ana Betancourt , Cuban national heroine (d.1901 )December 15 –Gustave Eiffel , French engineer (d.1923 )December 21 –John H. Ketcham , American politician (d.1906 )December 27 –Thomas Blakiston ,English explorer , zoologist, andnaturalist . (d.1891 )1833
Johannes Brahms January 1 –Robert Lawson , New Zealand architect (d.1902 )January 5 –Eugene W. Hilgard , German-American "Father of soil science" (d.1916 )January 7 –Sir Henry Roscoe , English chemist (d.1915 )January 18 –Joseph S. Skerrett , American admiral (d.1897 )January 28 –Charles George Gordon , British army officer, administrator (d.1885 )February 3 –Abu Bakar of Johor , Malaysian sultan (d.1895 )February 6 –J. E. B. Stuart , American Confederate general (d.1864 )February 11 –Melville Fuller , 8thChief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (d.1910 )February 19 –Élie Ducommun , Swiss journalist, activist, recipient of theNobel Peace Prize (d.1906 )February 25 –John St. John ,American temperance movement leader (d.1916 )February 28 –Alfred von Schlieffen , German field marshal (d.1913 )March 10 –Dimitrie Sturdza , 4-time prime minister of Romania (d.1914 )March 14 –Lucy Hobbs Taylor , American dentist (d.1910 )[ 63] March 15 –Géza Fejérváry , 16th Prime Minister of Hungary (d.1914 )March 20 –Daniel Dunglas Home , Scottish medium (d.1886 )March 22 –Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla , Prime Minister of Spain (d.1895 )April 6 –Luis Cordero Crespo , 14th President of Ecuador (d.1912 )April 11 –Fredrik von Otter , 8th Prime Minister of Sweden (d.1910 )May 5 –Lazarus Fuchs , German mathematician (d.1902 )May 7 –Johannes Brahms , German composer (d.1897 )May 9 –Hermann von Spaun , Austro-Hungarian admiral (d.1919 )May 26 –Edward William Godwin , English architect (d.1886 )June 1 –John Marshall Harlan ,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d.1911 )June 4 –Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley , British field marshal (d.1913 )June 24 Alfred Nobel Eliza Lynch Princess Adelheid-Marie of Anhalt-Dessau July 7 –Félicien Rops , Belgian artist (d.1898 )July 14 –Alfred Biliotti , Italian Levantine British consular officer and archaeologist (d.1915 )July 26 –Gheorghe Manu , 17th Prime Minister of Romania (d.1911 )July 27 –Thomas George Bonney , English geologist (d.1923 )August 3 –Auguste Schmidt , German educator, women's rights activist (d.1902 )August 9 –Emily Pepys , English child diarist (d.1877 )August 16 –Eliza Ann Otis , American poet, newspaper publisher and philanthropist (d.1904 )August 20 –Benjamin Harrison , 23rdPresident of the United States (d.1901 )August 31 –Carlo Alberto Racchia , Italian admiral and politician (d.1896 )[ 64] September 2 –Henry Hotze , Swiss American Confederate propagandist (d.1887 )September 20 –Ernesto Teodoro Moneta , Italian pacifist, recipient of theNobel Peace Prize (d.1918 )September 22 –Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino , twice Prime Minister of Romania (d.1913 )October 2 –William Corby , American Catholic priest (d.1897 )October 20 –Mary F. Eastman , American educator, lecturer, writer and suffragist (d.1908 )October 21 –Alfred Nobel , Swedish inventor of dynamite, creator of theNobel Prize (d.1896 )October 23 –Antonio Flores Jijón , 13th President of Ecuador (d.1915 )November 6 –Jonas Lie , Norwegian author (d.1908 )November 9 –Émile Gaboriau , French writer (d.1873 )November 12 –Alexander Borodin , Russian composer (d.1887 )November 13 –Edwin Booth , American tragedian (d.1893 )November 14 –Sir Hugh Gough , British general, Victoria Cross recipient (d.1909 )November 19 –Eliza Lynch , First Lady of Paraguay (d.1886 )November 27 –Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge (d.1897 )November 30 –Frederick Richards British admiral (d.1912 )December 7 –Rodrigo Augusto da Silva , Brazilian Senator, author of theGolden Law (d.1889 )December 13 –Petre S. Aurelian , 19th Prime Minister of Romania (d.1909 )December 20 –Samuel Mudd , American doctor toJohn Wilkes Booth (d.1883 )December 25 –Princess Adelheid-Marie of Anhalt-Dessau (d.1916 )1834
Heinrich von Treitschke Gottlieb Daimler .January 7 –Johann Philipp Reis , German physicist, inventor (d.1874 )January 15 –Samuel Arza Davenport , American politician (d.1911 )January 17 –August Weismann , German evolutionary biologist (d.1914 )January 20 –Piet Joubert , Boer politician, military commander (d.1900 )January 25 –Alina Frasa , Finnish ballerina (d.1899 )February 6 –Edwin Klebs , German-Swiss pathologist who discoveredDiphtheria (d.1913 )February 8 –Dmitri Mendeleev , Russian chemist (d.1907 )February 9 –Felix Dahn , German author (d.1912 )February 16 –Ernst Haeckel , German zoologist, philosopher (d.1919 )February 19 –Charles Davis Lucas , BritishVictoria Cross recipient (d.1914 )February 27 –Charles C. Carpenter , American admiral (d.1899 )March 5 –Félix de Blochausen , 6th Prime Minister of Luxembourg (d.1915 )March 16 –Sir James Hector , Scottish geologist (d.1907 )[ 65] March 17 –Gottlieb Daimler , German engineer, inventor (d.1900 )March 20 –Charles W. Eliot , American President of Harvard University (d.1926 )March 23 –Julius Reubke , German composer (d.1858 )March 24 April 2 –Paškal Buconjić , Herzegovinian Catholic bishop (d.1910 )April 26 –Artemus Ward , American humorist (d.1867 )May 20 –Albert Niemann , German chemist (d.1861 )May 23 –Carl Heinrich Bloch , Danish sculptor (d.1890 )June 19 –Charles Spurgeon , English Baptist preacher (d.1892 )James McNeill Whistler Edgar Degas Aleksis Kivi July 2 –Hendrick Peter Godfried Quack , Dutch economist, historian (d.1917 )July 4 –Christopher Dresser , British designer influential in the Anglo-Japanese style (d.1904 )[ 66] July 10 –James McNeill Whistler , American painter, etcher (d.1903 )July 19 –Edgar Degas , French painter (d.1917 )July 2 –Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , French sculptor (d.1904 )July 27 –Miguel Grau Seminario , Peruvian admiral (d.1879 )August 4 –John Venn , British mathematician (d.1923 )August 22 –Samuel Pierpont Langley , American astronomer, physicist, and aeronautics pioneer (d.1906 )August 31 –Amilcare Ponchielli , Italian composer (d.1886 )Heinrich von Treitschke (15 September 1834 – 28 April 1896) German historian, political writer, and National Liberal member of the Reichstag during the time of the German Empire.September 17 –Robert Simpson , Scottish-Canadian businessman (d.1897 )September 28 –William Montrose Graham Jr. , American general (d.1916 )September 30 –Louis P. Mouillard , French artist, aviation pioneer (d.1897 )October 6 –Walter Kittredge , American composer (d.1905 )October 10 –Aleksis Kivi , Finnish national author (d.1872 )[ 67] November 8 –Johann Karl Friedrich Zöllner , German astrophysicist (d.1882 )November 13 –Ignacio Manuel Altamirano , Mexican writer (d.1893 )November 19 –Georg Hermann Quincke , German physicist (d.1924 )November 21 –Hetty Green , American businesswoman (d.1916 )November 28 –Sophronia Farrington Naylor Grubb , American activist (d.1902 )December 16 –Léon Walras , French economist (d.1910 )December 24 –Augustus George Vernon Harcourt , English chemist (d.1919 )1835
Leopold II of Belgium Pope Pius X January 14 –Emmy Rappe , Swedish nurse pioneer (d.1896 )February 13 –Mirza Ghulam Ahmad , founder of theAhmadiyya Muslim Community (d.1908 )February 15 February 18 –César Cui , Lithuanian composer (d.1918 )February 22 –Jeannette Walworth , American novelist, journalist (d.1918 )March 12 March 14 –Giovanni Schiaparelli , Italian astronomer (d.1910 )March 15 –Eduard Strauss , Austrian composer (d.1916 )[ 69] March 21 –Maria Magdalena Mathsdotter , Swedish Sami educator (d.1873 )March 24 –Josef Stefan , Slovenian physicist, mathematician, and poet (d.1893 )April 1 –James Fisk , American entrepreneur (d.1872 )April 4 –John Hughlings Jackson , English neurologist (d.1911 )April 9 – KingLeopold II of Belgium (d.1909 )May 3 –Alfred Austin , English poet (d.1913 )May 18 –Charles N. Sims , American Methodist preacher, third chancellor ofSyracuse University (d.1908 )May 21 –František Chvostek , Moravian physician (d.1884 )June 2 –Pope Pius X (d.1914 )June 6 –Ștefan Fălcoianu , Romanian general and politician (d.1905 )June 9 –Ramón Barros Luco , 15thPresident of Chile (d.1919 )June 10 –Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany , (d.1908 )June 12 –George Atzerodt , conspirator withJohn Wilkes Booth , assigned to assassinateVice President Andrew Johnson (d.1865 )June 15 –Adah Isaacs Menken , American actress (d.1868 )June 23 –Fanny Eaton , Jamaican-born artists model and domestic worker (d.1924 )June 24 –Johannes Wislicenus , German chemist (d.1902 )June 26 –Thomas W. Knox , American author, journalist (d.1896 )Adolf von Baeyer Empress Dowager Cixi Mark Twain Matilda Carse July 6 –Sir George White , British field marshal (d.1912 )July 7 –Ernest Giles , Australian explorer (d.1897 )July 10 –Henryk Wieniawski , Polish composer (d.1880 )July 19 –Justo Rufino Barrios , 9th President of Guatemala (d.1885 )July 27 –Giosuè Carducci , Italian writer,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1907 )July 30 –Edmund Francis Dunne , American politician, jurist, and Catholic orator (d.1904 )July 31 –Henri Brisson , 2-time prime minister of France (d.1912 )August 2 –Elisha Gray , American inventor, businessman (d.1901 )August 6 –Hjalmar Kiærskou , Danish botanist (d.1900 )August 19 –Tom Wills , Australian cricketer, pioneer of Australian rules football (d.1880 )August 27 –Thomas Burberry , English businessman, inventor (d.1926 )September 1 –Raphael Kalinowski , PolishDiscalced Carmelite friar, saint (d.1907 )October 7 –Felix Draeseke , German composer (d.1913 )October 9 –Camille Saint-Saëns , French composer (d.1921 )October 16 –William Rufus Shafter , American general (d.1906 )October 31 –Adolf von Baeyer , German chemist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1917 )November 6 –Cesare Lombroso , Italian criminologist (d.1909 )November 17 –Andrew L. Harris , American Civil War hero, Governor of Ohio (d.1915 )November 19 –Matilda Carse , Irish-born American businesswoman, social reformer (d.1917 )November 21 –Rose Eytinge , American actress (d.1911 )November 25 November 29 –Empress Dowager Cixi of China (d.1908 )[ 71] November 30 –Mark Twain , American author, humorist (d.1910 )[ 72] December 4 –Samuel Butler , English writer (d.1902 )December 6 –Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig , German chemist (d.1910 )December 17 –Alexander Emanuel Agassiz , American scientist (d. 1910)December 18 –Lyman Abbott , American clergyman, author (d.1922 )December 28 –Sir Archibald Geikie , Scottish geologist (d.1924 )1836
Ramakrishna Isabella Beeton January 2 –Mendele Mocher Sforim , Russian Yiddish writer (d.1917 )January 8 –Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema , Dutch-English painter (d.1912 )January 10 –Charles Phillip Ingalls , Americanpioneer , father of authorLaura Ingalls Wilder (d.1902 )January 14 January 24 –Signe Rink , Greenland-born Danish writer, ethnologist (d.1909 )January 27 –Leopold von Sacher-Masoch , Austrian writer for whom masochism is named (d.1895 )February 5 –Tenshoin , wife of 13th Shōgun of Japan,Tokugawa Iesada (d.1883 )February 16 –Robert Halpin , Irish mariner, cable layer (d.1894 )February 18 –Ramakrishna Paramhansa , Indian religious leader (d.1886 )February 21 –Léo Delibes , French composer (d.1891 )February 24 –Winslow Homer , American painter (d.1910 )March 2 –Henry Billings Brown ,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d.1913 )March 4 –Stuart Robson , American stage comedian (d.1903 )March 12 –Isabella Beeton , English writer on household management (d.1865 )March 20 – SirEdward Poynter , French-born British artist (d.1919 )March 28 –Frederick Pabst , German-American brewer (d.1904 )April 16 –Gootchaux Ettinger , French-Brazilian politician and industrialist (d.1917 )April 27 –Charles Bendire , U.S. Army captain, ornithologist (d.1897 )May 7 –Manuel de la Cámara y Libermoore , Spanish admiral (d.1920 )May 23 –Touch the Clouds , Native American chieftain (Teton Lakota Sioux) (d.1905 )May 26 –Mélanie de Pourtalès , French salonnière, courtier (d.1914 )May 27 –Jay Gould , American financier (d.1892 )May 28 –Friedrich Baumfelder , German composer, conductor, and pianist (d.1916 )May 31 –Jules Chéret , French printmaker (d.1932 )June 9 –Elizabeth Garrett Anderson , English physician, suffragette (d.1910 )June 16 –Wesley Merritt , American general (d.1910 )June 28 –Lyman J. Gage , American financier (d.1927 )Joseph Chamberlain Sarah Morgan Bryan Piatt Benjamin Harris Babbidge W.S. Gilbert July 8 –Joseph Chamberlain , British politician (d.1914 )July 9 –Camille of Renesse-Breidbach , Belgian nobleman, entrepreneur and author (d.1904 )July 24 –Jan Gotlib Bloch , Polish banker and warfare author (d.1902 )August 5 –John T. Raymond , American actor (d.1887 )August 11 –Sarah Morgan Bryan Piatt , American poet (d.1919 )August 13 – BishopNicholas of Japan , Japanese Orthodox priest (d.1912 )August 25 –Bret Harte , American writer (d.1902 )September 5 –Justiniano Borgoño , 37th Prime Minister of Peru (d.1921 )September 7 –Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman ,Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d.1908 )September 10 –Joseph Wheeler , American general, politician (d.1906 )September 11 –Fitz Hugh Ludlow , American author (d.1870 )September 17 –William Jackson Palmer , American founder ofColorado Springs, Colorado (d.1909 )September 22 –Fredrique Paijkull , Swedish educator, folk high school pioneer (d.1899 )September 28 –Thomas Crapper , English plumber, inventor (d.1910 )September 30 –Remigio Morales Bermúdez , Peruvian politician, 56thPresident of Peru (d.1894 )October 2 –Benjamin Harris Babbidge , 19thMayor of Brisbane (d.1905 )October 4 –Piet Cronjé , Boer general (d.1911 )October 5 –Enomoto Takeaki , Japanesesamurai , admiral (d.1908 )October 6 –Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz , German neuroanatomist (d.1921 )October 15 –James Tissot , French artist (d.1902 )October 27 –Thomas Gwyn Elger , English astronomer (d.1897 )November 3 –Elena Arellano Chamorro , Nicaraguan pioneer educator (d.1911 )November 8 –Milton Bradley , American businessman, inventor (d.1911 )November 10 –Andrés Avelino Cáceres , Peruvian general, twicePresident of Peru (d.1923 )November 11 –Thomas Bailey Aldrich , American poet, novelist (d.1907 )November 18 November 22 –Sir George Barham , English businessman, founder ofExpress County Milk Supply Company (d.1913 )December 7 –Frank Manly Thorn , American lawyer, politician, essayist and journalist (d.1907 )December 18 –Kawamura Sumiyoshi , Japanese admiral (d.1904 )1837
J. P. Morgan January 2 –Mily Balakirev , Russian composer (d.1910 )January 7 –Thomas Henry Ismay , English shipowner (White Star Line ) (d.1899 )February 5 February 13 –Valentin Zubiaurre , Spanish composer (d.1914 )February 20 –Samuel Swett Green , American librarian, advocate (d.1918 )February 24 –Nakamuta Kuranosuke , Japanese admiral (d.1916 )March 1 –William Dean Howells , American writer, historian, editor, and politician (d.1920 )March 3 –Jacques Duchesne , French general (d.1918 )March 7 –Henry Draper , American physician and astronomer (d.1882 )March 18 –Grover Cleveland , 22nd and 24thPresident of the United States (d.1908 )March 22 –Virginia Oldoini, Countess of Castiglione (d.1899 )March 23 –Sir Charles Wyndham , English actor, theatrical manager (d.1919 )March 27 –Kate Fox , American medium (d.1892 )April 1 –Luis Francisco Benítez de Lugo y Benítez de Lugo (d.1876 )April 5 –Algernon Charles Swinburne , English poet (d.1909 )April 17 –J. P. Morgan , American financier, banker (d.1913 )April 21 –Fredrik Bajer , Danish politician, pacifist, recipient of theNobel Peace Prize (d.1922 )April 27 –Queen Cheorin , Korean queen (d.1878 )April 29 –Georges Ernest Boulanger , French general, politician (d.1891 )May 5 May 7 –Karl Mauch , German explorer (d.1875 )May 9 May 27 –Wild Bill Hickok , American gunfighter (d.1876 )May 28 June 22 June 28 –Petre P. Carp , 2-time prime minister of Romania (d.1919 )Anna Filosofova John Leary Empress Elisabeth of Austria July 4 –Carolus-Duran , French painter (d.1917 )July 15 –Stephanie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen ,Queen consort of Portugal (d.1859 )July 18 –Vasil Levski , Bulgarian revolutionary (d.1873 )July 21 –Johanna Hedén , Swedish midwife, surgeon (d. 1912)August 1 –(bapt.) Mary Harris Jones ("Mother Jones"), Irish-American labor leader (d.1930 )August 5 –Anna Filosofova , Russian women's rights activist (d.1912 )August 11 –John Ward , English palaeontologist (d.1906 )August 24 –Théodore Dubois , French composer (d.1924 )September 2 –James H. Wilson , Union Armymajor general in theAmerican Civil War (d.1925 )September 12 –Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse (d.1892 )September 14 –Nikolai Bugaev , Russian mathematician (d.1903 )September 16 – KingPedro V of Portugal (d.1861 )September 18 –Aires de Ornelas e Vasconcelos , Portuguese Archbishop of Goa (d.1880 )September 24 –Mark Hanna ,United States Senator fromOhio (d.1904 )October 3 –Nicolás Avellaneda , Argentine president (d.1885 )October 4 –Auguste-Réal Angers , Canadian judge and politician, 6thLieutenant Governor of Quebec (d.1919 )October 5 –José Plácido Caamaño , 12th President of Ecuador (d.1900 )October 10 –Robert Gould Shaw , Union Army general in the American Civil War, social reformer (k.1863 )October 26 –Carl Koldewey , German explorer famous for theGerman North Polar Expedition (d.1908 )October 28 –Tokugawa Yoshinobu , Japaneseshōgun Tokugawa shogunate (d.1913 )[ 73] October 29 –Harriet Powers , African-American folk artist (d.1910 )November 2 –Émile Bayard , French artist, illustrator (d.1891 )November 5 –Arnold Janssen , German-born Catholic priest, saint (d.1909 )November 20 –Lewis Waterman , American inventor, businessman (d.1901 )November 23 –Johannes Diderik van der Waals , Dutch physicist,Nobel Prize laureate (d.1923 )December (unknown date) –Bella French Swisher , American writer (d.1893 ) December 9 –Kabayama Sukenori , Japanesesamurai , general, and statesman (d.1922 )December 11 –Webster Paulson , English civil engineer (d.1887 )December 15 –George B. Post , American architect (d.1913 )December 24 December 26 1838
Ernst Mach Ernest Solvay Isabelle Bogelot January 4 –General Tom Thumb , American circus performer, entertainer (d.1883 )January 6 January 16 –Franz Brentano , German philosopher, psychologist (d.1917 )January 29 –Edward W. Morley , American chemist noted for working on theMichelson–Morley experiment (d.1923 )February 2 –John Joseph Jolly Kyle , Scots-born Argentine chemist (d.1922 )[ 74] February 6 –Sir Henry Irving , English actor (d.1905 )February 9 –Sir Evelyn Wood , British field marshal, Victoria Cross recipient (d.1919 )February 12 –Julius Dresser , American writer (d.1893 )February 13 –Annetta Seabury Dresser , American writer (d.1893 )February 16 –Henry Brooks Adams , American historian (d.1918 )February 18 –Ernst Mach , Austrian physicist, philosopher (d.1916 )March 3 –George William Hill , American astronomer (d.1914 )March 11 –Ōkuma Shigenobu , Japanese politician (d.1922 )March 12 –Sir William Perkin , English chemist (d.1907 )March 15 –Alice Cunningham Fletcher , Americanethnologist ,anthropologist , andsocial scientist (d.1923 )April 2 –Léon Gambetta , 37th Prime Minister of France (d.1882 )April 3 –John Willis Menard , African-American politician (d.1893 )April 12 –John Shaw Billings , American military and medical leader (d.1913 )April 16 April 18 –Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran , French chemist (d.1912 )April 21 –John Muir , American ecologist (d.1914 )April 28 –Tobias Asser , Dutch jurist, recipient of theNobel Peace Prize (d.1913 )May 10 –John Wilkes Booth , American actor, assassin ofAbraham Lincoln (d.1865 )May 11 –Isabelle Bogelot , French philanthropist (d.1923 )May 20 –Jules Méline , French statesman (d.1925 )July full date unknown –Bass Reeves , one of the first blackDeputy U.S. Marshals west of theMississippi River (d.1910 )June 14 –Yamagata Aritomo , Japanese field marshal, Prime Minister (d.1922 )June 19 –Mary Cole Walling , American patriot, lecturer (d.1925 )June 24 –Gustav von Schmoller , German economist (d.1917 )June 27 –Bankim Chandra Chatterjee , Indian author (d.1894 )Ferdinand von Zeppelin Georges Bizet July 1 –Marie-Louise Jaÿ , French businesswoman (d.1925 )July 5 –Vatroslav Jagić , Croatian scholar (d.1923 )July 7 –Felice Napoleone Canevaro , Italian admiral (d.1926 )July 8 –Ferdinand von Zeppelin , German military officer, founder of the Zeppelin Company (d.1917 )July 11 –John Wanamaker , American merchant and religious, civic and political figure (d.1922 )July 20 –Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet , British statesman, author (d.1928 )September 2 September 17 –Valeriano Weyler , Spanish general (d.1930 )September 21 September 27 –Lawrence Sullivan Ross ,Confederate brigadier general, Texas governor and president ofTexas A&M University (d.1898 )September 28 –Sai Baba , Indian spiritual master and National saint (d.1918 )September 29 –Henry Hobson Richardson , American architect (d.1886 )September 30 –Phoebe Jane Babcock Wait , American physician (d.1904 )October 6 –Giuseppe Cesare Abba , Italian patriot, writer (d.1910 )October 8 –John Hay , diplomat, private secretary toAbraham Lincoln , 37thUnited States Secretary of State (d. 1905)October 25 –Georges Bizet ,French composer (d.1875 )October 31 – KingLuís I of Portugal (d.1889 )November 1 –Khedrup Gyatso, 11th Dalai Lama (d.1856 )November 4 –Constantin Budișteanu (birth also reported asSeptember 21 ), Wallachian-born Romanian soldier and politician (d.1911 )November 7 –Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam , French writer (d.1889 )November 8 –Rufus W. Peckham ,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d.1909 )November 13 –Joseph F. Smith , 6th president ofthe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d.1918 )November 17 –Sir Lambton Loraine, 11th Baronet , British naval officer (d.1917 )November 20 –Hedvig Raa-Winterhjelm , pioneer Scandinavian actor (d.1907 )November 23 –Stephanos Skouloudis , 34th Prime Minister of Greece (d.1928 )November 29 –Giovanni Losi , Italian Combonian missionary (d.1882 )December 3 –Cleveland Abbe , American meteorologist (d.1916 )December 3 –Octavia Hill , British social reformer (d.1912 )December 19 –Darinka Petrovic , Princess consort of Montenegro (d.1892 )December 20 –Edwin Abbott Abbott , English theologian, author (d.1926 )December 30 –Émile Loubet , 8thPresident of France (d.1929 )1839
Paul Cézanne [dubious discuss Marianne Hainisch Josiah Willard Gibbs Frederic W. Tilton January 2 –Gustave Trouvé , French electrical engineer, inventor (d.1902 )January 8 –William A. Clark , American politician, entrepreneur (d.1925 )January 9 –John Knowles Paine , American composer (d.1906 )January 19 –Paul Cézanne , French painter (d.1906 )[ 75] January 26 –Rachel Lloyd , American chemist (d.1900 )February 6 –Caroline Testman , Danish women's rights activist (d.1919 )February 11 February 15 –Rayko Zhinzifov , Bulgarian poet and translator (d.1877 )[ 76] February 18 –Pascual Cervera y Topete , Spanish admiral (d.1909 )February 22 –Francis Pharcellus Church , American editor, publisher (d.1906 )March 3 –Jamsetji Tata , Indian Parsi businessman (d.1904 )March 8 –Josephine Cochrane , American inventor of the first commercially successful dishwasher (d.1913 )March 15 –Daniel Ridgway Knight , American artist (d.1924 )March 16 March 21 –Modest Mussorgsky , Russian composer (d.1881 )March 23 –Julius von Hann , Austrian meteorologist (The father of modern meteorology ) (d.1921 )March 25 March 27 –John Ballance , 14thPremier of New Zealand (d.1893 )April 3 –Karl, Freiherr von Prel , German philosopher (d.1899 )April 8 –Belle L. Pettigrew , American teacher, missionary (d.1912 )April 12 –Nikolay Przhevalsky , Russian explorer (d.1888 )April 16 –Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì , 12th Prime Minister of Italy (d.1908 )April 23 –Tom Allen , English boxer (d.1903 )April 30 May 21 –Mary of the Passion , FrenchRoman Catholic religious sister, missionary, and blessed (d.1904 )June 1 –Abdyl Frashëri , Albanian politician (d.1892 )June 10 –Ludvig Holstein-Ledreborg , Prime Minister of Denmark (d.1912 )June 17 –Arthur Tooth ,Anglican clergyman prosecuted forRitualist practices in the1870s (d.1931 )June 21 –Machado de Assis , Brazilian author (d.1908 )John D. Rockefeller Alfred Sisley July –Baba Jaimal Singh , Founder of Radha Soami Satsang Beas (d.1903 )July 6 –Édouard Pottier , French admiral (d.1903 )July 8 –John D. Rockefeller , American industrialist, philanthropist (d.1937 )July 17 –Ephraim Shay , American inventor of theShay locomotive (d.1916 )July 18 –James Surtees Phillpotts , English author (d.1930 )July 22 –Jacob Hägg , Swedish admiral and painter (d.1931 )July 28 –Isabelle Gatti de Gamond , Italo-Belgian educationalist, feminist, and politician (d.1905 )July 31 –Ignacio Andrade , 37th President of Venezuela (d.1925 )August 4 –Walter Pater , English essayist, critic (d.1894 )August 8 –Nelson A. Miles , American general (d.1925 )August 15 –Antonín Petrof , Czech piano maker (d.1915 )September 2 –Henry George , American writer, politician, and political economist (d.1897 )September 7 –Patricio Montojo y Pasarón , Spanish admiral (d.1917 )September 8 –Gregorio Luperón , Dominican soldier, activist and general (d.1897 )September 9 –Maria Swanenburg , Dutch serial killer (d.1915 )September 10 –Charles Sanders Peirce , American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist (d.1914 )September 12 –Mary H. Graves , American minister, literary editor, writer (d.1908 )October 2 –Oscar de Négrier , French general (d.1913 )October 9 October 11 –Jeanne Merkus , Dutch deaconess, guerilla soldier, and political activist (d.1897 )October 30 –Alfred Sisley , French Impressionist landscape painter (d.1899 )November 1 –Pál Luthár , Slovene writer in Hungary (d.1919 )November 1 –Ahmed Muhtar Pasha , Ottoman field marshal (d.1919 )November 12 –Frank Furness , American architect, soldier (d.1912 )November 18 –Emil Škoda , Czech engineer, industrialist (d.1900 )November 20 –Christian Wilberg , German painter (d.1882 )November 30 –Catherine Amanda Coburn , American journalist, newspaper editor (d.1913 )December 5 –George Armstrong Custer , American cavalry officer (d.1876 )December 7 –Sir Redvers Buller , British general, Victoria Cross recipient (d.1908 )December 21 –Sherman Conant , American soldier and politician (d.1890 )
Deaths 1830
Swaminarayan George IV January 7 January 19 –Johann Schweighäuser , German classical scholar (b.1742 )January 25 –Benito de Soto ,Galician pirate, executed (b.1805 )January 26 –Filippo Castagna , Maltese politician (b.1765 )[ 79] February 2 –Manoel da Costa Ataíde , Brazilian painter (b.1762 )February 22 –William Badger , master shipbuilder (b.1752 )February 23 –Jean-Pierre Norblin de La Gourdaine (Jan Piotr Norblin), French-born Polish painter (b.1740 )March 2 –Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring , German physician, anatomist (b.1755 )March 7 –Jacques Villeré , first Creole governor of Louisiana (b.1761 )March 16 –Sir Robert Farquhar , British merchant, colonial governor and politician (b.1776 )March 17 –Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr , French marshal (b.1764 )April 14 –Erike Kirstine Kolstad , Norwegian actress (b.1792 )June 1 –Swaminarayan (Sahajanand Swami), Indian yogi, central figure in Swaminarayan Hinduism (b.1781 )June 4 –Antonio José de Sucre , Venezuelan revolutionary leader, statesman (b.1795 )June 26 – KingGeorge IV of the United Kingdom (b.1762 )William Hazlitt August 6 –David Walker , African-American abolitionist (b.1796 )August 24 –Louis Pierre Vieillot , French ornithologist (b.1748 )September 18 –William Hazlitt , English essayist (b.1778 )September 23 October 4 –Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg , Prussian military leader (b.1759 )October 5 –Dinicu Golescu , Romanian writer (b.1777 )October 11 –José de La Mar , military leader, President of Peru (b. 1776)[ 80] October 31 –Petar I Petrović-Njegoš , ruler of Montenegro (b.1747 )November 8 –Francis I of the Two Sicilies (b.1777 )November 18 –Adam Weishaupt , German philosopher (b.1748 )November 30 –Pope Pius VIII , Italian pontiff (b.1761 )December 6 –Morton Eden, 1st Baron Henley , British diplomat (b.1752 )December 8 –Benjamin Constant , Swiss writer (b.1767 )December 17 –Simón Bolívar , Venezuelan revolutionary leader, statesman (b.1783 )1831
Ludwig Achim von Arnim January 8 –Franz Krommer , Czech composer (b.1759 )January 21 –Ludwig Achim von Arnim , German poet (b.1781 )February 2 –Vincenzo Dimech , Maltese sculptor (b.1768 )February 14 February 17 –Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (b.1785 )March 9 –Friedrich Maximilian Klinger , German writer (b.1752 )April 5 –Dmitry Senyavin , Russian admiral (b.1763 )April 20 –John Abernethy , English surgeon (b.1764 )April 21 –Thursday October Christian I , Pitcairn Islander and son ofFletcher Christian (b.1790 )April 27 –Charles Felix of Sardinia , King of Sardinia (b.1765 )April 30 –Collet Barker , British military officer, explorer (b.1784 )May 17 –Nathaniel Rochester , American politician (b.1752 )June 5 –Tarenorerer , indigenous Australian Tasman freedom fighter (b.1800 )Robert Fullerton Georg Hegel Hannah Adams July 4 –James Monroe , 73, 5th President of the United States (b.1758 )July 16 –Louis Alexandre Andrault de Langeron , Russian general (b.1763 )July 20 –Jacques Defermon des Chapelières , French politician (b.1752 )August 5 –Sébastien Érard , German-born French instrument maker (b.1752 )August 24 –August von Gneisenau , Prussian field marshal (b.1760 )September 28 –Philippine Engelhard , German writer, scholar (b.1756 )November 6 –Hilchen Sommerschild , Norwegian educator (b.1756 )November 11 –Nat Turner , American slave rebel (b.1800 )November 14 –Georg Hegel , German philosopher (b.1770 )November 16 –Carl von Clausewitz , German military strategist (b.1780 )November 19 –Titumir , Bengali revolutionary (b.1782 )[ 81] November 21 –Marie Anne Simonis , Belgian textile industrialist (b.1758 )December 15 –Hannah Adams , American author (b.1755 )December 18 –Willem Bilderdijk , Dutch author (b.1756 )December 23 –Emilia Plater , Polish heroine (b.1806 )December 26 1832
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Jean-François Champollion January 24 –Daniel Sykes , English politician (b.1766 )January 26 –Alexander Cochrane , British admiral (b.1758 )January 27 –Andrew Bell , Scottish educationalist, founder ofMadras College , India (b.1753 )February 2 –Ignacio López Rayón , leader of theMexican War of Independence (b.1773 )[ 82] February 3 –George Crabbe , English poet and naturalist (b.1754 )March 4 –Jean-François Champollion , French Egyptologist (b.1790 )March 10 –Muzio Clementi , Italian composer and pianist (b.1752 )March 15 –Otto Wilhelm Masing , Estonian linguist (b.1763 )March 22 –Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , German writer (b.1749 )March 29 –Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, Queen of Sardinia (b.1773 )April 3 –Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac , Prime Minister of France (b.1778 )April 12 –Shadrach Bond , American politician and the firstgovernor of Illinois (b.1773 )April 18 –Jeanne-Elisabeth Chaudet , French painter (b.1761 )May 13 –Georges Cuvier , French zoologist (b.1769 )May 23 –William Grant , British lawyer, politician and judge (b.1752 )May 28 –Nicolas Bergasse , French lawyer (b.1750 )May 31 –Évariste Galois , French mathematician (b.1811 )June 1 –Jean Maximilien Lamarque , French general and politician (b.1770 )June 5 –Kaʻahumanu , queen consort of Hawaii (b.1768 )June 6 –Jeremy Bentham , English philosopher (b.1748 )June 10 –Joseph Hiester , American politician (b.1752 )June 21 –Princess Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt (b.1754 )June 23 –James Hall , Scottish geologist (b.1761 )Napoleon II of France Walter Scott July 22 –Napoleon II of France (b.1811 )July 31 –Edward Abbott , Australian soldier, politician and judge (b.1766 )August 24 –Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot , French military engineer and physicist (b.1796 )September 1 –Joseph Kinghorn , Particular Baptist Minister (b.1766 )September 2 –Franz Xaver von Zach , Austrian scientific editor and astronomer (b.1754 )September 21 – SirWalter Scott , Scottish poet and novelist (b.1771 )September 27 –Karl Christian Friedrich Krause , German philosopher (b.1781 )October 11 –Thomas Hardy , British political reformer (b.1752 )October 31 –Antonio Scarpa , Italian anatomist (b.1752 )November 8 –Marie-Jeanne de Lalande , Frenchastronomer and mathematician (b.1768 )November 12 November 14 –Charles Carroll of Carrollton , signer of theUnited States Declaration of Independence and U.S. Senator (b.1737 )November 15 –Jean-Baptiste Say , French economist, originator ofSay's law (b.1767 )December 18 –Philip Freneau , American poet and journalist (b.1752 )December 29 –James Hillhouse , American politician and congressman fromConnecticut , 1791 until 1810 (b.1754 )undated –Birgithe Kühle , Norwegian journalist (b.1762 )1833
Richard Trevithick January 10 –Adrien-Marie Legendre , French mathematician (b.1752 )January 16 –Princess Paula of Brazil (b.1823 )January 16 –Nannette Streicher , German piano maker, composer, music educator and writer (b.1769 )January 16 –Banastre Tarleton , British general, politician (b.1754 )January 23 –Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth , British admiral (b.1757 )March 13 –William Bradley , British naval officer, cartographer (b.1758 )April 6 –Adamantios Korais , Greek scholar (b.1748 )April 7 April 22 –Richard Trevithick , English inventor (b.1771 )May 5 –Sophia Campbell , Australian artist (b.1777 )May 15 –Edmund Kean , British actor (b.1787 )May 23 –Francesca Anna Canfield , American linguist, poet and translator (b.1803 )June 1 –Oliver Wolcott Jr. , American lawyer, politician, 2ndUnited States Secretary of the Treasury , 24thGovernor of Connecticut (b.1760 )June 2 –Simon Byrne , Irish prizefighter (b.1806 )Nicéphore Niépce July 2 –Gervasio Antonio de Posadas , Argentine leader (b.1757 )July 5 –Nicéphore Niépce , French photography pioneer (b.1765 )July 11 –Yagan ,Noongar indigenous Australian warrior (killed) (b. c.1795 )July 12 –Samuel Sterett , American politician (b.1758 )July 19 –George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland , British landowner (b.1758 )July 20 –Ninian Edwards , American politician, Governor of and Senator from Illinois (b.1775 )July 22 –Joseph Forlenze , Italian ophthalmologist (b.1757 )July 23 –Anselmo de la Cruz , Chilean political figure (b.1777 )July 26 –Thomas Knapton , English mariner, executed (b. c.1816 )July 29 –William Wilberforce , English politician, abolitionist (b.1759 )August 9 –Godfrey Higgins , English archaeologist (b.1772 )August 14 –Placidus a Spescha , Swiss mountain climber (b.1752 )September –James Farquhar , Scottish politician (b.1764 ) September 7 –Hannah More , English religious writer, Romantic, and philanthropist (b.1745 )September 15 –Arthur Hallam , English poet (b.1811 )September 27 –Ram Mohan Roy , Hindu reformer (b.1772 )September 29 – KingFerdinand VII of Spain (b.1784 )October 3 –François, marquis de Chasseloup-Laubat , French general (b.1754 )October 4 –Maria Jane Jewsbury , English poet and literary reviewer (b.1800 )October 16 November 16 –John McMillan , Presbyterian minister, missionary in Pennsylvania (b.1752 )November 23 –Jean-Baptiste Jourdan , French marshal (b.1762 )December 17 –Kaspar Hauser , German youth of uncertain origin (stabbed) (b.1812 ?)1834
Friedrich Schleiermacher Gilbert du Motier January 6 –Richard Martin , Irish founder of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (b.1754 )January 12 –William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville ,Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b.1759 )January 17 –Giovanni Aldini , Italian physicist (b.1762 )February 2 –Lorenzo Dow , American minister (b.1777 )February 4 –Amélie-Julie Candeille , French composer, librettist, writer, singer, actress, comedian, and instrumentalist (b.1767 )February 12 –Friedrich Schleiermacher , German theologian and philosopher (b.1768 )February 18 –William Wirt , 9thUnited States Attorney General (b.1772 )February 23 –Karl Ludwig von Knebel , German poet (b.1744 )March 2 –José Cecilio del Valle , first President of Central America (b.1780 )March 30 –Rudolph Ackermann , Anglo-German entrepreneur (b.1764 )April 5 – Vice-Admiral SirRichard Goodwin Keats , Governor of Newfoundland (b.1757 )April 10 –John 'Merino' MacArthur , Australian farmer (b.1767 )April 11 –John 'Mad Jack' Fuller , English philanthropist, patron of the arts and sciences (b.1757 )April 29 –Grigore IV Ghica , prince of Wallachia (b.1755 )May 9 –Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad , founder of the First Saudi StateMay 20 –Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette , French nobleman, soldier (b.1757 )May 31 – Shaikh Khalifa bin Salman bin Ahmed Al Khalifa, Deputy Ruler of Bahrain (b.c. 1783 )Samuel Taylor Coleridge Jonathan Jennings Pedro I of Brazil July 12 –David Douglas , Scottish botanist (b.1799 )July 14 –Edmond-Charles Genêt , French ambassador to the United States during the French Revolution (b.1763 )July 19 –Károly Hadaly , Hungarian mathematician (b.1743 )July 25 –Samuel Taylor Coleridge , English writer (b.1772 )July 26 –Jonathan Jennings , American politician and the firstgovernor of Indiana (b.1784 )August 1 –Robert Morrison , British Protestant missionary to China (b.1782 )August 7 –Joseph Marie Jacquard , French inventor (b.1752 )August 17 –Husein Gradaščević , Bosnian rebel leader (b.1802 )September 2 –Thomas Telford , Scottish engineer (b. 1757)September 5 –Thomas Lee , English architect (b.1794 )September 9 –James Weddell , Antarctic explorer (b.1787 )September 15 –William H. Crawford , American politician, judge (b.1772 )September 16 –William Blackwood , Scottish writer (b.1776 )September 24 – EmperorPedro I of Brazil (b.1798 )October 5 –María Josefa Pimentel, Duchess of Osuna (b.1752 )October 8 –François-Adrien Boieldieu , French composer (b.1775 )October 11 –William Napier, 9th Lord Napier , British Navy officer, politician and diplomat (b.1786 )October 21 –Edward Smith-Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby (b.1752 )October 23 –Fath Ali Shah Qajar , King of Iran (b.1772 )October 31 –Éleuthère Irénée du Pont , French-American chemical manufacturer (b.1771 )November 2 –Maria Teresa Poniatowska , Polish aristocrat (b.1760 )November 27 –Rosalie de Constant , Swiss naturalist (b.1758 )December 23 –Thomas Malthus , English economist, political philosopher (b.1766 )December 27 –Charles Lamb , English essayist (b.1775 )December 31 – João Batista Gonçalves Campos, intellectual leader of theCabanagem revolt (b.1782 )1835
Wilhelm von Humboldt SaintMagdalene of Canossa January 1 –Mátyás Godina , Slovene Lutheran pastor, writer, and teacher (b.1768 )February 8 –Guillaume Dupuytren , French anatomist, military surgeon (b.1777 )February 15 March 2 –Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (b.1768 )March 18 –Christian Günther von Bernstorff , Danish, Prussian statesman, diplomat (b.1769 )March 28 –Auguste de Beauharnais ,Prince consort of QueenMaria II of Portugal (b.1810 )March 30 –Richard Sharp , English hat-maker, banker, merchant, poet, critic, Member of Parliament, and conversationalistApril 1 –Józef Zeydlitz , Polish military leader (b.1755 )April 8 –Wilhelm von Humboldt , German linguist, philosopher (b.1767 )[ 83] April 10 –Magdalene of Canossa , Italian Catholic religious professed, saint (b.1774 )April 21 –Samuel Slater , American industrialist (b.1768 )May 8 –Francisca Zubiaga y Bernales , first lady of Peru, controversial socialite (b.1803 )May 13 –John Nash , English architect (b.1752 )June 18 –William Cobbett , English journalist, author (b.1763 )June 24 –Andreas Vokos Miaoulis , Greek admiral (b.1768 )June 25 –Ebenezer Pemberton , American educator (b.1746 )July 6 –John Marshall , influential AmericanChief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (b.1755 )July 15 –Izabela Czartoryska , Polish magnate princess (b.1746 )July 28 –Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise , French marshal (b.1768 )August 18 –Friedrich Stromeyer , Germanchemist (born 1776)[ 84] September 23 November 14 –James Freeman , first American clergyman to call himself a Unitarian (b.1759 )November 20 –Joseph von Baader , German railway pioneer (b.1763 )November 29 – PrincessCatharina of Württemberg , wife ofJérôme Bonaparte (b.1783 )December 17 –Pierre Louis Roederer , French politician, economist, and historian (b.1754 )December 22 –David Hosack , American physician and educator, attending doctor at the Hamilton-Burr duel (b.1769 )1836
Madame Mère , mother of Napoleon IDavy Crockett André-Marie Ampère James Madison January 1 –Bernhard Meyer , German physician, ornithologist (b.1767 )January 11 –John Molson , Canadian entrepreneur (b.1763 )January 21 –Ferenc Novák ,Hungarian Slovene writer (b.1791 )January 30 –Betsy Ross , maker, designer of the first American flag (b.1752 )January 31 –John Cheyne , British physician, surgeon and author (b.1777 )February 1 –Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze ,French chemist (b.1758 )February 2 –Madame Mère (Letizia Ramolino Bonaparte) mother of Napoleon I (b.1749 )February 18 –Cornplanter , native American (Seneca) chief (b.1750 )February 21 –William Van Mildert , lastPrince Bishop ofDurham , and founder ofDurham University (b.1765 )March 2 –James Grant , Texas politician, physician and military participant in theTexas Revolution (b.1793 )March 6 (at the Alamo)March 16 –Nathaniel Bowditch , American mathematician (b.1773 )March 27 –James Fannin , Texas revolutionary (b.1804 )April 7 –William Godwin , English writer (b.1756 )April 21 –Manuel Fernández Castrillón , Mexican general (b.1780 )April 29 –Simon Kenton , American frontiersman, Revolutionary militia general (b.1755 )May 13 –John Littlejohn , American sheriff and Methodist preacher (b.1756 )May 23 –Edward Livingston , American jurist, statesman (b.1764 )June 10 –André-Marie Ampère , French physicist (b.1775 )June 20 –Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès , French cleric, constitutional theorist (b.1748 )June 23 –James Mill , British historian, economist, political theorist, and philosopher (b.1773 )June 28 –James Madison , 85, 4thPresident of the United States (b.1751 )Charles X of France August 20 –Agnes Bulmer , English poet (b.1775 )August 21 –Claude-Louis Navier , French engineer, physicist (b.1785 )August 25 –Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland , German physician (b.1762 )September 5 –Ferdinand Raimund , Austrian playwright (b.1790 )September 12 –Christian Dietrich Grabbe , German playwright (b.1801 )September 14 –Aaron Burr ,3rd Vice President of the United States (b.1756 )September 17 –Antoine Laurent de Jussieu , French botanist (b.1748 )September 23 November –Tenskwatawa , Shawnee prophet, political leader (b.1775 )November 5 –Karel Hynek Mácha , Czech poet (b.1810 )November 6 – KingCharles X of France (b.1757 )November 16 –Christiaan Hendrik Persoon , Dutch mycologist (b.1761 )November 26 –John Loudon McAdam , Scottish engineer, road-builder (b.1756 )December 27 –Stephen F. Austin , American pioneer (b.1793 )1836 serves as the start date for thegrand strategy video games Victoria: An Empire Under the Sun ,Victoria II , andVictoria 3 byParadox Development Studio .[ 85] [ 86]
1837
Alexander Pushkin Osgood Johnson January 8 –Duke Wilhelm in Bavaria , Great-grandfather of Empress Elisabeth of Austria (b.1752 )January 20 –John Soane , British architect (b.1753 )January 23 –John Field , Irish composer (b.1782 )February 7 –Gustav IV Adolf , ex-King of Sweden (b.1778 )February 10 –Alexander Pushkin , Russian author (b.1799 )February 13 –Mariano José de Larra , Spanish author (b.1809 )February 19 –Georg Büchner , German playwright (b.1813 )March 31 –John Constable , English painter (b.1776 )April 4 –Louis-Sébastien Lenormand , French chemist, physicist, and inventor (b.1757 )April 28 –Joseph Souham , French general (b.1760 )May 5 –Niccolò Antonio Zingarelli , Italian composer (b.1752 )May 20 –Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel (b.1747 )June 14 –Giacomo Leopardi , Italian writer (b.1798 )June 29 –Nathaniel Macon , American politician (b.1757 )June 20 – KingWilliam IV of the United Kingdom and Hannover (b.1765 )July 18 –Vincenzo Borg , Maltese merchant, rebel leader (b.1777 )August 12 –Pierre Laromiguière , French philosopher (b.1756 )September 7 –Fabian Gottlieb von Osten-Sacken , Russian military leader (b.1752 )September 21 –Pieter Vreede , Dutch politician (b.1750 )September 28 –Akbar II , last Mughal emperor of India (b.1760 )October 1 –Robert Clark , American politician (b.1777 )October 10 –Charles Fourier , French philosopher (b.1772 )[ 87] October 12 –Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont , French governor-general of French Algeria (killed during the siege of Constantine) (b.1783 )October 17 November 7 –Elijah P. Lovejoy , American abolitionist (b.1802 )November 28 – Sophie Botta, theDark Countess , German woman of mysterious identity1838 *January 3 –Maximilian, Hereditary Prince of Saxony (b.1759 )
January 5 –Anthony Van Egmond , leader in Upper Canada Rebellion of1837 (d. in jail) (b.1778 )January 12 –Joshua Humphreys , American naval architect (b.1751 )January 13 –John Scott, 1st Earl of Eldon , Lord Chancellor of Great Britain (b.1751 )February 21 –Silvestre de Sacy , French linguist (b.1758 )February 24 –Christoph Johann von Medem , German courtier (b.1763 )March 7 –Robert Townsend (spy) , American member of theCulper Spy Ring (b.1753 )[ 88] March 13 –Poul Martin Møller , Danish philosopher (b.1794 )March 16 –Nathaniel Bowditch , American mathematician (b.1773 )March 23 –Michael Anckarsvärd , Swedish politician (b.1742 )April 3 –François Carlo Antommarchi , French physician (b.1780 )April 6 –José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva , Brazilian statesman, naturalist (b.1763 )April 9 –Piet Uys , Voortrekker leader (in battle) (b.1797 )May –Francisco Gómez , President of El Salvador (b.1796 )May 17 –Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord , French politician (b.1754 )[ 89] May 19 –Sir Richard Hoare , English archaeologist (b.1758 )May 23 –Jan Willem Janssens ,Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b.1762 )June 4 –Thomas Hancorne , Welsh Anglican clergyman and judicial officer (b.1752 )June 14 –Maximilian von Montgelas , Bavarian statesman (b.1759 )Alexandra Branitskaya July 19 –Christmas Evans , Welsh preacher (b.1766 )August 1 –John Rodgers , American naval officer (b.1772 )August 17 –Lorenzo Da Ponte , librettist forMozart (b.1749 )August 21 –Adelbert von Chamisso , German writer (b.1781 )September 1 –William Clark , American explorer (b.1770 )September 15 –Alexandra Branitskaya , Russian political activist, courtier and businessperson (b.1754 )September 18 –Robert Smith, 1st Baron Carrington (b.1752 )September 27 –Bernard Courtois , French chemist (b.1777 )October 1 –Charles Tennant , Scottish chemist, industrialist (b.1768 )October 3 –Black Hawk , Sauk Indian chief, autobiographer (b.1767 )October 5 –Pauline Léon , French feminist, radical (b.1768 )November 7 –Anne Grant , Scottish poet (b.1755 )November 21 –Georges Mouton , count of Lobau,Marshal of France (b.1770 )December 12 –Elisha Clark , American politician (b.1752 )December 20 –Hégésippe Moreau , French writer and poet (b.1810 )1839
William Farquhar January 6 –Princess Marie of Orléans , French princess, artist, and duchess (b.1813 )January 7 –Jacquette Löwenhielm , Swedish noble,lady-in-waiting , andmistress ofOscar I of Sweden (b.1797 )January 12 January 14 –John Wesley Jarvis , American painter (b.1780 /1781 )January 24 –Michele Cachia , Maltese architect, military engineer (b.1760 )January 28 –William Beechey , British portraitist (b.1753 )February 7 –Karl August Nicander , Swedish poet (b.1799 )February 8 –William Williams , English politician (b.1774 )February 10 –Pedro Romero , Spanishtorero (b.1754 )February 12 –Moulvi Syed Qudratullah , Bengali judge (b.1750 )[ 90] February 26 –Sybil Ludington , alleged heroine during theAmerican Revolutionary War (b.1761 )March 2 –Charlotte Napoléone Bonaparte , niece ofNapoleon I of France (b.1802 )March 19 –Rachel Plummer , American writer, daughter ofJames W. Parker , and the cousin ofQuanah Parker (b.1819 )March 20 –Caspar Voght , German businessman (b.1752 )March 28 –Giuseppe Siboni , Italian operatictenor ,opera director ,choir conductor , andvoice teacher (b.1780 )April 1 –Benjamin Pierce , American politician (b.1757 )April 2 –Hezekiah Niles , American editor, publisher (b.1777 )April 4 – QueenKaahumanu II of HawaiiApril 5 –John Tipton , American politician (b.1786 )April 8 –Du Pré Alexander , Irish peer, landlord and colonial administrator (b.1777 )April 11 –John Galt ,Scottish novelist (b.1779 )April 15 –Christoph August Gabler , German classical composer (b. 1767)April 22 May 3 May 6 –John Batman , Australiangrazier , entrepreneur, and explorer (b.1801 )May 11 May 16 –Edward Clive , British politician who sat in theHouse of Commons (b.1754 )May 17 –Archibald Alison , Scottish author (b.1757 )May 24 –Anna Pak Agi ,Korean Martyr (b.1782 )May 27 –Barbara Yi ,Korean Martyr (b.1825 )June 10 –Jacob Munch , Norwegian military officer and painter (b. 1776)June 19 –Joseph Paelinck , painter from theSouthern Netherlands (b.1781 )June 23 –Lady Hester Stanhope , English archaeologist (b.1776 )June 27 June 30 –Johan Olof Wallin , Swedish minister,orator , poet and laterArchbishop (b.1779 )Friedrich Mohs July 1 –Mahmud II , Ottoman sultan (b.1785 )July 5 –Lady Flora Hastings , British aristocrat andlady-in-waiting (b.1806 )July 8 –Fernando Sor , Spanish guitarist, composer (b.1778 )July 15 –Winthrop Mackworth Praed , English politician, poet (b.1802 )July 16 –Chief Bowles , Cherokee leader (b. ~1756 )July 19 –Maurice de Guérin , French poet (b.1810 )July 20 –John Baptist Yi Kwang-nyol ,Korean Martyr (b. c.1800 )July 22 –John Birdsall , American lawyer and politician (b.1802 )July 24 –Richard Spencer , captain of theRoyal Navy (b.1779 )July 26 –Mervyn Archdall , Irish officer in the British Army andMember of Parliament forCounty Fermanagh (b.1763 )August 3 –Dorothea von Schlegel , German novelist and translator (b.1764 )August 7 –Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier , politician and firstregent of Belgium (b.1769 )August 10 –Sir John St Aubyn, 5th Baronet , English fossil collector (b.1758 )August 18 –Bendix Frantz Ludwig Schow , member of the nobility ofSchleswig-Holstein (b.1778 )August 22 –Benjamin Lundy , American abolitionist (b.1789 )August 28 –William Smith , English geologist, cartographer (b.1769 )September 4 –Hermann Olshausen , Germantheologian (b.1796 )September 10 –James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale , Scottish politician (b.1759 )September 18 –Jeanne-Charlotte Allamand ,Swiss -born Canadian pioneer, educator and artist (b.1760 )September 21 –Laurent-Joseph-Marius Imbert , French Roman Catholic saint (b.1796 )September 22 –Paul Chong Hasang ,Korean Roman Catholic saint and martyr (b.1794 /1795 )September 28 –William Dunlap , producer, playwright, actor, and historian (b.1766 )September 29 –Friedrich Mohs , German geologist, mineralogist (b.1773 )October 2 –Mary Ann Rundall , British educational writerOctober 6 –William Light , British Army colonel, first Surveyor-General ofSouth Australia (b.1786 )October 8 –Ee-mat-la ,Seminole chief during theSecond Seminole War (b.1739 )October 9 –James Oatley ,British -borncolonial Australian watch and clock maker (b. 1769)October 11 –Leonor de Almeida Portugal, 4th Marquise of Alorna , Portuguese painter, poet (b.1750 )October 24 –William Charles Ellis , pioneer in treatment of mental illness (b.1780 )October 27 –Frederik Hauch , Danish government official (b.1754 )October 28 –Makea Pori Ariki , sovereign of theCook Islands and one of threeHigh Chiefs ofTe Au O Tonga (b.October 31 –Peter Yu Tae-cholm ,Korean Martyr (b.1826 )November 15 –William Murdoch , Scottish inventor (b.1754 )November 18 –Hans Blackwood , Irish peer and politician (b.1758 )November 22 –Vénérande Robichaud , Canadian businesswoman (b.1753 )December 2 –Andreas Landmark , Norwegian politician and civil servant (b.1769 )December 3 –Frederick VI , King of Denmark, ex-King of Norway (b.1768 )December 4 –John Leamy , Irish–American merchant (b.1757 )December 15 –Ignaz Aurelius Fessler , Hungarian court councillor, minister to Alexander I (b.1756 )December 21 –Andrew Dũng-Lạc , VietnameseRoman Catholic priest, saint, andmartyr (b.1795 )December 26 –Laurent Jean François Truguet , French admiral (b.1752 )Thomas Plunket , Irish soldier (b.1785 )Walter Jones , Irish politician (b.1754 )Pierre le Pelley III ,Seigneur of Sark from 1820 to 1839 (b.1799 )George Scholey , banker who served asLord Mayor of London Otto Christian von Rohr ,Prussian army officer during theNapoleonic Wars John D'Arcy , founder of the town ofClifden (b.1785 )Jean-François Allard , French soldier and adventurer (b.1785 )Edmund Lodge ,English officer of arms and a writer onheraldic subjects and short biographies (b.1756 )Sankara Varman ,astronomer -mathematician (b.1774 )William Francklin , Englishorientalist and army officer (b.1763 )Mattheus Ignatius van Bree , Belgian painter (b.1773 )^ "World suffrage timeline – women and the vote" . New Zealand Ministry of Culture and Heritage.^a b Greenberg, Michael (1969).British Trade and the Opening of China 1800–1841 (preview) . p. 113.expansion in imports from 16,550 chests in the season 1831-2 to over 30,000 in 1835-6, and 40,000 in 1838-9 ^ Fay, Peter Ward (1976).The Opium War, 1840-1842: barbarians in the Celestial Empire in the early part of the nineteenth century and the war by which they forced her gates ajar . The Norton library. New York: Norton.ISBN 978-0-393-00823-4 ^ Ebrey, Patricia Buckley , ed. (2010). "9. Manchus and Imperialism: The Qing Dynasty 1644–1900".The Cambridge Illustrated History of China (second ed.).Cambridge University Press . p. 236.ISBN 978-0-521-19620-8 ^ Poon, Leon."Emergence Of Modern China" . University of Maryland. Retrieved22 Dec 2008 . ^ Taufik Abdullah (1 January 2009).Indonesia: Towards Democracy ISBN 978-981-230-366-0 . Retrieved25 August 2013 . ^ "Melbourne.vic.gov.au" . Archived fromthe original on January 16, 2009.^ King, Michael (2000).Moriori: A People Rediscovered . Penguin Books. p. 67.ISBN 9780143771289 ^ Language, Religion and Politics in North India by Paul R. Brass, Publisher: iUniverse, Incorporated,ISBN 978-0-595-34394-2 ^ John R. McLane (1970).The political awakening in India . Prentice-Hall. Inc, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. p. 105. ^a b "Icons, a portrait of England 1820–1840" . Archived fromthe original on 22 September 2007. Retrieved2007-09-12 .^ Penguin Pocket On This Day . Penguin Reference Library. 2006.ISBN 0-14-102715-0 ^ Holmes (2002). p. 283. ^ wikisource:1836 (33) Registration of Births &c. A bill for registering Births Deaths and Marriages in England .^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992).The Chronology of British History . London: Century Ltd. pp. 260– 261.ISBN 0-7126-5616-2 ^ See[1] 2012 ^ Black, Jeremy (2014-12-18).Western Warfare, 1775-1882 ISBN 978-1-317-48991-7 ^ Pearson, J. Diane (2003). "Lewis Cass and the Politics of Disease: The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832".Wíčazo Ša Review .18 (2):9– 35.doi :10.1353/wic.2003.0017 .JSTOR 1409535 .S2CID 154875430 . ^ "Barron v. City of Baltimore (1833) | SCHS Civics Classroom Resources" .Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved2024-08-06 .^ "Previous Chief Justices: Roger Brooke Taney, 1836-1864" .Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved2024-08-06 .^ "www.publicdebt.treas.gov" . Archived fromthe original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved2013-02-28 .^ Texas Declaration of Independence Wikisource .^ The World Book Encyclopedia . 1970. (U.S.A.) Library of Congress catalog card number 70-79247.^ "The Constitution of the Republic of Texas (1836)" . University of Texas School of Law. Archived fromthe original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved9 December 2012 .^ Sher, D. (1965). "The Curious History of NGC 3603".Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada .59 : 76.Bibcode :1965JRASC..59...67S . ^ Herschel, John Frederick William (1847).Results of astronomical observations made during the years 1834, 5, 6, 7, 8, at the Cape of Good Hope: being the completion of a telescopic survey of the whole surface of the visible heavens, commenced in 1825 Bibcode :1847raom.book.....H . ^ "Phenakistiscope" . History of Science Museum. Retrieved22 November 2020 .^ Robertson, Patrick (1974).The Shell Book of Firsts . London: Ebury Press. pp. 127– 8.ISBN 0-7181-1279-2 ^ Darcy-Roquencourt., Jacques (5 April 2002)."Boulevard du Temple de Daguerre" .www.niepce-daguerre.com .Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved9 August 2019 . ^ Ulaby, Fawwaz (2007).Fundamentals of applied electromagnetics ISBN 978-0-13-241326-8 {{cite book }}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link )^ "Joseph Henry" .Distinguished Members Gallery, National Academy of Sciences . Archived fromthe original on 2006-12-09. Retrieved2006-11-30 .^ Sadiku, M. N. O. (2007).Elements of Electromagnetics ISBN 978-0-19-530048-2 ^ "Applications of electromagnetic induction" .Boston University . 1999-07-22.^ Ehl, Rosemary Gene; Ihde, Aaron (1954). "Faraday's Electrochemical Laws and the Determination of Equivalent Weights".Journal of Chemical Education .31 (May):226– 232.Bibcode :1954JChEd..31..226E .doi :10.1021/ed031p226 . ^ Hyman, Anthony (1982).Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer Oxford University Press . pp. 177 –8.ISBN 978-0691083032 ^ Hyman, Anthony (1982).Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer Oxford University Press .ISBN 978-0691083032 ^ "Babbage's Analytical Engine, 1834–1871 (Trial model)" .Science Museum (London) . Archived fromthe original on 2010-09-20. Retrieved2010-10-01 .^ Kelly, Joyce (1996).An archaeological guide to northern Central America: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador . Jay I. Kislak Reference Collection (Library of Congress). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 278.ISBN 978-0-8061-2858-0 ^ Mattusch, Carol C. (1988).Greek Bronze Statuary: from the beginnings through the fifth century B.C. 3 .ISBN 0-8014-2148-9 ^ "Railroad — Wilmington & Raleigh (later Weldon)" .North Carolina Business History . 2006. Retrieved2011-12-02 .^ "Railroads — prior to the Civil War" .North Carolina Business History . 2006. Archived fromthe original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved2011-12-02 .^ Thomas, R. H. G. (1972).London's First Railway – The London & Greenwich . London: Batsford.ISBN 0-7134-0468-X ^ "Railroad — Wilmington & Raleigh (later Weldon)" .North Carolina Business History . CommunicationSolutions/ISI. 2006. Retrieved2012-04-05 .^ Recks, Robert."Who's Who of Ballooning" . Retrieved24 May 2012 . ^ "Steamship Curaçao" .Archived from the original on 24 December 2010. Retrieved2011-02-02 .^ "Quincy, Illinois: A Temporary Refuge, 1838–39" . Archived fromthe original on October 29, 2013. RetrievedMay 5, 2013 .^ J. N. Hays (2005).Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9 OCLC 606929770 . ^ Raymond Durand (1980). Robert Bielecki (ed.).Depesze z powstańczej Warszawy 1830–1831: raporty konsula francuskiego w Królestwie Polskim [Memoranda from Warsaw during the Uprising 1830–1831: reports of the French consul to the Kingdom of Poland ]. Warsaw: Czytelnik.ISBN 978-83-07-00254-5 OCLC 7732541 .^ Rosenberg, Charles E. (1987).The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866 . University of Chicago Press.ISBN 0-226-72677-0 ^ "Cholera's seven pandemics" .Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved2008-12-11 .Russia by 1830, then spreading intoFinland and Poland. A two-year outbreak began in England in October 1831 and claimed 22,000 lives. Irish immigrants fleeing poverty and theGreat Famine , carried the disease from Europe to North America. Soon after the immigrants' arrival in Canada in the summer of 1832, 1,220 people died in Montreal and another 1,000 across Quebec. The disease entered the U.S. via ship traffic throughDetroit andNew York City . Spread by ship passengers, it reached Latin America by 1833. Another outbreak across England and Wales began in 1848, killing 52,000 over two years.^ Hasson, Declan."Austins in brief – the world's oldest independent department store" .austinsstore.com . Archived fromthe original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved2017-03-20 . ^ "Belvedere College S.J." www.belvederecollege.ie . Retrieved2017-06-09 .^ "Belvedere College SJ, Dublin, 1832- - Irish Jesuit Archives" .www.jesuitarchives.ie .Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved28 July 2020 .^ "General Friedrich Graf Beck-Rzikowsky" .Hmdb.org . The Historical Marker Database. 1 February 2022. Retrieved14 November 2024 .^ Markham, A. H. (1917)."Childhood and school-days" .The Life of Sir Clements R. Markham, K.C.B., F.R.S . London: John Murray.He was the son of William Markham, of Becca Hall, Aberford, and the grandson of Dr. William Markham, who was Archbishop of York from 1777 to 1807. ^ Denmark (1902).Kongelig dansk hof- og statskalender ^ Benjamin F. Fisher IV (1985). "Amelia B. Edwards". In Bleiler, E. F. (ed.).Supernatural Fiction Writers . New York: Scribner's. p. 255.ISBN 0-684-17808-7 ^ " (in German). Archion. 14 April 2022.^ Galway, Carol (2000). "Wann hatte Wilhelm Busch wirklich Geburtstag?" [When was Wilhelm Busch's birthday, really?].Germanic Notes and Reviews .31 (1):14– 18.ISSN 0016-8882 . ^ Johan Gabriel Ståhlberg – KirjastoVirma Archived June 24, 2021, at theWayback Machine (in Finnish)^ "Louisa May Alcott | Biography, Childhood, Family, Books, & Facts" .Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved26 June 2020 .^ Wakil Ahmed (2012)."Naimuddin, Mohammad" . InSirajul Islam ; Miah, Sajahan;Khanam, Mahfuza ; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.).Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh Asiatic Society of Bangladesh .ISBN 984-32-0576-6 OCLC 52727562 .OL 30677644M . Retrieved26 November 2025 .^ EDWARDS, RALPH W. (1951)."The First Woman Dentist Lucy Hobbs Taylor, D. D. S. (1833-1910)" .Bulletin of the History of Medicine .25 (3):277– 283.ISSN 0007-5140 .JSTOR 44443642 .PMID 14848611 . Retrieved21 February 2022 . ^ Almagià, Guido."RACHIA, Carlo Alberto" .treccani.it (in Italian). Treccani. Retrieved6 February 2024 . ^ Dell, R.K. (1990). "Hector, James".Dictionary of New Zealand Biography . Retrieved13 October 2021 . ^ Whiteway, Michael (2004).Christopher Dresser: A Design Revolution ISBN 978-1-85177-428-9 ^ Aleksis Kivi at theEncyclopædia Britannica ^ Schiavone, Michael J. (2009).Dictionary of Maltese Biographies Vol. II G–Z .Pietà : Pubblikazzjonijiet Indipendenza. pp. 1414– 1415.ISBN 9789993291329 ^ Randel, Don Michael (30 October 2002).The Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music and Musicians ISBN 978-0-674-25572-2 ^ "Andrew Carnegie: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland" .www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk . Retrieved8 January 2020 .^ "Cixi | Biography & Facts" .Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved8 January 2020 .^ "Mark Twain | Biography & Facts" .Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved30 November 2020 .^ Shimamoto, Mayako; Ito, Koji; Sugita, Yoneyuki (1 July 2015).Historical Dictionary of Japanese Foreign Policy 297– 298.ISBN 978-1-4422-5067-3 Archived from the original on October 6, 2023. RetrievedOctober 29, 2023 . ^ Enrique Herrero Ducloux, "Juan J. J. Kyle (1838-1922)", Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina, t. XCIII, 170, Buenos Aires, 1922.[2] ^ "Paul Cézanne | French artist | Britannica" .www.britannica.com . Retrieved14 May 2023 .^ Igor I. Kaliganov, ed. (2020).Materials for the virtual Museum of Slavic Cultures. Issue II ISBN 978-5-7576-0440-4 ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1901" .NobelPrize.org . Retrieved4 September 2021 .^ Byrne, James Patrick; Coleman, Philip; King, Jason Francis, eds. (2008).Ireland and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History : a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia ISBN 978-1-85109-614-5 ^ Schiavone, Michael J. (2009).Dictionary of Maltese Biographies Vol. 1 A–F .Pietà : Pubblikazzjonijiet Indipendenza. pp. 546– 547.ISBN 9789993291329 ^ Basadre, Jorge (2005) [First published 1939].Historia de la República del Perú (1822 - 1933) [History of the Republic of Peru (1822 - 1933) ] (in Spanish). Vol. 1 (9th ed.). Lima: El Comercio. p. 296.ISBN 978-612-306-354-2 ^ Khan, Muazzam Hussain (2012)."Titu Mir" . InSirajul Islam ; Miah, Sajahan;Khanam, Mahfuza ; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.).Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh Asiatic Society of Bangladesh .ISBN 984-32-0576-6 OCLC 52727562 .OL 30677644M . Retrieved26 November 2025 . ^ Arroyo Tafolla, Natalia."Ignacio López Rayón" (in Spanish). Relatos e Historias.mx. RetrievedMay 30, 2019 . ^ Doerig, Detmar (2008)."Humboldt, Wilhelm von (1767–1835)" Hamowy, Ronald (ed.).The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage ;Cato Institute . pp. 229– 230.doi :10.4135/9781412965811.n141 .ISBN 978-1412965804 ^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF) . The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006.ISBN 0-902-198-84-X the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved2018-10-03 .^ "Victoria 3 Officially Announced A Decade After Previous Game" .GameSpot . Retrieved2022-04-21 .^ "Victoria 2" .Paradox Interactive Forums . August 19, 2009. Retrieved2022-04-21 .^ "Charles Fourier | French philosopher" .Encyclopedia Britannica .Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved13 February 2021 .^ Tucker, Spencer C. (14 September 2018).American Revolution: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes] ISBN 978-1-85109-744-9 ^ "Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand summary | Britannica" .www.britannica.com . Retrieved26 June 2022 .^ মৌলভী সৈয়দ কুদরত উল্লাহ'র ১৮০ তম মৃত্যুবার্ষিকী আজ MKantho (in Bengali). 12 February 2019. Archived fromthe original on February 16, 2019. RetrievedJanuary 10, 2022 .^ Gardner, Alexander. "XII".Memoirs Of Alexander Gardner - Colonel of Artillery in the Service of Maharaja Ranjit Singh
![[icon]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aWiki_letter_w_cropped.svg)
_b_557.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.png)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
_-_Charles_William%2c_Baron_von_Humboldt_(1767-1835)_-_RCIN_404936_-_Royal_Collection.jpg)
.jpg)
