From top left, clockwise: Thecoronation of Queen Victoria marked the beginning of her 64-year long reign. Her reign meant the revival of theBritish Empire, as theUnited Kingdom rapidly grew powerful territorially and economically. Under her rule, Britain saw a massive upheaval of colonial power, as over a quarter of the world fell into British rule;France's 1830 revolution reinstated liberal values – and later French imperialism – back into French governance and power. The revolution resulted in the dethroning of KingCharles X and indirectly rebirthed theFrench colonial empire;Michael Faraday andJohn Daniell's studies helped form the basis ofelectrochemistry via the discovery ofelectromagnetic induction. Their discoveries moulded a huge part of contemporarychemistry, and forever changed the way people utilizedelectricity;HMS Beagle circumnavigates the world twice. Itssecond expedition withCharles Darwin has proven to be particularly pioneering, as the discoveries and theories he made on said voyage, helped him develop thetheory of evolution, widely enhanced scientific consensus and knowledge ontaxonomy andbiology, and birthed the concept ofnatural selection.Slave and free states grow in number and power; a dynamic movement widely perceived as a prelude to theAmerican Civil War as abolishment and establishment began to socio-politically polarize the United States' society, subsequently formingUnion andConfederate states. Thetelegraph is invented bySamuel Morse. His patent opened the world to global networking and broke long distances as boundaries with it – the first of its kind; an 1832 still-life image developed by adaguerreotype. The daguerreotype was first introduced to the public in 1839. Its release made it the first invention that enabled the public to capture images on a recurrent basis – a move that would eventually nurture the growth of modern-dayphotography;Hans Christian Andersen publishes his first collection of fairy tales in 1837. His publications profoundly transformed literature, and grew to become one of the most popular and influential storywriters of the 19th century, with stories likeThe Little Mermaid (as pictured), andThumbelina; a legacy that today retains asDenmark's national icon.
The1830s (pronounced "eighteen-thirties") was adecade of theGregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1830, and ended on December 31, 1839.
In this decade, the world saw a rapid rise ofimperialism andcolonialism, particularly inAsia andAfrica. Britain saw a surge of power and world dominance, asQueen Victoria took to the throne in 1837. Conquests took place all over the world, particularly around the expansion of theOttoman Empire and theBritish Raj. New outposts and settlements flourished in Oceania, as Europeans began to settle overAustralia,New Zealand,Canada and theUnited States.
China was ruled by theDaoguang Emperor of theQing dynasty during the 1830s. The decade witnessed a rapid rise in the sale of opium in China,[2] despite efforts by the Daoguang Emperor to end the trade.[3] A turning point came in 1834, with the end of the monopoly of theEast India Company, leaving trade in the hands of private entrepreneurs. By 1838, opium sales climbed to 40,000 chests.[2][4] In 1839, newly appointed imperial commissionerLin Zexu banned the sale of opium and imposed several restrictions on all foreign traders. Lin also closed the channel toGuangzhou (Canton), leading to the seizure and destruction of 20,000 chests of opium.[5] The British retaliated, seizingHong Kong onAugust 23 of that year, starting what would be known as theFirst Opium War. It would end three years later with the signing of theTreaty of Nanking in 1842.
ThePadri War was fought from 1803 until 1837 inWest Sumatra between thePadris and theAdats. The latter asked for the help of theDutch, who intervened from 1821 and helped the Adats defeat the Padri faction. The conflict intensified in the 1830s, as the war soon centered on Bonjol, the fortified last stronghold of the Padris. It finally fell in 1837[6] after being besieged for three years, and along with the exile of Padri leaderTuanku Imam Bonjol, the conflict died out.
The British government appointed a series of administrative heads of British India in the 1830s ("Governor-General of India" starting in 1833):Lord William Bentinck (1828–1835),Sir Charles Metcalfe, Bt (1835–1836), andThe Lord Auckland (1836–1842). TheGovernment of India Act 1833 was enacted to remove theEast India Company's remaining trade monopolies and divested it of all its commercial functions, renewing the company's political and administrative authority for another twenty years. It invested the Board of Control with full power and authority over the company.
TheEnglish Education Act by the Council of India in 1835 reallocated funds from the East India Company to spend on education and literature in India. In 1837, the British East India companyreplaced Persian with local vernacular in various provinces as the official and court language. However, in the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent,Urdu instead of Hindi was chosen to replace Persian.[9][10]
In 1834 Grey retired from public life, leavingLord Melbourne as his successor. Reforms continued under Lord Melbourne, with thePoor Law Amendment Act in 1834, which stated that no able-bodied British man could receive assistance unless he entered aworkhouse. KingWilliam IV's opposition to the Whigs' reforming ways led him to dismiss Melbourne in November and then appoint SirRobert Peel to form a Tory government. Peel's failure to win a House of Commons majority in the resultinggeneral election (January 1835) made it impossible for him to govern, and the Whigs returned to power under Melbourne in April 1835. TheMarriage Act 1836 establishedcivil marriage and registration systems that permit marriages innonconformist chapels, and aRegistrar General of Births, Marriages, and Deaths.[14][15]
The first twoCanut revolts occurred in the 1830s. They were among the first well-defined worker uprisings of theIndustrial Revolution. The wordCanut was a common term to describe to all Lyonnais silk workers.
The First Canut revolt in 1831 was provoked by a drop in workers' wages caused by a drop in silk prices. After a bloody battle with the military causing 600 casualties, rebellious silk workers seizeLyon, France. The government sent MarshalJean-de-Dieu Soult, a veteran of theNapoleonic Wars, at the head of an army of 20,000 to restore order. Soult was able to retake the town without any bloodshed, and without making any compromises with the workers. The Second Canut revolt in 1834 occurred when owners attempted to impose a wage decrease. The government crushed the rebellion in a bloody battle, and deported or imprisoned 10,000 insurgents.
August 31,1839 – TheFirst Carlist War (Spain) ends with the Convenio de Vergara, also known as the Abrazo de Vergara ("the embrace in Vergara"; Bergara in Basque), between liberal generalBaldomero Espartero, Count of Luchana and Carlist General Rafael Maroto.
In 1830,France invaded and quickly seizedOttomanRegency of Algiers, and rapidly took control of other coastal communities. Fighting would continue throughout the decade, with the French pitted against forces underAhmed Bey atConstantine, primarily in the east, and nationalist forces inKabylia and the west. The French made treaties with the nationalists under'Abd al-Qādir, enabling them to capture Constantine in 1837. Al-Qādir continued to give stiff resistance in the west, which lasted throughout the decade (and well into the1840s, with Al-Qādir surrendering in 1847).
May1838 – Lord Durham and his entourage arrive in Upper Canada to investigate the cause of the 1837 rebellion in that province. This leads to Durham submitting theDurham Report to Britain.
July 1,1839 – Slaves aboard theAmistad rebel and capture the ship off the coast ofCuba. Under direction to sail the ship to Africa, the crew sailed the ship toLong Island, New York, where the slaves were taken into custody by theU.S. Navy. The slaves would later win the right to return to Africa inUnited States v. The Amistad.
March 12,1830 –Craig v. Missouri: TheUnited States Supreme Court rules that state loan certificates are unconstitutional because they were bills of credit emitted by a state in violation of Article I, Section 10 of the Constitution.
February 16,1833 –Barron v. Baltimore: The United States Supreme Court rules that the Bill of Right only applies to the federal government, and not the state government.[19]
December 9,1835 – Texian "army" volunteers, under General Burleson, capture the town ofSan Antonio de Bejar from the Mexican forces occupying the town under General Martin Perfecto de Cos.
March 6,1836 – TheBattle of the Alamo ends the 13-day siege; approximately 200 defenders (Anglo settlers & Tejano townsfolk) die in a fierce struggle with approximately 5,000 Mexican soldiers.[23]
The 1830s for Mexico saw the end of theFirst Mexican Republic and saw General Santa Anna move in and out of the presidency in a 30-year span now known as the "Age of Santa Anna". In 1834, PresidentAntonio López de Santa Anna dissolved Congress, forming a new government. That government instituted theCentralist Republic of Mexico by approving a new centralist constitution ("Siete Leyes"). From its formation in 1835 until its dissolution in 1846, the Centralist Republic was governed by elevenpresidents (none of which finished their term). It called for the state militias to disarm, but many states resisted, includingMexican Texas, which declared independence in theTexas Revolution of 1836. During the1840s, other provinces separated. TheRepublic of the Rio Grande in 1840, and theRepublic of Yucatán declared independence in 1841.
May1838 – An insurrection breaks out inTizimín, beginning the campaign for the independence ofYucatan fromMexico.
November 1838 – ThePastry War (also known as theFirstFrench intervention inMexico) began with the naval blockade of some Mexican ports and the capture of the fortress ofSan Juan de Ulúa in Veracruz by French forces sent byKing Louis-Philippe. The intervention followed many claims by French nationals of losses due to unrest in Mexico City, as well as the failure of Mexico to pay a large debt to France.
March 1839 – ThePastry War ends with a British-brokered peace.
27 December,1831 –Sam Sharpe leads a major slave rebellion, also known as theBaptist War. The slave uprising lasted for 10 days and spread throughout the entire island, mobilizing as many as 60,000 of Jamaica's enslaved population. The British colonial government used the armed Jamaican military forces and warriors from the towns of the JamaicanMaroons to put down the rebellion, suppressing it within two weeks. Some 14 whites were killed by armed slave battalions, but more than 200 slaves were killed by troops.
In 1834,Michael Faraday's published his research regarding the quantitative relationships in electrochemical reactions, now known asFaraday's laws of electrolysis.[34] Also in 1834,Jean C. A. Peltier discovered thePeltier "effect", which is the presence of heating or cooling at an electrified junction of two different conductors. In 1836,John Daniell invented a primary cell in whichhydrogen was eliminated in the generation of the electricity.
July 2,1832 –André-Michel Guerry presents hisEssay on moral statistics of France, to the French Academy of Sciences, a significant step in the founding of empiricalsocial science.
1834 –Thomas Davenport, the inventor of the first AmericanDC electrical motor, installs his motor in a small model car, creating one of the firstelectric cars.
March1836 – First monthly part ofCharles Dickens'The Pickwick Papers ("The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club ..., edited by Boz") published in London.
August 7,1831 – AmericanBaptist ministerWilliam Miller preaches his first sermon on the Second Advent of Christ in Dresden, New York, launching the Advent Movement in the United States.
October 27,1838 – Missouri GovernorLilburn Boggs declares Mormons to be enemies of the state and encourages the extermination or the exile of the religious minority, forcing nearly 10,000 Mormons out of the state.[46]
Historians believe that thefirst cholera pandemic had lingered in Indonesia and the Philippines in 1830. The second cholera pandemic spread from India to Russia and then to the rest of Europe claiming hundreds of thousands of lives.[47] It reachedMoscow in August 1830, and by 1831, the epidemic had infiltrated Russia's main cities and towns.
Russian soldiers brought the disease to Poland during theNovember Uprising.[48] "Cholera riots" occurred in Russia, caused by the anti-cholera measures undertaken by thetsarist government.
The epidemic reached western Europe later in 1831. In London, the disease claimed 6,536 victims; in Paris, 20,000 died (out of a population of 650,000), with about 100,000 deaths in all of France.[49] In 1832 the epidemic reachedQuebec,Ontario, andNova Scotia, Canada; andDetroit andNew York City in the United States. It reached the Pacific coast of North America between 1832 and 1834.[50]
^Fay, Peter Ward (1976).The Opium War, 1840-1842: barbarians in the Celestial Empire in the early part of the nineteenth century and the war by which they forced her gates ajar. The Norton library. New York: Norton.ISBN978-0-393-00823-4.
^"Phenakistiscope". History of Science Museum. Retrieved22 November 2020.
^Robertson, Patrick (1974).The Shell Book of Firsts. London: Ebury Press. pp. 127–8.ISBN0-7181-1279-2.
^Darcy-Roquencourt., Jacques (5 April 2002)."Boulevard du Temple de Daguerre".www.niepce-daguerre.com.Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved9 August 2019.
^Ehl, Rosemary Gene; Ihde, Aaron (1954). "Faraday's Electrochemical Laws and the Determination of Equivalent Weights".Journal of Chemical Education.31 (May):226–232.Bibcode:1954JChEd..31..226E.doi:10.1021/ed031p226.
^Kelly, Joyce (1996).An archaeological guide to northern Central America: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. Jay I. Kislak Reference Collection (Library of Congress). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 278.ISBN978-0-8061-2858-0.
^Raymond Durand (1980). Robert Bielecki (ed.).Depesze z powstańczej Warszawy 1830–1831: raporty konsula francuskiego w Królestwie Polskim [Memoranda from Warsaw during the Uprising 1830–1831: reports of the French consul to the Kingdom of Poland]. Warsaw: Czytelnik.ISBN978-83-07-00254-5.OCLC7732541.
^Rosenberg, Charles E. (1987).The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866. University of Chicago Press.ISBN0-226-72677-0.
^"Cholera's seven pandemics".Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. December 2, 2008. Retrieved2008-12-11.Note: The second pandemic started in India and reachedRussia by 1830, then spreading intoFinland and Poland. A two-year outbreak began in England in October 1831 and claimed 22,000 lives. Irish immigrants fleeing poverty and theGreat Famine, carried the disease from Europe to North America. Soon after the immigrants' arrival in Canada in the summer of 1832, 1,220 people died in Montreal and another 1,000 across Quebec. The disease entered the U.S. via ship traffic throughDetroit andNew York City. Spread by ship passengers, it reached Latin America by 1833. Another outbreak across England and Wales began in 1848, killing 52,000 over two years.
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