Decade
From top left, clockwise:
Ludwig van Beethoven re-emerged as a popular composer during this decade, when his iconic
Symphony No. 9 is first performed in
Vienna in 1824. The
First Industrial Revolution achieves peak momentum for the West, as depicted in this engraving of a textile factory operating in
Manchester , arguably England's industrial hub of the 19th century; The
world's oldest photograph was taken in 1826, as seen above. The decade was the start of
daguerreotype development – an instrument used for motion-picture capturing and was a precursor instrument to the
camera ;
South American wars of independence were on full swing, as countries like
Brazil ,
Bolivia ,
Peru , and
Uruguay gained their independence at this era; a turning point for regional politics, and heavily influenced South America's contemporary socio-political conditions; Crowds gather to witness the opening of the world's first railway – the
Stockton and Darlington Railway – as it formally commenced in 1825; The world's first
electric motor was created by Hungarian engineer
Ányos Jedlik . His invention would drive to form modern-day knowledge and utilization of
electricity , and forged way for studies on
electrochemistry and
engineering to grow;
Antarctica was discovered and explored for the first time. Its inaugural expedition into continental waters was led by a Russian crew headed by
Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen , in 1819 to 1821; As
European colonialism began gaining ground in Africa and Asia, opposition from affected/exploited societies resulted, with wars such as the
Java War .
The1820s was adecade of theGregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1820, and ended on December 31, 1829.
It saw the rise of theFirst Industrial Revolution .Photography ,rail transport , and thetextile industry were among those that largely developed and grew prominent over the decade, astechnology advanced significantly. Europeancolonialism began gaining ground inAfrica andAsia , and trade with theQing Dynasty began to open up more towards foreign traders, particularly those from Europe. AsEuropean imperialism gained momentum, opposition from affected/exploited societies resulted, with wars such as theJava War and theGreek War of Independence . Resistance in the form of separatism and nationalism (particularly in theSpanish American wars of independence ) led to the independence of many countries around the world, such asBrazil ,Peru , andBolivia .
TheGreek War of Independence and theRusso-Turkish War were two of the decade's more important conflicts. Meanwhile,colonialism in Africa had just begun to accelerate, and global trade between Asian powers (e.g. theQing Dynasty ) with European powers (mainly theBritish andFrench empires) increased substantially. InSouth America ,states such asBolivia ,Peru , andBrazil gained independence from theSpanish Empire andPortuguese Empire .
The Java War (also known as the "Diponegoro War") was fought in Java between 1825 and 1830. It started as arebellion led by PrinceDiponegoro after the Dutch decided to build a road across a piece of his property that contained his parents' tomb.
The troops of Prince Diponegoro were very successful in the beginning, controlling the middle of Java and besieging Yogyakarta. Furthermore, the Javanese population was supportive of Prince Diponegoro's cause, whereas the Dutch colonial authorities were initially very indecisive. As the Java war prolonged, Prince Diponegoro had difficulties in maintaining the numbers of his troops. Prince Diponegoro started a fierce guerrilla war and it was not until 1827 that the Dutch army gained the upper hand. The Dutch colonial army was able to fill its ranks with troops fromSulawesi , and later on from theNetherlands .
The rebellion finally ended in 1830, after Prince Diponegoro was tricked into entering Dutch custody nearMagelang , believing he was there for negotiations for a possible cease-fire. It is estimated that 200,000[ 1] [ 1]
1824–1826: TheFirst Anglo-Burmese War ended in a British victory, and by theTreaty of Yandabo , Burma lost territory previously conquered in Assam, Manipur, and Arakan.[ 5] [ 6] 1824–1826 -Rattanakosin Kingdom (Siam):Rama II died in 1824 and was peacefully succeeded by his sonJessadabodindra (Rama III). In 1825 the British sent another mission to Bangkok led byEast India Company emissaryHenry Burney . They had by now annexed southern Burma and were thus Siam's neighbours to the west, and they were also extending their control overMalaya . The King was reluctant to give in to British demands, but his advisors warned him that Siam would meet the same fate as Burma unless the British were accommodated. In 1826, therefore, Siam concluded its first commercial treaty with a western power, theBurney Treaty . Under the treaty, Siam agreed to establish a uniform taxation system, to reduce taxes on foreign trade and to abolish some of the royal monopolies. As a result, Siam's trade increased rapidly, many more foreigners settled in Bangkok, and western cultural influences began to spread. The kingdom became wealthier and its army better armed. 1824 – The nameAustralia , recommended byMatthew Flinders in1804 , is finally adopted as the official name of the country once known asNew Holland September 13 , 1824 – With his crew and 29convicts aboard theAmity ,John Oxley arrives at and founds theMoreton Bay Penal Settlement at what is nowRedcliffe inQueensland , Australia, after leavingSydney .December 25 ,1826 – MajorEdmund Lockyer arrives atKing George Sound to take possession of the western part of Australia, establishing a settlement nearAlbany .June 3 ,1829 – The Swan River Colony (later to become the cities ofPerth andFremantle ) is founded inWestern Australia . This secures the western 'third' of the Australian landmass for the British.August 12 ,1829 – Mrs. Helen Dance, wife of the captain of the shipSulphur , cuts down a tree to mark the day of the founding of the town ofPerth , Western Australia.Russo-Turkish War April 6 1821 – TheGreek War of Independence against theOttoman Empire is proclaimed officially in South Greece.June 19 , 1821 – ThePhilikí Etaireía are decisively defeated by theOttomans atDrăgăşani (inWallachia ).December1825 – TheDecembrist Revolt breaks out in Russia, but is thoroughly suppressed. December 1 ,1825 –Nicholas I of Russia succeeds his older brotherAlexander I .June 14 –June 15 ,1826 –The Auspicious Incident :Mahmud II ,sultan ofOttoman Empire , crushes the last mutiny ofjanissaries inIstanbul .September 29 ,1828 –Russo-Turkish War, 1828–1829 :Varna is taken by the Russian army.July 2 ,1829 –Russo-Turkish War, 1828–1829 : Russian Field-MarshalHans Karl von Diebitsch launches the Transbalkan offensive, which brings the Russian army within 68 km ofIstanbul .September 16 ,1829 –Russo-Turkish War, 1828–1829 : TheTreaty of Adrianople gains for Russia some territory at the mouth of theDanube and along the eastern coast of theBlack Sea .January 1 , 1820 –A constitutionalist military insurrection atCádiz leads to the summoning of theSpanish Parliament (March 7 ) (seeMid-nineteenth century Spain ).March 9 , 1820 – KingFerdinand VII of Spain accepts the new constitution, beginning the Liberal Triennium ("Trienio Liberal").July 1820 – AConstitutionalist revolution occurs in theKingdom of the Two Sicilies . August 24 , 1820 – AConstitutionalist insurrection breaks out atOporto ,Portugal .September 15 , 1820 – A revolution breaks out inLisbon (seePortugal's crises of the Nineteenth Century ).September 22 ,1822 –Portugal approves its first Constitution.[ 9] January 4 ,1825 – KingFerdinand I of the Two Sicilies is succeeded by his sonFrancis I of the Two Sicilies .May 28 ,1826 –Pedro I of Brazil abdicates as King of Portugal.June 23 ,1828 –Portugal : KingMiguel I overthrows his niece QueenMaria II , beginning theLiberal Wars .Greek War of Independence [ edit ] October 20 :Naval Battle of Navarino byAmbroise Louis Garneray At the start of the decade, most ofGreece was under the rule of theOttoman Empire , as it had been since 1453, despite frequent revolts.[ 10] Filiki Eteria instigated several battles that, together with the blessing of a Greek flag and proclamation of uprising byBishop Germanos of Patras on March 25, marked the beginning of the revolution.[ 11] [ 12] [ 13] Peloponnese ,seizing Tripolitsa in September 1821, and had some success inCrete ,Macedonia andCentral Greece .
Between 1821 and 1824,first andsecond national assemblies were held, and the constitutionsof 1822 andof 1823 were established. However, revolutionary activity was fragmented, resulting in thecivil wars of 1824–1825 . The Greek side withstood the Turkish attacks because, during this period, the Ottoman military campaigns were periodic and uncoordinated.
That changed when the Ottoman SultanMahmud II negotiated withMehmet Ali of Egypt , who agreed to send his sonIbrahim Pasha to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gain. Ibrahim landed in thePeloponnese in February 1825 and secured most of the peninsula by the end of 1825. He then helped break thesiege of Missolonghi . Although Ibrahim wasdefeated in Mani , he had succeeded in suppressing most of the revolt in the Peloponnese andAthens had been retaken.
Following years of negotiation, three Great Powers,Russia , the United Kingdom andFrance had come to agree to the formation of an autonomous Greek state under Ottomansuzerainty , as stipulated in theTreaty of London . Ottoman refusal to accept these terms led to theBattle of Navarino , which effectively secured complete Greek independence. That year, theThird National Assembly at Troezen established theFirst Hellenic Republic . With the help of aFrench expeditionary force , the Greeks drove the Turks out of the Peloponnese and proceeded to the captured part of Central Greece by 1828. As a result of years of negotiation, Greece was finally recognized as an independent nation in May 1832.
In the 1820s, the British government was formally headed byKing George IV , but in practice, was led by hisprime ministers Lord Liverpool (1812–1827),George Canning (1827),Lord Goderich (1827–1828), andDuke of Wellington (1828–1830). This decade was largely peaceful for Britain, with some foreign intervention. The British supported the Portuguese liberals in theLiberal Wars , and supported Greek rebels in thewar for independence . During this time,London became the largest city of the world, taking the lead fromBeijing .[ 14]
Domestic tensions ran high at the start of the decade, with thePeterloo Massacre (1819), theCato Street Conspiracy (1820), and theRadical War (1820) in Scotland. However, by the end of the 1820s, many repressive laws were repealed. In 1822, Britain repealed thedeath penalty for over 100 crimes, and punishments such asdrawing and quartering andflagellation fell out of use.Seditious Meetings prevention Act (barring large assemblies) and theCombination Act (banning trade unions) were repealed in 1824. TheRoman Catholic Relief Act byParliament of the United Kingdom granted a substantial measure ofCatholic emancipation in Britain andIreland .[ 8]
Anthony Finley's 1827 map of Africa British North America [ edit ] John Melish map of the United States circa 1822At the beginning of the 1820s, the United States stretched from the Atlantic Ocean through to (roughly) the western edge of the Mississippi basin, though Florida, Michigan, Wisconsin and all present-day states fully west of the Mississippi had yet to be granted statehood. Two states were admitted to the union during this decade:Maine in 1820 andMissouri in 1821. TheAdams–Onís Treaty , signed in 1819 and ratified by Spain in 1821, ceded Florida (already conquered by USA in1818 ) to the United States, and established a boundary betweenNew Spain and the United States.
Slavery was widespread throughout the southern United States. According to the1820 U.S. Census , the slave population at that time was 1,538,000.[ 15] Missouri Compromise of 1820 prohibited slavery in the formerLouisiana Territory north of theparallel 36°30′ north except within the boundaries of the proposed state ofMissouri . By the1830 U.S. Census , the slave population had risen to 2,009,043.[ 15] American Colonization Society , many freed African-Americans repatriated to Africa during this decade to the newly formed colony ofLiberia .
The political mood at the start of the 1820s was referred to as theEra of Good Feelings , following the collapse of theFederalist party.James Monroe , the sitting U.S. president since 1817, wasre-elected in 1820 , virtually unopposed. In 1823, Monroe introduced theMonroe Doctrine in theState of the Union Address , declaring that any European attempts to recolonize the Americas would be considered a hostile act towards the United States.
The feeling of unity during the Monroe administration was dispelled inthe presidential election of 1824 , which due to an Electoral College stalemate, was decided in theUnited States House of Representatives .John Quincy Adams was chosen as the sixth U.S. president, despite receiving only 30.9% of the popular vote to Andrew Jackson's 41.3%. This gave rise toJacksonian Nationalism and the rise of the modernDemocratic Party ,[ 16] Andrew Jackson elected inthe 1828 election .
After ten years of civil war in Mexico (then called the "Viceroyalty of New Spain ") and the death of two of its founders, by early 1820 the Mexican independence movement was stalemated and close to collapse. However, theArmy of the Three Guarantees was formed under the command of ColonelAgustín de Iturbide with the support of patriots and loyalists to secure independence for Mexico and the protection of Roman Catholicism. Iturbide's army was joined by rebel forces from all over Mexico, and quickly gained control of Mexico. On August 24, 1821, representatives of the Spanish crown and Iturbide signed theTreaty of Córdoba , which recognized theMexican Empire under the terms of thePlan of Iguala .
On September 27 the Army of the Three Guarantees entered Mexico City, and the following day Iturbide proclaimed the independence of the Mexican Empire. The newly formed Mexican congress eventually declared Iturbide emperor of Mexico on May 19, 1822. Later that year, Iturbide dissolved Congress and replaced it with a sympathetic junta. However, onMarch 19 , 1823 Iturbide abdicated.
TheFirst Federal Republic was established on October 4, 1824. In the new constitution, the republic took the name ofUnited Mexican States , and was defined as a representativefederal republic , withCatholicism as theofficial and unique religion .[ 17] Guadalupe Victoria was the first President of Mexico from 1824 until 1829.
AfterManuel Gómez Pedraza won the election to succeed Victoria,Vicente Guerrero staged acoup d'état and took the presidency on April 1, 1829.[ 18] Anastasio Bustamante in December 1829.
February 20 , 1820 – A revolt begins inSanta María Chiquimula ,Totonicapán department ofGuatemala .TheUnited Provinces of Central America were formed in 1823. September 15 , 1821 –Guatemala ,El Salvador ,Honduras ,Nicaragua andCosta Rica gain independence from Spain (seeHistory of Central America ).November 28 , 1821 –Panama declares independence from Spain (seeHistory of Panama ).July 1 – The congress of Central America declares absolute independence from Spain, Mexico, and any other foreign nation, includingNorth America and a Republican system of government is established.June 22 ,1826 – ThePan-American Congress of Panama tries (unsuccessfully) to unify theAmerican republics.La Batalla de Carabobo byMartín Tovar y Tovar , depicting the Battle of Carabobo, in which Simón Bolívar secured Venezuela's independence from Spain in 1821October 9 , 1820 –Guayaquil declares independence from Spain (see alsoHistory of Ecuador ).June 24 , 1821 –Battle of Carabobo :Simón Bolívar winsVenezuela 's independence from Spain (seeVenezuela's independence ).September 7 , 1821 – TheRepublic of Gran Colombia (afederation covering much of present-dayVenezuela ,Colombia ,Panama , andEcuador ) is established, withSimón Bolívar as the foundingPresident andFrancisco de Paula Santander asvice president .May 24 ,1822 –Battle of Pichincha :Simón Bolívar secures the independence ofQuito .July 26 ,1822 –José de San Martín arrives inGuayaquil ,Ecuador , tomeet withSimón Bolívar .July 27 ,1822 –Simón Bolívar andGeneral José de San Martín meet inGuayaquil . Bolívar later annexesGuayaquil (SeeGuayaquil Conference ).June 3 ,1828 –Gran Colombia – Peru War : PresidentSimón Bolívar declares war on Peru.August 27 ,1828 –Simón Bolívar declares himself dictator of Gran Colombia.[ edit ] Economics and commerce [ edit ] [ edit ] Science and technology [ edit ] 1822 :Babbage's Difference engine .The oldest surviving photograph, Nicéphore Niépce, circa 1826 1823 –Olbers' paradox is described by theGerman astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers . January 8 , 1824 – After much controversy,Michael Faraday is finally elected as a member of theRoyal Society with only one vote against him.October 21 , 1824 –Joseph Aspdin patentsPortland Cement .1824 – ThePanoramagram is developed, creating the first volumetric display. 1824-Gideon Mantell andMary Anning discover anIguanodon tooth andMegalosaurus skeletons not far from their home in England giving birth toPaleontology . 1825 –Hans Christian Ørsted reducesaluminium chloride to makealuminium .June1826 –Photography :Nicéphore Niépce makes a true photograph. 1826 –Aniline is first isolated from the destructive distillation ofindigo byOtto Unverdorben .May 25 ,1827 –Romanian inventorPetrache Poenaru receives aFrench patent for the invention of the firstfountain pen with a replaceable ink cartridge.1827 –Englishman John Walker invents the firstfriction match which he namesLucifer .1828 –Friedrich Wöhler synthesizesurea , implicitly discrediting a cornerstone ofvitalism .1828 –Ányos Jedlik creates the world's firstelectric motor .1828 – Casparus van Houten Sr. (father ofCoenraad Johannes van Houten )patents an inexpensive method for pressingcocoa butter from roastedcocoa beans ,[ 20] cocoa solids . This is an important step in modern solidchocolate production.May 6 ,1829 – The patent for an instrument called theaccordion is applied for byCyrill Demian (Officially approved onMay 23 .)July 23 ,1829 – In the United States,William Burt obtains the firstpatent for a form oftypewriter .1825 – The first horse-drawnomnibuses established inLondon .September 27 , 1825 – The world's first modern railway, theStockton and Darlington Railway , opens inEngland .October 26 ,1825 – TheErie Canal opens, providing passage fromAlbany, New York toBuffalo andLake Erie .1825: TheOhio and Erie Canal is dug to extend settlement access and commercial traffic to theOhio River . January 30 ,1826 – TheMenai Suspension Bridge , built by engineerThomas Telford , is opened between the island ofAnglesey and the mainland ofWales .April 1 ,1826 –Samuel Morey patents theinternal combustion engine .October 1 ,1826 – Opening of theMonkland and Kirkintilloch Railway in Scotland.[ 21] September 21 ,1826 – Construction of theRideau Canal begins in Canada.October 7 ,1826 – The first train operates over theGranite Railway inMassachusetts .[ 22] [ 23] 1826 – The firstrailway tunnel is built en route betweenLiverpool andManchester inEngland .February 28 ,1827 – TheBaltimore and Ohio Railroad is incorporated, becoming the firstrailroad in United States offering commercial transportation of both people and freight.April 26 –May 24 , 1827 - TheRoyal Netherlands Navy 's British-builtpaddle steamer Curaçao Transatlantic Crossing by steam, fromHellevoetsluis toParamaribo .[ 24] July 4 ,1829 –George Shillibeer begins operating the firstbus service in London.[ 25] October 8 ,1829 –Rail transport :Stephenson 'sRocket Rainhill Trials .November 30 ,1829 – The originalWelland Canal opens for a trial run with a ceremony at Port Dalhousie.A millinery shop in Paris, 1822 During the 1820s in European and European-influenced countries, fashionable women's clothing styles transitioned away from the classically influenced "Empire"/"Regency" styles of ca.1795–1820 (with their relatively unconfiningempire silhouette ) and re-adopted elements that had been characteristic of most of the 18th century (and were to be characteristic of the remainder of the 19th century), such as full skirts and clearly visiblecorseting of the natural waist.
The silhouette of men's fashion changed in similar ways: by the mid-1820scoats featured broad shoulders with puffed sleeves, a narrow waist, and full skirts.Trousers were worn for smart day wear, whilebreeches continued in use at court and in the country.
July 20 , 1820 –Saint Cronan's Boys National School opens inBray, County Wicklow ,Ireland under the titleBray Male School . It is the oldest school in Bray and its notable past pupils include the formerpresident of Ireland ,Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh .1820:Indiana University is founded as the Indiana State Seminary and renamed the Indiana College in 1846, to later be renamedIndiana University . February 9 , 1821 –The George Washington University is chartered as The Columbian College of the District of Columbia by President Monroe.June 27 , 1821 – TheNew Hampton School is founded in the United States state ofNew Hampshire .September 18 , 1821 –Amherst College is founded inMassachusetts .1822 –Aban Palace is completed.August 12 ,1822 –St David's College (now theUniversity of Wales, Lampeter ) is founded byBishop Thomas Burgess .November 13 ,1822 – founding of theCongregation of St. Basil June 5 , 1823 –Raffles Institution , then the Singapore Institution, was founded by the founder of Singapore, Sir Stamford Raffles.1823 – Jackson Male Academy, precursor ofUnion University , is founded inTennessee . 1823 – TheOxford Union is founded. January 24 , 1824 –The Westminster Review , No1. is published.June 16 , 1824 –Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is established inGreat Britain .October 10 , 1824 – TheEdinburgh Town Council makes a decision to found the Edinburgh Municipal Fire Brigade, the firstfire brigade in Britain.November 5 , 1824 –Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (the firsttechnological university in the English-speaking world) is founded inTroy, New York .December 24 , 1824 – The First American Fraternity,Chi Phi (ΧΦ), is founded at Princeton University.1824 – TheCimetière du Montparnasse Paris , France. September 1825 – TheLady Margaret Boat Club is founded by 12 members ofSt John's College, Cambridge . 1825 – TheCity of Brisbane is founded (seeHistory of Brisbane ).1825 – TheUnited States Postal Service started adead letter office .February 11 ,1826 –University College London is founded, under the nameUniversity of London .February 13 ,1826 – TheAmerican Temperance Society is founded.March 16 ,1827 –Freedom's Journal African-American owned and published newspaper in the United States, is founded inNew York City byJohn Russwurm .1827 –Egypt :Cairo University School of Medicine is established as the first African medical school in the Middle East.1827 –J. J. Audubon begins publishingBirds of America April 11 ,1828 –Bahía Blanca is founded.June 1 ,1829 –The Philadelphia Inquirer The Pennsylvania Inquirer .October 1 ,1829 –South African College inaugurated inCape Town .1829 –King's College London is founded under the patronage ofKing George IV and theprime minister The Duke of Wellington . It will become the third officialuniversity inEngland .1829 – TheChalmers University of Technology is founded inGothenburg .[ edit ] November 20 , 1820 After the sinking of theEssex (1799 whaleship) ofNantucket by awhale the survivors were left floating in three small whaleboats. They eventually resorted, by common consent, tocannibalism to allow some to survive.1820:Mount Rainier erupts over what is today Seattle. February 6 ,1822 –Chinese junk Tek Sing South China Sea with the loss of around 1600 people on board.May 26 ,1822 – 116 people die in theGrue Church fire , the biggest fire disaster in Norway's history.1822 – Anearthquake inChile raises the coastal area.July 15 , 1823 – TheBasilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls inRome is almost completely destroyed by fire.November 7 , 1824 – In the worst flood to date inSaint Petersburg , water rises 421 cm above normal and 200 lose their lives.October 7 ,1825 – TheMiramichi Fire breaks out in New Brunswick.August,1826 – The town ofCrawford Notch suffers a landslide , killing nine people. Those killed include seven members of the Willey family, after whomMount Willey is named. 1828 – Atyphoon kills approximately 10,000 people inKyūshū , Japan.1820:Joseph Smith receives hisFirst Vision in the spring inPalmyra, New York . September 22 , 1823 –Joseph Smith says that he was directed by God through the angel Moroni to the place where theGolden plates are stored.February 11 ,1826 –Swaminarayan writes theShikshapatri , an important text within theSwaminarayan faith .July 26 ,1826 – The lastauto-da-fé Valencia, Spain .March 31 ,1829 –Pope Pius VIII succeedsPope Leo XII as the 253rdpope .June 19 ,1829 –Robert Peel 'sMetropolitan Police Act establishes theMetropolitan Police Service in London, the first modern police force. The first officers, known by the nicknames "bobbies" or "peelers", go on patrol onSeptember 29 .[ 8]
Births 1820
William Sherman Susan B. Anthony Herbert Spencer Florence Nightingale January 10 –Louisa Lane Drew , actress, prominent theater manager, grandmother of theBarrymores (d. 1897)January 14 –Bezalel HaKohen , Russian rabbi (d. 1878)[ 30] January 17 –Anne Brontë , English author (d. 1849)[ 31] January 20 –Alexandre-Émile Béguyer de Chancourtois , French chemist and mineralogist (d. 1886)January 30 –Concepción Arenal , Spanish feminist writer, activist (d. 1893)[ 32] February 8 –William Tecumseh Sherman , American Civil War general (d. 1891)[ 33] February 13 –James Geiss , English businessman (d. 1878)February 15 February 17 –Henri Vieuxtemps , Belgian violinist and composer (d. 1881)[ 36] February 28 –John Tenniel , English illustrator (d. 1914)[ 37] March 2 –Eduard Douwes Dekker , Dutch writer (d. 1887)[ 38] March 3 –Henry D. Cogswell ,American temperance movement pioneer who endowed a number ofCogswell fountains (d. 1900)March 4 –Francesco Bentivegna , Italian revolutionary (d. 1856)March 4 –Alexander Worthy Clerk , Jamaican Moravian teacher and missionary (d. 1906)March 9 –Samuel Blatchford ,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1893)March 14 –Victor Emmanuel II of Italy (d. 1878)[ 39] March 17 –Martin Jenkins Crawford , American politician (d. 1883)March 20 –Alexandru Ioan Cuza , Romania's first reigningDomnitor (d. 1873)[ 40] April 27 –Herbert Spencer , English philosopher (d. 1903)[ 41] April 26 –Alice Cary , American poet, sister to Phoebe Cary (1824-1871) (d. 1871)[ 42] May 5 –Elkanah Billings , Canadian paleontologist (d. 1876)May 12 –Florence Nightingale , English nurse (d. 1910)[ 43] May 23 –Lorenzo Sawyer , 9th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California (d. 1891)May 25 –François Claude du Barail , French general andMinister of War (d. 1902)May 27 –Mathilde Bonaparte , Italian princess (d. 1904)[ 44] Friedrich Engels July 5 –William John Macquorn Rankine , Scottish physicist, engineer (d. 1872)July 22 –Oliver Mowat , Canadian lawyer, politician (d. 1903)July 23 –Julia Gardiner Tyler ,First Lady of the United States (d. 1889)July 25 –Henry Doulton , English potter (d. 1897)[ 45] September 17 September 20 –John F. Reynolds , American general (d. 1863)September 27 –Wilhelm Siegmund Teuffel , German classical scholar (d. 1878)September 29 –Henri, Count of Chambord , claimant to the French throne (d. 1883)[ 47] October 5 –David Wilber , American politician (d. 1890)October 6 –Jenny Lind , Swedish soprano (d. 1887)[ 48] October 16 –Gillis Bildt , 5th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1894)[ 49] October 20 –Benjamin F. Cheatham , American Confederate general (d. 1886)November 23 November 28 –Friedrich Engels , German social philosopher (d. 1895)[ 51] December 21 –William H. Osborn , American railroad executive (d. 1894)1821
James Longstreet January 1 –Francisco de Paula Milán Mexican officier of theMexican Army (d. 1883)January 2 –Catherine Huggins , British actor, singer, director and manager (d. 1887)January 8 February 3 –Elizabeth Blackwell , first American female physician (d. 1910)February 11 –Auguste Edouard Mariette , French Egyptologist (d. 1881)February 17 –Lola Montez , Irish-Spanish dancer, royal mistress (d. 1861)February 19 March 1 –Joseph Hubert Reinkens , GermanOld Catholic bishop (d. 1896)March 9 –John Watts de Peyster , American author, philanthropist, and soldier (d. 1907)March 12 – SirJohn Abbott , 3rdPrime Minister of Canada (d. 1893)March 31 –Henry Dunning Macleod , Scottish economist (d. 1902)April 1 –Princess Anka Obrenović , Serbian princess (d. 1868)April 3 –Fr. Thomas Pelham Dale , English mystic (d. 1892)April 9 –Charles Baudelaire , French poet, writer (d. 1867)[ 52] April 12 –Beauchamp Seymour , British admiral (d. 1895)May 6 May 8 –William Henry Vanderbilt , American entrepreneur (d. 1885)May 16 –Pafnuty Chebyshev , Russian mathematician (d. 1894)May 17 –Sebastian Kneipp , German naturopath (d. 1897)May 18 –Eduard von Pestel , Prussian military officer and German general (d. 1908)May 24 –Juan Bautista Topete , Spanish admiral and politician (d. 1885)June 2 –Ion C. Brătianu , 2-Time Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1891)June 16 –Old Tom Morris , Scottish golfer (d. 1908)June 26 –Bartolomé Mitre , Argentine statesman, military figure, and author, 6th President of Argentina (d. 1906)Louis Vuitton July 1 –Anatole Jean-Baptiste Antoine de Barthélemy , French archaeologist (d.1904 )July 2 –Sir Charles Tupper , 6thPrime Minister of Canada (d.1915 )July 6 –Edmund Pettus , American politician (d.1907 )July 9 July 13 –Nathan Bedford Forrest , American Confederate Civil War General, firstGrand Wizard of theKu Klux Klan (d.1877 )July 16 –Mary Baker Eddy , American founder of Christian Science (d.1910 )July 17 –Friedrich Engelhorn , German industrialist and founder of BASF (d.1902 )July 18 July 24 –William Poole , infamous member of New York City'sBowery Boys gang (d.1855 )July 27 –George H. Cooper , United States Navy admiral (d.1891 )August 10 –Jay Cooke , American financier (d.1905 )August 16 –Arthur Cayley , English mathematician (d.1895 )August 21 –Louis Vuitton , French fashion designer (d.1892 )August 31 –Hermann von Helmholtz , German physician and physicist (d.1894 )September 21 –Andrei Alexandrovich Popov , Russian admiral (d.1898 )September 28 –Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs , African-American minister, politician (d.1874 )Rudolf Virchow Fyodor Dostoyevsky October 13 –Rudolf Virchow , German physician, pathologist, biologist, and politician (d.1902 )October 17 –Alexander Gardner , Scottish photographer (d.1882 )November 7 –Andrea Debono , Maltese trader and explorer (d.1871 )[ 53] November 11 –Fyodor Dostoyevsky , Russian writer (d.1881 )[ 54] November 24 –Henry Thomas Buckle , English historian sometimes called "the father of scientific history" (d.1862 )November 30 –Frederick Temple ,Archbishop of Canterbury (d.1902 )December 1 –John M. B. Clitz , American admiral (d.1897 )December 12 –Gustave Flaubert , French writer (d.1880 )[ 55] December 22 –Junius Brutus Booth Jr. , American actor, theatre manager (d.1883 )December 24 –Gabriel García Moreno , formerPresident of Ecuador (d.1875 )December 25 –Clara Barton , first president of American Red Cross (d.1912 )1822
Francis Galton Ján Francisci-Rimavský January 2 –Rudolf Clausius , German physicist (d. 1888)January 6 January 9 –Carol Benesch ,Silesian andRomanian architect (d. 1896)January 12 –Étienne Lenoir , Belgian engineer (d. 1900)January 25 –Charles Reed Bishop , American businessman,philanthropist in Hawaii (d. 1915)January 28 –Alexander Mackenzie , 2ndPrime Minister of Canada (d. 1892)February 4 –Edward Fitzgerald Beale , American Navy Lieutenant, explorer (d. 1893)February 16 – SirFrancis Galton , English biologist (d. 1911)c.March –Harriet Tubman (born Araminta Ross), African-American abolitionist, humanitarian and spy (d. 1913) March 14 –Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies ,Empress consort of Brazil (d. 1889)April 3 –Edward Everett Hale , American writer (d. 1909)April 26 –Frederick Law Olmsted , American landscape architect (d. 1903)April 27 –Ulysses S. Grant , 18thPresident of the United States (d. 1885)May 3 –István Bittó , 7th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1903)May 18 –Mathew Brady , American photographer (d. 1896)May 20 –Frédéric Passy , French economist, recipient of theNobel Peace Prize (d. 1912)May 26 –Edmond de Goncourt , French writer (d. 1896)May 11 –Henry Baker Tristram , English clergyman, ornithologist. (d. 1906)June 10 –John Jacob Astor III , American businessman (d. 1890)Gregor Mendel Louis Pasteur July 4 –Jean-Baptiste Claude Eugène Guillaume , French sculptor (d. 1905)July 19 –Princess Augusta of Cambridge (d. 1916)July 20 –Gregor Mendel , Czech geneticist (d. 1884)July 21 –Elizabeth Herbert, Baroness Herbert of Lea , English Catholic writer, translator, philanthropist, and influential social figure (d. 1911)July 25 –Andrew Bryson , American admiral (d. 1892)August 12 –August von Bulmerincq ,Baltic German legal scholar (d. 1890)August 27 –William Hayden English , American politician (d. 1896)September 22 –Avraamy Aslanbegov , Russian admiral and historian (d. 1900)October 4 –Rutherford B. Hayes , 19thPresident of the United States (d. 1893)October 6 –Benjamin F. Isherwood , American admiral, United States Navy Engineer-in-Chief (d. 1915)December 10 –César Franck , Belgian composer, organist (d. 1890)December 24 –Matthew Arnold , English poet (d. 1888)December 27 –Louis Pasteur , French microbiologist, chemist (d. 1895)1823
Carl Wilhelm Siemens Abdülmecid I January 1 –Sándor Petőfi , Hungarian poet, revolutionary (d. 1849)January 3 –Robert Whitehead , English engineer, inventor (d. 1905)January 8 –Alfred Russel Wallace , British naturalist, biologist (d. 1913)January 11 –Pierre Philippe Denfert-Rochereau , French military officer and politician (d. 1878)January 27 –Édouard Lalo , French composer (d. 1892)February 15 –Li Hongzhang , Chinese politician, general and diplomat (d. 1901)February 28 March 3 –John George Adair , Scots-Irish businessman and landowner; also known as "Black Jack" for his eviction of 244 people in 1861; financier ofJA Ranch (d. 1885)March 8 –Gyula Andrássy , 4th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1890)March 14 –Théodore de Banville , French writer (d. 1891)March 18 –Antoine Chanzy , French general and colonial governor (d. 1883)April 1 –Simon Bolivar Buckner , American soldier, politician and Confederate soldier (d. 1914)April 3 –William M. Tweed , American political boss (d. 1878)April 4 –Carl Wilhelm Siemens , German engineer (d. 1883)April 24 –Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada , 27th President of Mexico (d. 1889)April 25 –Abdülmecid I ,Ottoman Sultan (d. 1861)May 2 –Emma Hardinge Britten (b. Emma Floyd), English-born spiritualist (d. 1899)May 9 –Sir Frederick Weld , 6th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1891)May 15 May 17 –Henry Eckford , British horticulturist (d. 1905)May 22 –Solomon Bundy , American politician (d. 1889)May 26 –William Pryor Letchworth , American businessman, philanthropist, founder ofLetchworth State Park , New YorkJuly 6 –Sophie Adlersparre , Swedish feminist (d. 1895)June 21 –Jean Chacornac , French astronomer (d. 1873)Max Müller Mackenzie Bowell July 9 (date uncertain ) –Phineas Gage , improbable American head injury survivor (d. 1860)July 18 July 23 –Coventry Patmore , English poet (d. 1896)August 3 –Thomas Francis Meagher , American Civil War general (d. 1867)August 4 –Oliver P. Morton , American politician (d. 1877)August 5 –Eliza Tibbets , mother of the California orange industry (d. 1898)August 10 August 11 –Charlotte Mary Yonge , English author (d. 1901)August 13 –Goldwin Smith , English historian (d. 1910)August 14 –Karel Miry , Belgian composer (d. 1889)August 15 –Orris S. Ferry , American Civil War general and politician (d. 1875)August 23 –Nil Izvorov , BulgarianOrthodox priest and venerable (d. 1905)September 16 –Ludwik Teichmann , Polish anatomist (d. 1895)September 28 –Alexandre Cabanel , French painter (d. 1889)November 1 –Lascăr Catargiu , 4-time prime minister of Romania (d. 1899)November 8 –Joseph Monier , French inventor (d. 1906)November 16 –Henry G. Davis , American politician (d. 1916)November 18 –Charles H. Bell , American politician (d. 1893)November 21 –Andrzej Jerzy Mniszech , Polish painter (d. 1905)November 25 –Henry Wirz , Swiss-born American Confederate military officer, prisoner-of-war camp commander (d. 1865)December 6 –Friedrich Max Müller , German-born Orientalist (d. 1900)December 9 –Rosalie Olivecrona , Swedish women's rights activist (d. 1898)December 13 –Ferdinand Büchner , German composer (d. 1906)December 22 –Thomas Wentworth Higginson , American Unitarian minister, abolitionist (d. 1911)December 27 –Sir Mackenzie Bowell , 5thPrime Minister of Canada (d. 1917)1824
Bedřich Smetana Amasa Leland Stanford Gustav Kirchhoff Ednah Dow Littlehale Cheney William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin January 7 –Julia Kavanagh , Irish novelist (d. 1877)January 8 –Wilkie Collins , English novelist (d. 1889)January 15 –Marie Duplessis , French courtesan (d. 1847)January 21 –Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson , American Confederate general (d. 1863)January 26 –Emil Czyrniański , Polish chemist (d. 1888)February 7 –Sir William Huggins , British astronomer (d. 1910)February 8 –Barnard Elliott Bee, Jr. , American Confederate general (d. 1861)February 12 –Dayananda Saraswati , Hindu religious leader, Vedic scholar who founded the reform movementArya Samaj February 14 –Winfield Scott Hancock , American Civil War Union general, Democratic presidential candidate (d. 1886)February 27 –Prince Kuni Asahiko of Japan (d. 1891)March 2 –Bedřich Smetana , Czech composer (d. 1884)March 9 –Amasa Leland Stanford , American tycoon, industrialist and politician, 8thGovernor of California (d. 1893)March 12 –Gustav Kirchhoff , German physicist (d. 1887)March 19 –William Allingham , Irish author (d. 1889)March 22 –Charles Pfizer , German-American chemist, co-founder ofPfizer March 25 –Clinton L. Merriam , American politician (d. 1900)March 26 –Julie-Victoire Daubié , French journalist (d. 1874)March 27 –Johann Wilhelm Hittorf , German physicist (d. 1914)April 6 –George Waterhouse , 7th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1906)April 7 –Edward Jones , trespasser who continually broke intoBuckingham Palace (d. 1895)April 13 –William Alexander , Anglican bishop, Primate of All Ireland (d. 1911)May 3 –Pio Siotto , Italian artist, cameo engraver (d. ?)[ 57] May 6 –Tokugawa Iesada , 13thshōgun Tokugawa shogunate of Japan (d. 1858)May 9 –Jacob ben Moses Bachrach , noted Polish-born apologist of Rabbinic Judaism (d. 1896)May 23 –Ambrose Burnside ,American Civil War general,inventor , politician fromRhode Island (d. 1881)June 7 –Bernhard von Gudden , German neuroanatomist, psychiatrist (d. 1886)June 8 –Arthur von Mohrenheim , Russian diplomat (d. 1906)June 20 –George Edmund Street , British architect (d. 1881)June 26 –William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin , Irish-born physicist, engineer (d. 1907)June 27 –Ednah Dow Littlehale Cheney , American writer, reformer, philanthropist (d. 1904)June 28 –Paul Broca , French physician, anthropologist (d. 1880)Edward Cooper George MacDonald July 1 –Casto Méndez Núñez , Spanish admiral (d. 1869)July 12 –Eugène Boudin , French painter (d. 1898)July 19 –Horace W. Carpentier , American politician, 1st governor ofOakland, California (d. 1918)July 21 –Stanley Matthews , American politician,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1889)July 27 –Alexandre Dumas, fils , French writer (d. 1895)August 3 –William Burnham Woods ,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1887)August 7 –Gideon T. Stewart , American temperance movement leader (d. 1907)August 13 –John J. Robison , American politician in Michigan (d. 1897)[ 58] August 26 –Marie Simon , German nurse (d. 1877)[ 59] September 4 September 27 –Benjamin Apthorp Gould , American astronomer (d. 1896)October 2 –Henry C. Lord , American railroad executive (d. 1884)October 5 –Henry Chadwick , English-born American baseball writer, historian (d. 1908)October 18 –Juan Valera y Alcalá-Galiano , Spanish author (d. 1905)October 26 –Edward Cooper , 83rdMayor of New York City (d. 1905)October 27 –Edward Maitland , British writer (d. 1897)November 20 –Sydenham E. Ancona , American educator, politician and member of theUnited States House of Representatives from 1861 to 1867 (d. 1913)November 24 –Frederick Miller , German-born American brewer, businessman (d. 1888)December 10 –George MacDonald , Scottish writer (d. 1905)December 11 –Jonathan Letterman , American surgeon, "Father of Battlefield Medicine" (d. 1872)December 14 –Pierre Puvis de Chavannes , French painter (d. 1898)December 18 –Sir John Hall , 12th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1907)December 27 –Charlotta Norberg , Swedish ballerina (d. 1892)1825
Thomas Henry Huxley January 11 –Clement V. Rogers , Cherokee politician, father ofWill Rogers (d. 1911)January 25 –George Pickett , American Confederate general (d. 1876)January 31 –Miska Magyarics ,Slovene poet in Hungary (d. 1883)February 8 –Henri Giffard , French engineer, pioneer in airship technology (d. 1882)February 10 –Geoffrey Hornby , British admiral (d. 1895)March 13 –Hans Gude , Norwegian romanticist landscape painter (d. 1903)[ 60] March 16 –Camilo Castelo Branco , Portuguese writer (d. 1890)March 21 –Alexander Mozhaysky , Russian aeronautical pioneer (d. 1890)March 22 –Jane Sym , second wife of Canada's second prime minister (d. 1893)April 11 –Ferdinand Lassalle , Prussian-German philosopher, socialist and politician (d. 1864)April 24 –Robert Michael Ballantyne ,Scottish novelist (d. 1894)May 4 –Thomas Henry Huxley , English biologist (d. 1895)May 8 –George Bruce Malleson , English officer, author (d. 1898)May 9 –George Davidson , English-born geodesist, astronomer, geographer, surveyor, and engineer in the United States (d. 1911)June 3 –Sophie Sager , Swedish women's rights activist (d. 1902)Paul Kruger Pedro II of Brazil Mariano Prado July 2 –Émile Ollivier , French statesman (d. 1913)July 19 –George H. Pendleton , American politician (d. 1889)July 21 –Práxedes Mateo Sagasta , Spanish politician, eight-time prime minister of Spain (d. 1903)August 31 –Robert Dunsmuir , Scottish industrialist, politician (d. 1889)September 4 –Dadabhai Naoroji , Indian politician (d. 1917)September 11 –Eduard Hanslick , Austrian music critic (d. 1904)September 13 –William Henry Rinehart , American sculptor (d. 1874)September 17 –Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II , American politician,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1893)September 25 –Joachim Heer , Swiss politician (d. 1879)October 8 –Paschal Beverly Randolph , American occultist (d. 1875)October 10 –Paul Kruger , Boer resistance leader (d. 1904)October 11 –Maria Firmina dos Reis , Brazilian abolitionist and author (d. 1917)October 13 –Charles Frederick Worth , English-born fashion designer, father ofhaute couture (d. 1895)October 25 November 9 –A. P. Hill , American Confederate general (d. 1865)November 29 –Jean-Martin Charcot , French physician, neurologist (d. 1893)November 30 –William-Adolphe Bouguereau , French painter and educator (d. 1905)December 2 –Pedro II , Emperor of Brazil (d. 1891)December 18 –Mariano Ignacio Prado , Peruvian general and statesman, twicePresident of Peru (d. 1901)[ 61] December 30 –Samuel Newitt Wood , American politician (d. 1891)December 31 –Elizabeth Martha Olmsted , American poet (d. 1910)1826
Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin Charles XV of Sweden January 1 –Mikhail Loris-Melikov , Russian statesman, general (d.1888 )January 12 –William Chapman Ralston , American banker, financier (d.1875 )January 15 –Marie Pasteur , French chemist (d.1910 )January 24 –William Daniel ,American temperance movement leader (d.1897 )January 26 –Louis Favre , Swiss engineer (d.1879 )January 27 January 30 –Robert F. R. Lewis , American naval officer (d.1881 )February 3 –Walter Bagehot , English economist and journalist (d.1877 )February 7 –James Edward Jouett , American admiral (d.1902 )February 9 –John A. Logan , American soldier, political leader (d.1886 )February 15 –George Johnstone Stoney , Anglo-Irish physicist (d.1911 )February 16 March 3 –Joseph Wharton , American industrialist (d.1909 )March 4 March 24 –Matilda Joslyn Gage , Americanfeminist (d.1898 )March 29 –Wilhelm Liebknecht , German journalist, politician (d.1900 )April 3 April 6 –Gustave Moreau , French painter (d.1898 )April 23 –Victoriano Sánchez Barcáiztegui , Spanish Navy officer and hero (d.1875 )[ 63] May 3 – KingCharles XV of Sweden andNorway (d.1872 )May 4 –Frederic Edwin Church , American painter (d.1900 )May 7 –Varina Davis ,First Lady of theConfederate States of America (d.1906 )May 8 –Miguel Ângelo Lupi , Portuguese painter (d.1883 )May 24 –Marie Goegg-Pouchoulin , Swiss international women's rights activist, pacifist (d.1899 )May 26 –Richard Christopher Carrington , English astronomer (d.1875 )May 28 –Benjamin Gratz Brown , American politician (d.1885 )June 24 –George Goyder , surveyor-general ofSouth Australia (d.1898 )June 26 –Warren F. Daniell , American politician (d.1913 )June 30 –Ozra Amander Hadley , American politician (d.1915 )August Ahlqvist Bernhard Riemann Carlo Collodi July 4 July 8 –Benjamin Grierson , American Civil War general (d.1911 )July 31 –William S. Clark , American chemist, 3rd President of theMassachusetts Agricultural College (d.1886 )August 7 –August Ahlqvist , Finnish professor, poet, scholar of theFinno-Ugric languages , author, and literary critic (d.1889 )[ 64] August 11 –Andrew Jackson Davis , American spiritualist (d.1910 )August 21 –Carl Gegenbaur , German anatomist, professor (d.1903 )September 8 –Sir James Corry, 1st Baronet , British politician (d.1891 )September 13 –Zeng Laishun , Chinese interpreter and educator (d.1895 )September 17 –Bernhard Riemann , German mathematician (d.1866 )October 8 –Emily Blackwell , American physician (d.1910 )October 24 –Léopold Victor Delisle , Frenchmedievalist and Administrator General of theBibliothèque Nationale November 10 –Jacob Hamburger , German rabbi and author (d.1911 )[ 65] November 24 –Carlo Collodi , Italian writer (d.1890 )November 27 –Jonathan Young , United States Navy commodore (d.1885 )December 3 –George B. McClellan , American general, politician (d.1885 )December 8 –John Brown , Scottish personal servant and favourite of Queen Victoria (d.1883 )1827
Joseph Lister Ramón Emeterio Betances January 7 – SirSandford Fleming , Scottish-Canadian engineer, inventor (d.1915 )January 10 –Amanda Cajander , Finnish medical reformer (d.1871 )[ 66] January 28 –Jean Antoine Villemin , French physician (d.1892 )February 17 –Elisabeth Blomqvist , Swedish-Finnish educator, feminist (d.1901 )March 7 –John Hall Gladstone , English chemist (d.1902 )March 8 –Wilhelm Bleek , German linguist (d.1875 )March 25 –Stephen Luce , American admiral (d.1917 )April 2 –William Holman Hunt , British Pre-Raphaelite painter (d.1910 )April 5 –Joseph Lister , English surgeon, medical pioneer (d.1912 )April 8 –Ramón Emeterio Betances , Puerto Rican politician, medical doctor and diplomat (d.1898 )May 11 –Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux , French sculptor, painter (d.1875 )May 19 –Paul-Armand Challemel-Lacour , French statesman (d.1896 )May 21 –William P. Sprague , American politician from Ohio (d.1899 )May 27 –Samuel F. Miller , American politician (d.1892 )May 31 –Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford , British general (d.1905 )June 11 –Natalie Zahle , Danish educator, women's rights activist (d.1913 )June 12 –Johanna Spyri , Swiss author (d.1901 )June 13 –Alberto Henschel , German-Brazilian photographer, businessman (d.1882 )June 24 –Louis Brière de l'Isle , French general (d.1897 )June 26 –Amédée Courbet , French admiral (d.1885 )Francisco Solano López Grand Duchess Catherine Mikhailovna of Russia Ellen G. White July 17 –Sir Frederick Augustus Abel , British chemist (d.1902 )July 18 –Mangal Pandey , Indian soldier (d. 1857)July 24 –Francisco Solano López , President of Paraguay (d.1870 )August 5 –Deodoro da Fonseca , 1st President of Brazil (d.1892 )August 23 –Lord John Hay , British admiral and politician (d.1916 )August 28 –Grand Duchess Catherine Mikhailovna of Russia , granddaughter of TsarPaul I (d.1894 )September 3 –John Drew Sr. , Irish-American stage actor, manager (d.1862 )September 27 –Georgiana Archer , German (originally Scottish) women's rights activist and educator (d.1882 )September 30 –Ellis H. Roberts , American politician (d.1918 )October 12 –Josiah Parsons Cooke , American chemist (d.1894 )October 16 –Arnold Böcklin , Swiss painter (d.1901 )October 25 –Marcellin Berthelot , French chemist (d.1907 )October 29 –Antonio Borrero , 10th President of Ecuador (d.1911 )November 1 –Friedrich Haase , German actor (d. 1911)November 7 –Antti Ahlström , Finnish industrialist (d.1896 )November 18 –Mehmed Ali Pasha , Prussian-born Ottoman military leader (d.1878 )November 26 –Ellen G. White , American religious leader, cofounder of theSeventh-day Adventist Church (d.1915 )November 29 –William Crichton , Scottish engineer and shipbuilder (d.1889 )[ 67] [ 68] December 3 December 17 –Baron Alexander Wassilko von Serecki , Governor of the Duchy of Bucovina, member of the Herrenhaus (d.1893 )December 23 –Wilhelm von Tegetthoff , Austrian admiral (d.1871 )December 27 –Stanisław Mieroszewski , Polish-born politician, writer, historian and member of the Imperial Council of Austria (d.1900 )Wazir Beg , Indian Semitic scholar and Presbyterian minister (d.1885 )1828
Jules Verne Jean Henri Dunant January 17 –Alexandru Cernat , Moldavian-born Romanian general and politician (d. 1893)January 22 –Dora d'Istria , Romanian-Albanian writer (d. 1888)January 23 –Saigō Takamori , Japanesesamurai February 8 –Jules Verne , French science fiction author (d. 1905)March 13 –Sébastien Lespès , French admiral (d. 1897)March 17 –Patrick Cleburne , Irish soldier, Confederate general (d. 1864)March 18 –Sir Randal Cremer , English politician, pacifist, recipient of theNobel Peace Prize (d. 1908)March 20 –Henrik Ibsen , Norwegian playwright (d. 1906)March 24 –Horace Gray ,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1902)March 25 –George Montgomery White , American politician (d. 1860)[ 70] April 17 –Johanna Mestorf , Germanprehistoric archaeologist (d. 1909)April 20 –Josephine Butler , British social reformer (d. 1906)April 26 –Martha Finley , American teacher, author (d. 1909)April 29 –Étienne Stéphane Tarnier , French obstetrician, inventor (d. 1897)May 8 May 12 –Dante Gabriel Rossetti , English poet, painter (d. 1882)June 21 –Ferdinand André Fouqué , French geologist, petrologist (d. 1904)June 28 –Alexandre Franquet , French admiral (d. 1907)Leo Tolstoy July 9 –Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano , Italian Catholic churchman (d. 1913)July 23 –Sir Jonathan Hutchinson , English physician (d. 1913)July 28 –Iosif Gurko , Russian field marshal (d. 1901)July 31 –Ignacio de Veintemilla , 11th President of Ecuador (d. 1908)August 6 –Andrew Taylor Still , American father of osteopathy (d. 1917)August 17 –Maria Deraismes , French feminist (d. 1894)August 28 –William A. Hammond , American military physician, neurologist and 11th Surgeon General of the United States Army (1862–1864) (d. 1900)September 1 –Anthony Hoskins , British admiral (d. 1901)September 8 September 9 (O.S. )/August 28 (N.S. ) –Leo Tolstoy , Russian writer (d. 1910)October 2 –Charles Floquet , Prime Minister of France (d. 1896)October 20 –Horatio Spafford , American author of the hymnIt Is Well with My Soul (d. 1888)October 31 –Sir Joseph Swan , English physicist, chemist (d. 1914)November 17 –Milton Wright , American bishop, father of aviation pioneers theWright brothers (d. 1917)November 19 –Rani Lakshmibai , queen of theMaratha -ruled princely Indian state ofJhansi (d. 1858)November 24 –Henry Lomb , German-American optician, co-founder ofBausch & Lomb (d. 1908)November 26 –René Goblet , Prime Minister of France (d. 1905)December 8 –Clinton B. Fisk ,American temperance movement leader (d. 1890)1829
KingOscar II of Sweden January 1 –Tommaso Salvini , Italian actor (d. 1915)January 3 –Konrad Duden , German philologist (d. 1911)January 10 –Epameinondas Deligeorgis , Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1879)January 17 –Catherine Booth , EnglishMother ofThe Salvation Army (d. 1890)January 21 – KingOscar II of Sweden and Norway (d. 1907)January 27 –Isaac Roberts , Welsh astronomer (d. 1904)February 2 February 22 –Princess Sumiko , Japanese princess (d. 1881)February 26 –Levi Strauss , American clothing designer (d. 1902)March 2 –Carl Schurz , German revolutionary, American statesman (d. 1906)March 14 –Pierre-Hector Coullié , Cardinal-Archbishop of Lyon (d. 1912)March 16 –George M. Robeson , American politician (d. 1897)March 19 –Carl Frederik Tietgen , Danish financier, industrialist (d. 1901)April 6 –Anna Haslam , Irish women's rights activist, suffragist (d. 1922)April 10 –William Booth , British founder ofThe Salvation Army (d. 1912)May 8 –Louis Moreau Gottschalk , American composer, pianist (d. 1869)June 4 –Allan Octavian Hume , British civil servant (d. 1912)June 5 –George Stephen, 1st Baron Mount Stephen , Scottish-Canadian businessman, philanthropist (d. 1921)June 6 –Shusaku Honinbo , JapaneseGo player (d. 1862)June 8 –Sir John Everett Millais , British Pre-Raphaelite painter (d. 1896)June 14 –Bernard Petitjean , French Catholic missionary to Japan (d. 1884)June 16 –Geronimo , indigenous American (Apache) leader (d. 1909)Adolf Eugen Fick August Kekulé July 2 –Martis Karin Ersdotter , Swedish businesswoman (died 1902)July 14 –Edward White Benson ,Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1896)July 26 –Auguste Beernaert , Belgian statesman, recipient of theNobel Peace Prize (d. 1912)August 24 –Emanuella Carlbeck , Swedish social reformer (d. 1901)September 3 –Adolf Eugen Fick , German-born physician, physiologist (d. 1901)September 7 –August Kekulé , German chemist (d. 1896)September 12 –Anselm Feuerbach , German painter (d. 1880)October 1 –Sidney Hill , English philanthropist (d. 1908)October 5 –Chester A. Arthur , 21stPresident of the United States (d. 1886)October 13 –Jules Pellechet , French architect (d. 1903)October 15 –Asaph Hall , American astronomer (d. 1907)November 9 –Sir Peter Lumsden , British general in the Indian army (d. 1918)November 10 –Newton Knight , American farmer, soldier andSouthern Unionist in Mississippi and Civil War guerrilla (d.1922 )November 28 –Anton Rubinstein , Russian pianist, composer (d. 1894)
Deaths 1820
KingGeorge III January 17 –Daniel Albert Wyttenbach , Swiss-born academic (b. 1746)January 23 –Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn , member of British Royal Family and father ofQueen Victoria (b. 1767)January 29 – KingGeorge III of the United Kingdom (b. 1738)February 5 –William Drennan , Irish physician, poet and radical politician (b. 1754)February 11 –Karl von Fischer , German architect (b. 1782)February 14 –Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry , French noble (stabbed) (b. 1778)[ 71] March 11 –Benjamin West , Anglo-American painter of historical scenes (b. 1738)[ 72] March 22 –Stephen Decatur , American sailor (b. 1779)[ 73] April 8 –Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk , Scottish-born philanthropist (b. 1771)April 20 –James Morris III , Continental Army officer from Connecticut (b. 1752)May 30 –William Bradley , Britain's tallest ever man (b. 1787)June 6 –Henry Grattan , Irish politician (b. 1746)June 9 –Wilhelmina of Prussia, Princess of Orange (b. 1751)June 19 – SirJoseph Banks , English naturalist and botanist (b. 1743)[ 74] June 20 –Manuel Belgrano , Argentine politician, general in the Independence War (b. 1770)[ 75] Jiaqing Emperor July 10 –William Wyatt Bibb , firstGovernor of Alabama (b.1781 )August 6 –Antonín Vranický , Bohemian violinist and composer (b.1761 )[ 76] August 9 –Anders Sparrman , Swedish naturalist (b.1748 )August 12 –Manuel Lisa , Spanish-born American fur trader (b.1772 )September 2 –Jiaqing Emperor , Chinese emperor (b.1760 )September 3 –Benjamin Latrobe , Anglo-American architect (b.1764 )September 4 –Timothy Brown , English banker, merchant and radical (b. 1743/1744)September 16 –Nguyễn Du , Vietnamese poet (b.1766 )September 18 –Mariana Joaquina Pereira Coutinho , Portuguesecourtier , salonnière (b.1748 )September 26 –Daniel Boone , American pioneer (b.1734 )[ 77] September 28 –Pedro Andrés del Alcázar , Spanish and later Chilean Army officer and war hero (b.1752 )September 29 –Barthelemy Lafon , Creole architect and smuggler (b.1769 )October 8 –Henri Christophe , Haitian revolutionary leader (suicide) (b.1767 )October 11 –James Keir , Scottish geologist, chemist and industrialist (b.1735 )[ 78] October 15 –Karl Philipp Fürst zu Schwarzenberg , Austrian field marshal (b.1771 )November 1 –Pierre Martin , French admiral (b.1752 )November 8 –Lavinia Stoddard , American poet and school founder (b.1787 )December 25 –Joseph Fouché , French statesman (b.1759 )December 29 –Princess Pauline of Anhalt-Bernburg , German regent and social reformer (b.1769 )[ 79] 1821
Napoleon Bonaparte January 4 –Elizabeth Ann Seton , American saint (b. 1774)January 5 –Carlo Porta , Milanese poet (b. 1775)January 19 –Alexandru Suţu , prince of Moldavia (b. 1758)February 23 –John Keats , British poet (b. 1795)[ 80] February 26 –Joseph de Maistre , French-Savoyard philosopher (b. 1753)March 4 –Princess Elizabeth of Clarence , daughter ofWilliam, Duke of Clarence (later King William IV) (b. 1820)March 13 –John Hunter , second Governor of New South Wales (b. 1737)April 10 –Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople (b. 1746)April 20 –Franz Karl Achard , German chemist, physicist and biologist (b. 1753)April 23 –Pierre de Ruel, marquis de Beurnonville , French general (b. 1752)May 2 –Hester Thrale , Welsh diarist and friend of Dr Johnson (b. 1741)[ 81] May 5 –Napoleon Bonaparte , French Emperor and general (b. 1769)[ 82] May 19 –Camille Jordan , French politician (b. 1771)June 7 –Tudor Vladimirescu , Wallachian rebel leader (b. c. 1780)June 17 –Martín Miguel de Güemes , Argentine military leader (b. 1785)June 19 –Peter Ochs , Swiss politician (b. 1752)June 23 –Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon-Penthièvre, Duchess of Orléans , heiress, wife ofPhilippe Égalité (b. 1753)June 30 –José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa , viceroy of Peru (b. 1743)John William Polidori July 4 –Richard Cosway , English artist (b. 1742)July 14 –Pedro Juan Caballero , Paraguayan captain (b. 1786) (suicide)July 17 –Fulgencio Yegros , Paraguayan general and politician (b. 1780)August 7 –Caroline of Brunswick , Queen of the United Kingdom (b. 1768)August 20 –Dorothea von Medem , Latvian diploma, duchess of Courland (b. 1761)August 24 –John William Polidori , English physician, writer (b. 1795) (suicide)[ 83] September 4 –José Miguel Carrera , Chilean general, founding father (b. 1785)September 10 –Johann Dominicus Fiorillo , German painter, art historian (b. 1748)September 14 –Heinrich Kuhl , German naturalist, zoologist (b. 1797)October 4 –Marie-Louise Lachapelle , Frenchobstetrician (b. 1769)October 6 –Anders Jahan Retzius , Swedish chemist, botanist (b. 1742)October 8 –Juan O'Donojú , viceroy of New Spain (b. 1762)October 11 –John Ross Key , American judge, lawyer, father of songwriterFrancis Scott Key (b. 1754)October 21 –Dorothea Ackermann , German actress (b. 1752)November 8 –Jean Rapp , French general (b. 1771)December 4 –John Henniker-Major, 2nd Baron Henniker , British politician (b. 1752)December 7 – KingPōmare II of Tahiti (b. 1782)December 12 –Phoebe Hessel , British female soldier (b. 1713)1822
Duke of Richelieu .January 10 –Bathilde d'Orléans , French princess (b. 1750)January 16 –Elisabeth Berenberg , German banker (b. 1749)January 21 –Marie Aimée Lullin , Swiss entomologist (b. 1751)January 24 –Ali Pasha of Yanina , ruler of European Turkey (b. 1741)February 10 –Prince Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen (b. 1738)February 20 –John "Walking" Stewart , English traveller, philosopher (b. 1747)February 24 –Thomas Coutts , British banker (b. 1735)February 27 –John Borlase Warren , British admiral (b. 1753)March 1 –Jack Jouett , American politician (b. 1754)March 16 –Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Campan , French educator, lady in waiting (b. 1752)March 19 –Valentin Haüy , French educator, founder of the first school for the blind (b. 1745)April 14 –Edmund Butcher , English Unitarian minister (b. 1757)April 20 –Allegra Byron , illegitimate daughter ofLord Byron (b. 1817)May 8 –John Stark , American Revolutionary War general (b. 1728)May 17 –Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu , Prime Minister of France (b. 1766)May 27 –Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (b. 1772)June 3 June 15 –Horatio Walpole, 2nd Earl of Orford (b. 1752)June 25 –E. T. A. Hoffmann , German Romantic author (b. 1776)Percy Bysshe Shelley Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh William Herschel July 8 –Percy Bysshe Shelley , British poet (b. 1792)July 15 –Manuel Torres , first Colombian ambassador to the United States (b. 1762)August 4 –Kristjan Jaak Peterson , Estonian poet (b. 1801)August 12 –Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh , British foreign secretary (suicide) (b. 1769)August 25 –William Herschel , German-born British astronomer (b. 1738)September 8 –Sophie de Condorcet , politically active French salonist, feminist (b. 1764)October 13 –Antonio Canova , Italian sculptor (b. 1757)October 16 –Eva Marie Veigel , Austrian-born English ballet dancer, known asLa Violette (b. 1724)October 25 –Sara Oust , Norwegian lay minister (b. 1778)October 26 –Mahmud Dramali Pasha , Ottoman vizier (b. c. 1780)October 31 –Jared Ingersoll , U.S. presidential candidate (b. 1749)November 6 –Claude Louis Berthollet , French chemist (b. 1748)November 24 –Zofia Potocka , Greek-Polish noble and agent (b. 1760)November 26 –Karl August von Hardenberg ,Prussian politician (b. 1750)December 7 –John Aikin , English doctor and writer (b. 1747)December 17 –Giovanni Fabbroni , Italian scientist (b. 1752)1823
Edward Jenner Louis-Nicolas Davout January 21 January 22 –John Julius Angerstein , Russian-born English merchant, insurer and art collector (b. 1735)January 26 –Edward Jenner , English physician, medical researcher (b. 1749)January 27 –Charles Hutton , English mathematician (b. 1737)January 28 –Return J. Meigs Sr. , American colonel (b. 1740)February 9 –Agnes Ibbetson , English plant physiologist (b. 1757)February 7 –Ann Radcliffe , English writer (b. 1764)February 21 –Charles Wolfe , Irish poet (b. 1791)March 1 –Pierre-Jean Garat , French Basque opera singer (b. 1764)March 5 –Magdalena Rudenschöld , Swedish conspirator (b. 1766)March 14 March 18 March 19 –Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski , Polish aristocrat and patron of the arts (b. 1734)April 18 –George Cabot , American politician (b. 1752)June 1 –Louis-Nicolas Davout , French marshal (b. 1770)June 19 –William Combe , English writer, poet and adventurer (b. 1742)Giovanni Battista Belzoni Gregorio José Ramírez July 4 –Estcourt Cresswell , English politician (b. 1823)[ 84] July 8 – SirHenry Raeburn , Scottish painter (b. 1756)[ 85] August 1 –Francis Napier, 8th Lord Napier of Great Britain (b. 1758)August 7 –Mátyás Laáb , Croatian writer, translator (b. 1746)August 18 –John Treadwell , the fourthGovernor of Connecticut (b. 1745)August 20 –Pope Pius VII , Italian Benedictine (b. 1742)August 22 –Lazare Carnot , French general, politician and mathematician (b. 1753)August 30 –Pierre Prévost , Frenchpanorama painter (b. 1764)September 11 –David Ricardo , English economist (b. 1772)September 17 –Abraham-Louis Breguet , Swisshorologist , inventor (b. 1747)September 23 –Matthew Baillie , Scottish physician, pathologist (b. 1761)September 28 –Charlotte Melmoth , English-born American actress (b. 1749)November 9 –Vasily Kapnist , Ukrainian-Russian poet, dramatist (b. 1758)November 11 –Richard Richards , British judge and politician (b. 1752)December 3 –Giovanni Battista Belzoni , Italian explorer, pioneer archaeologist of Egypt (b. 1778)December 4 –Gregorio José Ramírez , Costa Rican politician, merchant and marine (b. 1796)1824
Théodore Géricault January 16 –Fabian Wrede ,Swedish field marshal (b. 1760)January 21 –Jean-Baptiste Drouet , French revolutionary (b. 1765)January 26 –Théodore Géricault , French painter (b. 1791)January 29 –Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern , wife of Charles Edward Stuart (b. 1752)February 9 –Anne Catherine Emmerich , German Augustinian Canoness, mystic, Marian visionary, ecstatic and stigmatist (b. 1774)February 21 –Eugène de Beauharnais , son ofJoséphine de Beauharnais (b. 1781)April 3 –Sally Seymour , American pastry chef and restaurateurApril 19 –George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron , English poet (b. 1788)May 15 –Johann Philipp Stadion, Count von Warthausen , German statesman (b. 1763)May 26 –Capel Lofft , English writer (b. 1751)May 29 –Jean-Baptiste Willermoz , French Freemason (b. 1730)June 16 –Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance , Third Consul of France (b. 1739)June 18 –Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b. 1769)June 21 –Étienne Aignan , French writer (b. 1773)Louis XVIII July 14 –Kamehameha II ,King of Hawaii (b. 1797)July 19 July 20 –Maine de Biran , French philosopher (b. 1766)July 21 –Buddha Loetla Nabhalai (Rama II),King of Siam (Thailand ) (b. 1767)August 12 –Charles Nerinckx , Belgian-born founder of theSisters of Loretto (b. 1761)August 24 –Valentine Quin, 1st Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl , Irish politician (b. 1752)September 16 – KingLouis XVIII of France (b. 1755)October 13 –Sir James Lamb, 1st Baronet of England (b. 1752)October 30 –Charles Maturin , Irish writer (b. 1773)December 5 –Anne Louise Boyvin d'Hardancourt Brillon de Jouy , French confidant ofBenjamin Franklin (b. 1744)December 21 –James Parkinson , English surgeon, apothecary, geologist, palaeontologist and political activist (b. 1755)December 23 –Pushmataha , chief of theChoctaw Nation (b. c. 1764)1825
Antonio Salieri Eleanor Anne Porden January 4 –Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies (b. 1751)January 8 –Eli Whitney , American inventor (b. 1765)February 22 –Eleanor Anne Porden , English poet (b. 1795)February 24 –Thomas Bowdler , English physician (b. 1754)March 1 March 4 –Hercules Mulligan , tailor, spy during theAmerican Revolutionary War (b. 1740)March 6 –Samuel Parr , English schoolmaster (b. 1747)March 25 –Antoine Fabre d'Olivet , French writer (b. 1767)March 27 –Alexander Lindsay, 6th Earl of Balcarres , British Army general (b. 1752)April 23 –Friedrich Müller , German painter, narrator, lyricist and dramatist (b. 1749)April 17 –Henry Fuseli , Swiss painter and writer (b. 1741)May 7 –Antonio Salieri , Italian composer (b. 1750)May 13 –Charles Whitworth, 1st Earl Whitworth , British diplomat (b. 1752)May 19 –Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon , French politician (b. 1760)May 22 –Laskarina Bouboulina , Greek independence fighter, heroine (shot) (b. 1771)May 23 – RasGugsa of Yejju , Regent of the Emperor of EthiopiaJune 11 –Daniel D. Tompkins ,6th Vice President of the United States (b. 1774)June 14 –Pierre Charles L'Enfant , French architect (b. 1754)June 27 –Domenico Vantini , Italian painterAlexander I of Russia José Bernardo de Tagle July 12 –Dorothea von Rodde-Schlözer , German scholar (b. 1770)July 15 –David Ochterlony , Massachusetts-born general with theEast India Company (b. 1758)August 3 –Ambrogio Minoja , Italian composer, professor of music (b. 1752)August 16 –Charles Cotesworth Pinckney , American politician, soldier (b. 1746)August 20 –William Waldegrave, 1st Baron Radstock , British admiral, Governor of Newfoundland (b. 1753)September 4 –Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle (b. 1748)September 26 –José Bernardo de Tagle y Portocarrero, Marquis of Torre Tagle , Peruvian soldier and politician, 2nd President of Peru (b. 1779)[ 86] September 29 –Daniel Shays ,American Revolutionary War captain, also the leader of theShays's Rebellion (b. 1747)October 6 –Bernard Germain de Lacépède , French naturalist (b. 1756)October 9 –Lucia Pytter , Norwegian philanthropist (b. 1762)October 13 – KingMaximilian I Joseph of Bavaria (b. 1756)November 7 –Charlotte Dacre , English Gothic novelist (b.c. 1772 ) November 14 –Jean Paul , German writer (b. 1763)December 1 – EmperorAlexander I of Russia (November 19 on the Russian calendar) b. 1777)December 28 –James Wilkinson , American soldier, statesman (b. 1757)December 29 –Jacques-Louis David , French painter (b. 1748)1826
Carl Maria von Weber Joseph von Fraunhofer January 3 January 17 –Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga , Spanish composer (b.1806 )January 23 –Abraham Woodhull , Patriot spy during the American Revolutionary War (b.1750 )February 17 –John Manners-Sutton , British politician (b.1752 )March 10 – KingJohn VI of Portugal (b.1767 )March 29 –Johann Heinrich Voss , German poet (b.1751 )April 11 –Anton Walter , Austrian piano maker (b.1752 )April 25 –Karl Ludwig von Phull , German military leader (b.1757 )May 4 May 7 –Sophie Hagman , Swedish ballerina, royal mistress (b.1758 )May 16 June 3 –Nikolay Karamzin , Russian language reformer (b.1766 )June 5 –Carl Maria von Weber , German composer (b.1786 )June 7 –Joseph von Fraunhofer , German optician (b.1787 )July 4 Thomas Jefferson , 83, 3rd President of the United States, dies at 12:50 p.m. at his home,Monticello , nearCharlottesville, Virginia . (b.1743 )[ 88] John Adams , 90, 2nd President of the United States (b.1735 ), at 6:20 in the evening at his home inQuincy, Massachusetts .[ 89] July 5 July 8 –Luther Martin , delegate to the American Constitutional Convention (b.1746 )July 22 –Giuseppe Piazzi , Italian astronomer (b.1746 )July 25 –Sergey Muravyov-Apostol , Russian Army officer (b.1796 )July 26 –James Winchester , American general and politician (b.1752 )August 2 –George Finch, 9th Earl of Winchilsea , English cricketer (b.1752 )August 13 –René Laennec , French physician (b.1781 )August 15 –Hanne Tott , Danish circus artist, manager (b.1771 )August 28 –Józef Zajączek , Polish general, politician (b.1752 )September 7 –Robert Wright (politician) , American politician (b.1752 )September 12 –Eliphalet Pearson , American educator (b.1752 )October 8 –Marie-Guillemine Benoist , French painter (b.1768 )October 25 –Philippe Pinel , French physician (b.1745 )November 17 –Caroline Müller , Danish opera singer (b.1755 )November 23 –Johann Elert Bode , German astronomer (b.1747 )December 11 –Queen-Empress Maria Leopoldina , consort ofPedro IV of Portugal & I of Brazil (b.1797 )1827
Ludwig van Beethoven Alessandro Volta January 5 –Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany , heir-presumptive to the British throne (b.1763 )January 19 –Ludwig von Brauchitsch , Prussian general (b.1757 )February 13 –Caleb Brewster , Patriot spy during the American Revolutionary War (b.1747 )February 19 –Armand Augustin Louis de Caulaincourt , French general, diplomat (b.1773 )February 23 –Felipe Enrique Neri , Texas legislator, colonizer (b.1759 )February 17 –Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi , Swiss pedagogue (b.1746 )February 28 –Thomas Holloway , English portrait painter, engraver (b.1748 )March 5 March 26 –Ludwig van Beethoven , German composer (b.1770 )March 31 –Marie Barch , Danish ballerina (b.1744 )April 12 –Michele Troja , Italian physician (b.1747 )April 29 May 5 –Frederick Augustus I of Saxony (b.1750 )May 27 –Melesina Trench , Irish-born writer, socialite (b.1768 )June 26 –Samuel Crompton , English inventor (b.1753 )Augustin-Jean Fresnel July 14 –Augustin-Jean Fresnel , French physicist (b.1788 )July 27 –Fredrique Eleonore Baptiste , Finnish actress and playwrightAugust 8 –George Canning ,Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b.1770 )August 12 –William Blake , English poet and artist (b.1757 )[ 90] September 10 –Ugo Foscolo , Greek-born Italian writer, revolutionary and poet (b.1778 )October 12 –John Eager Howard , American politician (b.1752 )November 7 –Maria Theresia of Tuscany , Queen of Saxony (b.1767 )November 10 –St. George Tucker , United States federal judge (b.1752 )December 3 –Servando Teresa de Mier , Mexican preacher (b.1765 )December 21 –Anton II ,Catholicos Patriarch of Georgia (b.1762 )1828
Francisco Goya January 10 –François de Neufchâteau , French politician, intellectual (b. 1750)January 13 –Theodore Foster , American politician (b. 1752)February 11 –DeWitt Clinton , 6thGovernor of New York ,United States Senator (b. 1769)March 12 –Jack Randall , early English boxing championApril 16 –Francisco Goya , Spanish painter (b. 1746)May 8 –Mauro Giuliani , Italian composer (b. 1781)May 16 –William Congreve , British rocket pioneer (b. 1772)May 28 –Daikokuya Kōdayū , Japanese castaway (b. 1751)June 1 –Lyncoya Jackson , second adopted son of American PresidentAndrew Jackson (b. c. 1811)June 21 –Leandro Fernández de Moratín , Spanish dramatist, poet (b. 1760)June 25 –Richard W. Meade , American merchant and art collector (b. 1762)Franz Schubert William Hyde Wollaston July 9 July 15 –Jean-Antoine Houdon , French sculptor (b. 1741)July 16 –William Few , American politician (b. 1748)July 21 –Charles Manners-Sutton ,Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1755)July 30 –François Isaac de Rivaz , French inventor, politician (b. 1752)August 8 –Carl Peter Thunberg , Swedish botanist (b. 1743)August 22 –Franz Joseph Gall , German phrenologist (b. 1758)August 23 –John Foster, 1st Baron Oriel , Irish politician (b. 1740)September 20 –George Bethune English , American explorer, writer (b. 1797)September 22 –Shaka , most influential leader of theZulu Kingdom (b. 1787)September 25 –Charlotta Seuerling , Swedish musician (b. 1783)October 12 –Ioan Nicolidi of Pindus , Aromanian physician and noble (b. 1737)[ 91] October 26 –Albrecht Thaer , German agronomist (b. 1752)October 29 –Luke Hansard , English printer (b. 1752)October 31 –John Marsh , English music composer (b. 1752)November 5 –Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg) , Empress ofPaul I of Russia (b. 1759)November 15 –Amalie of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld , First Queen of Saxony/Duchess of Warsaw (b. 1752)November 19 –Franz Schubert , Austrian composer and songwriter (b. 1797)December 4 –Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool ,Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1770)December 22 1829 *January 6 –Amalia Holst , German writer, intellectual, and feminist (b. 1758)
January 12 –Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel , German poet, philosopher, and philologist (b. 1772)January 25 –William Shield , English violinist, composer (b. 1748)January 29 February 10 –Pope Leo XII (b. 1760)February 11 –Alexander Griboyedov , Russian playwright, diplomat (b. 1795)February 17 –Michel Ange Bernard Mangourit , French diplomat (b. 1752)February 21 –Kittur Chennamma , Indian queen regnant (b. 1778)February 26 –Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein , German painter (b. 1751)March 2 –Karl Gottfried Hagen , German chemist (b. 1749)March 5 –John Adams , last survivingBounty March 8 –Francesco Ruspoli, 3rd Prince of Cerveteri (b. 1752)March 30 –Christopher Frederik Lowzow , Danish-Norwegian army officer (b. 1752)April 6 –Niels Henrik Abel , Norwegian mathematician (b. 1802)April 18 –Veronika Gut , Swiss rebel heroine (b. 1757)May 10 –Thomas Young , English physician, linguist (b. 1773)May 17 –John Jay , firstChief Justice of the United States (b. 1745)May 21 –Peter I, Grand Duke of Oldenburg (b. 1755)Humphry Davy Jean-Baptiste Lamarck July 11 –Hannah Mather Crocker , American essayist, advocate of women's rights in America (b. 1752)July 23 –Wojciech Bogusławski , actor and director,Father of Polish Theatre (b. 1757)August 7 –John Reeves , British judge (b. 1752)September 28 –David Gillespie , American surveyor and politician (b. 1774)October 10 –Maria Elizabetha Jacson , British botanist (b. 1755)October 29 –Maria Anna Mozart ("Nannerl"), Austrian musician and composer, sister ofWolfgang Amadeus Mozart (b. 1751)November 12 –Jean-Baptiste Regnault , French painter (b. 1754)November 14 November 26 –Bushrod Washington , American Supreme Court justice (b. 1762)December 12 –John Lansing Jr. , American statesman (disappeared) (b. 1754)December 28 December 29 –Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg (b. 1797) (scarlet fever)^a b M. 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Bishop Germanos of old Patras blesses the Greek banner at the outset of the national revolt against the Turks on 25 March 1821. The solemnity of the scene was enhanced two decades later in this painting by T. Vryzakis….The fact that one of the Greek bishops, Germanos of Old Patras, had enthusiastically blessed the Greek uprising at the onset (25 March 1821) and had thereby helped to unleash a holy war, was not to gain the church a satisfactory, let alone a dominant, role in the new order of things. ^ "Largest Cities Through History" .About.com Geography . Archived fromthe original on 2016-08-18. Retrieved2011-06-29 .^a b Population Division."Selected Historical Decennial Census Population and Housing Counts" . US Census. ^ Brown, 1966, p. 22 ^ "Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States (1824)" . Archived fromthe original on March 18, 2012.^ Katz, William Loren."The Majestic Life of President Vicente Ramon Guerrero" . William Loren Katz. 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Congress ^ Frank Moore Colby; Harry Thurston Peck (1902).The International Year Book ^ The Musical Monitor ^ Sir John Tenniel ^ Multatuli (1982).Max Havelaar, Or, The Coffee Auctions of the Dutch Trading Company ISBN 9780870233609 ^ The Statesman's Year-book ^ Southeastern Europe: L'Europe Du Sud-Est ^ Daniel Greenleaf Thompson (1889).Herbert Spencer: His Life, Writings, and Philosophy ^ Edwin Francis Hatfield (1884).The Poets of the Church: A Series of Biographical Sketches of Hymn-writers with Notes on Their Hymns ^ Baly, Monica E.; Matthew, H. C. G. (2004)."Nightingale, Florence (1820–1910), reformer of Army Medical Services and of nursing organization" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/35241 .ISBN 9780198614128 . RetrievedApril 17, 2019 . (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.) ^ Victor Plarr (1895).Men and Women of the Time: A Dictionary of Contemporaries ^ Clement, Alexander James. 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Retrieved20 June 2023 .^ Portrait and Biographical Album of Washtenaw County, Michigan: Containing Biographical Sketches of Prominent and Representative Citizens, Together with Biographies of All the Governors of the State, and of the Presidents of the United States University of Michigan : Biographical Publishing Company. 1891. p. 202.^ Venske, Ruth (August 25, 2009)."Biografie von Marie Simon (1824-1877)" [Biography of Marie Simon (1824-1877)].Sächsische Biografie . Retrieved2023-08-26 . ^ Haverkamp, Frode; Gude, Hans Fredrik (1992).Hans Gude (in Norwegian).Oslo :Aschehoug . p. 59.ISBN 82-03-17072-2 OCLC 29047091 . ^ García Belaúnde, Víctor Andrés (2016).El expediente Prado (in Spanish). 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