Calendar year
August 7 : GeneralSimon Bolivar leads Colombian nationalists to victory over Spain in the decisiveBattle of Boyacá .1819 by topic Humanities By country Other topics Lists of leaders Birth and death categories Establishments and disestablishments categories Works category
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1819 .
August 16 : At least 600 people are injured, 15 of them fatally, in thePeterloo Massacre of protesters in England.1819 (MDCCCXIX ) was acommon year starting on Friday of theGregorian calendar and acommon year starting on Wednesday of theJulian calendar , the 1819th year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini 2nd millennium , the 19th year of the19th century , and the 10th and last year of the1810s decade. As of the start of 1819, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
January 2 – ThePanic of 1819 , the first major peacetimefinancial crisis in theUnited States , begins.January 25 –Thomas Jefferson founds theUniversity of Virginia .January 29 – SirStamford Raffles lands on the island ofSingapore .February 2 –Dartmouth College v. Woodward John Marshall rules in favor ofDartmouth College , allowing Dartmouth to keep its charter and remain a private institution.February 6 – TheTreaty of Singapore , is signed betweenHussein Shah of Johor and SirStamford Raffles of Britain, to create a trading settlement inSingapore .[1] February 15 – TheUnited States House of Representatives agrees to theTallmadge Amendment , barring slaves from the new state of Missouri (the opening vote in a controversy that leads to theMissouri Compromise ).February 19 – CaptainWilliam Smith of British merchantbrig Williams sightsWilliams Point , the northeast extremity ofLivingston Island in theSouth Shetlands , the first land discovered south oflatitude 60° S.February 22 –Adams–Onís Treaty : Agreement is reached for Spain to cedeFlorida (already under USA's domination) to the United States in exchange for renunciation of American claims onTexas arising from theLouisiana Purchase , American payment of $5 million to settle citizens' claims regarding Florida,[ 1] March 1 – The U.S. naval vesselUSS Columbus is launched on the Potomac River in Washington, D.C.March 6 –McCulloch v. Maryland U.S. Supreme Court rules that theBank of the United States is constitutional.March 20 –Burlington Arcade opens in London.March 23 – InMannheim ,Duchy of Baden , German dramatistAugust von Kotzebue is assassinated byKarl Ludwig Sand .April 6 –June 21 – The Frenchslave ship Le Rodeur sails fromBonny in West Africa toGuadeloupe in the West Indies. In the course of the transatlantic voyage many onboard become blind, and 30slaves are thrown overboard as a consequence.[ 2] April 7 (N.S.) (March 26 O.S.) – TheGovernorate of Livonia of the Russian Empire emancipates its peasants fromserfdom .May 22 – TheSS Savannah leaves port atSavannah, Georgia , on a voyage to become the firststeamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean, although only a fraction of the trip will be made under steam. The ship arrives atLiverpool , England, nearly a month later, onJune 20 .May 22 – The city ofMemphis, Tennessee , is founded.June 16 – TheRann of Kutch earthquake , estimated at at least 7.7Mw India in what is now the state ofGujarat at theArabian Sea , causing an 80–150 km (50–93 mi) stretch of land to be raised as much as 6 m (20 ft) and creating a natural dam, the Allahbund.July 1 – German astronomerJohann Georg Tralles discovers what will be called theGreat Comet of 1819 .[ 3] July 21 – ExplorerWilliam Parry , sailing in the Arctic in a quest for theNorthwest Passage through North America, guides the shipsHMSHecla andHMSGriper through an iceberg-laden passage that will later be named theParry Channel .[ 4] July 24 – A cabinet meeting is convened by British Prime MinisterLord Liverpool to discuss a report of an adulterous affair involving the wife ofGeorge, Prince of Wales , the regent for his ailing father King George III. Despite reports thatPrincess Caroline is involved with her servant, Bartolomeo Pergami, the cabinet concludes that the trial of Caroline for adultery would be an embarrassment to the nation.[ 5] August 2 – The firstHep-Hep riots , communalpogroms againstAshkenazi Jews in the German Federation begin atWürzburg in Bavaria. They continue until October with many Jews killed.August 6 –Norwich University is founded by CaptainAlden Partridge inVermont as the first private military school in the United States.August 7 –Battle of Boyacá :Simón Bolívar is victorious over the Royalist Army inColombia . Colombia acquires its definitive independence fromSpanish rule .August 16 –Peterloo Massacre : Ayeomanry unit charges into a crowd ofradical protesters inManchester , England, resulting in 15 deaths and over 600 injuries.August 25 –Salon of 1819 opens inParis . Amongst the exhibits isThe Raft of the Medusa September 20 – TheCarlsbad Decrees are issued throughout theGerman Confederation in response to the March assassination ofAugust von Kotzebue , suppressing liberal and nationalist views.October 13 – A treaty is entered between the Raja of CutchDeshalji II , andEast India Company , placing theCutch State under Company rule.[ 6] October 15 –Desolation Island , in theSouth Shetland Islands of the Antarctic, is discovered by CaptainWilliam Smith .November 2 –Bagyidaw is crowned asEmperor of Burma , at the imperial capital ofInwa .November 3 – TheUSS Congress becomes the first American warship to visitChina , landing atLintin Island , off of the coast ofCanton .[ 7] November 19 – TheMuseo del Prado Madrid .[ 8] [ 9] November 25 – ABritish expeditionary force reachesRas Al Khaimah in thePersian Gulf , preparatory to the bombardment and invasion of the town, which led to the signing of theGeneral Maritime Treaty of 1820 between the British and what were to become known as theTrucial States .December 17 John Ruskin Queen Victoria Jacques Offenbach January 1 –Arthur Hugh Clough , English poet (d.1861 )January 6 –Baldassare Verazzi , Italian painter (d.1886 )January 7 –Theresa Pulszky , European author (d.1866 )January 9 –William Powell Frith , English painter (d.1909 )February 8 February 11 –Samuel Parkman Tuckerman , American composer (d.1890 )February 14 –Christopher Latham Sholes , American inventor (d.1890 )February 20 –Alfred Escher , Swiss politician, railroad entrepreneur (d.1882 )February 22 –James Russell Lowell , American poet, essayist (d.1891 )March 3 –Gustave de Molinari , Belgian economist (d.1912 )March 14 –Erik Edlund , Swedish physicist, meteorologist (d.1888 )March 26 –Louise Otto-Peters , German women's rights movement activist (d.1895 )March 31 –Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst ,Chancellor of Germany (d.1901 )April 4 – QueenMaria II of Portugal (d.1853 )April 11 –Charles Hallé , German pianist, conductor (d.1895 )April 18 April 23 –Edward Stafford , Scottish-New Zealand educator and politician, 3rdPrime Minister of New Zealand (d.1901 )April 28 –Ezra Abbot , American Biblical scholar (d.1884 )May 5 –Stanisław Moniuszko , Polish composer (d.1872 )May 24 –Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom (d.1901 )May 27 May 31 June 5 –John Couch Adams , English astronomer (d.1892 )June 10 –Gustave Courbet , French painter (d.1877 )June 12 –Charles Kingsley , English clergyman, historian, and novelist (d.1875 )[ 12] June 20 –Jacques Offenbach , German-born French composer (d.1880 )June 29 –Nicolae Bălcescu , Wallachian revolutionary (d.1852 )Clara Schumann Léon Foucault Theodor Fontane July 8 –Francis Leopold McClintock , Irish explorer and admiral in British Royal Navy (d.1907 )July 9 –Elias Howe , American inventor,sewing machine pioneer (d.1867 )July 19 –Gottfried Keller , Swiss writer (d.1890 )[ 13] July 26 –Justin Holland , American musician, civil rights activist (d.1887 )August 1 August 7 –Ioan Emanoil Florescu , Romanian general and politician, two-timePrime Minister of Romania (d.1893 )August 9 –William Thomas Green Morton , American dentist who first administeredether (d.1868 )August 13 – SirGeorge Gabriel Stokes , Irish mathematician, physicist (d.1903 )August 19 –Julius van Zuylen van Nijevelt , Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d.1894 )August 25 –Allan Pinkerton , American detective (d.1884 )August 26 September 13 –Clara Schumann , German composer, pianist (d.1896 )September 17 –Marthinus Wessel Pretorius , 1st President of the South African Republic (d.1901 )September 18 –Léon Foucault , French physicist (d.1868 )September 20 –Théodore Chassériau , French painter (d.1856 )September 22 –Wilhelm Wattenbach , German historian (d.1897 )September 23 –Hippolyte Fizeau , French physicist (d.1896 )September 26 –Edward Watkin , English railway pioneer, politician (d.1901 )September 28 –Narcís Monturiol ,Catalan intellectual, artist and engineer (d.1885 )October 2 –Théonie Rivière Mignot , American restaurateur and businesswoman (d.1875 )October 16 –Austin F. Pike , American politician from New Hampshire (d.1886 )October 20 – TheBáb , Persian founder of theBábi Faith (d.1850 )November 4 –Christopher Raymond Perry Rodgers , American admiral (d.1892 )November 9 –Annibale de Gasparis , Italian astronomer (d.1892 )November 22 –George Eliot , British novelist (d.1880 )November 24 –John Cummings Howell , United States Navy admiral (d.1892 )December 10 –Felice Orsini , Italian revolutionary (d.1858 )December 29 –Carl Siegmund Franz Credé , German gynecologist, obstetrician (d.1892 )December 30 –Theodor Fontane , German writer (d.1898 )[ 15] Kamehameha I January 9 – PrincessCatherine Pavlovna of Russia , Queen of Württemberg (b.1788 )January 12 –Benedikte Naubert , German writer (b.1752 )January 19 –Elsa Beata Bunge ,Swedish botanist (b.1734 )January 20 – KingCharles IV of Spain (b.1748 )February 17 –Henry Constantine Jennings , British collector, gambler (b.1731 )February 25 –Francisco Manoel de Nascimento , Portuguese poet (b.1734 )March –Nonosabasut ,Beothuk (indigenous Canadian) leaderMarch 10 –Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi , German philosopher (b.1743 )April 15 –Oliver Evans , American inventor, engineer and businessman (b.1755 )May 8 –Kamehameha I , King of Hawaii (b.1738 )May 22 –Hugh Williamson , American Founding Father (b.1735 )June 6 –Johann von Hiller , Austrian general (b.1754 )June 8 –George Barclay , English politician (b.1759 )June 28 –María Antonia Santos Plata , Neogranadine rebel leader, heroine (b.1782 )Oliver Hazard Perry James Watt July 1 – thePublic Universal Friend , American preacher (b.1752 )[ 16] July 6 –Sophie Blanchard , French aeronaut (b.1778 )July 20 –John Playfair , Scottish scientist, mathematician (b.1748 )July 26 –George Leonard , American lawyer, jurist and politician (b.1729 )August 3 –Simon Knéfacz , Croatian writer (b.1752 )August 9 –John Faucheraud Grimké , American politician (b.1752 )August 16 –William Lewis , American politician (b.1752 )August 21 –Haim Farhi , Jewish adviser to the Ottoman Empire (assassinated) (b.1760 )August 23 –Oliver Hazard Perry , American naval officer (b.1785 )August 25 –James Watt , Scottish inventor (b.1736 )[ 17] September 12 –Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher , Prussian general (b.1742 )September 18 –John Langdon , American Founding Father (b.1741 )September 20 –Abbé Faria , Luso-Goan hypnotist (b.1746 )October 1 –James Bunbury White , American politician (b.1774 )[ 18] October 6 –Charles Emmanuel IV of Savoy , King of Sardinia (b.1751 )October 7 –William Samuel Johnson , American Founding Father (b.1727 )October 13 –Imperial Concubine Chun of theJiaqing Emperor of ChinaOctober 26 –Thomas Johnson , American politician and jurist (b.1732 )November 7 –Caleb Strong , American politician (b.1745 )November 9 –Simon Snyder , American politician (b.1759 )November 25 –Alexander Tormasov , Russian general (b.1752 )December 5 –Friedrich Leopold zu Stolberg-Stolberg , German poet (b.1750 )December 15 –Daniel Rutherford , Scottish physician, chemist and botanist (b.1749 )December 17 –Charles Finch (MP) , British politician (b.1752 )December 19 ^ The U.S. commission established to adjudicate claims considered some 1,800 claims resulting from the transfer and agreed they were collectively worth $5,454,545.13. Because the treaty limited the payment of claims to $5 million, the commission reduced the amount paid out proportionately by8+ 1 ⁄3 percent.[citation needed ^ "Western Africa" .The Missionary Register .9 . London:Church Missionary Society :284– 5. July 1821.^ Dometa Wiegand Brothers,The Romantic Imagination and Astronomy: On All Sides Infinity (Springer, 2015) p. 127 ^ Clements R. Markham,The Lands of Silence: A History of Arctic and Antarctic Exploration (Cambridge University Press, 2014) p. 207 ^ Saul David,Prince of Pleasure: The Prince of Wales and the Making of the Regency (Grove Press, 2000) p. 388 ^ James Burgess,The Chronology of Modern India , p. 313, Edinburgh, 1913 ^ George B. Clark,Treading Softly: U.S. Marines in China, 1819-1949 (Greenwood, 2001) p1 ^ "Museums and their precursors: a brief survey", inManual of Curatorship: A Guide to Museum Practice , ed. by John M. A. Thompson (Routledge, 2015) ^ James Leonard Mack,My Life, My Country, My World (Dorrance Publishing, 2008) ^ Journal of a Voyage to Discover a North-west Passage . 1821.^ Miller, James E. Walt Whitman . New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc. 1962. Page 17^ Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). "Kingsley, Charles ".Encyclopædia Britannica ^ Jochen Kurten (July 19, 2019)."Gottfried Keller at 200: An enduring literary legacy" .DW.com . RetrievedJuly 3, 2023 . ^ "Albert, Prince Consort | Biography, Children, & Facts" .Encyclopedia Britannica . RetrievedApril 10, 2021 .^ Philip Gaskell (1999).Landmarks in Continental European Literature . Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 181.ISBN 9781579581916 ^ Wisbey, Herbert A. Jr (2009) [1965].Pioneer Prophetess: Jemima Wilkinson, the Publick Universal Friend ISBN 978-0-8014-7551-1 The Public Universal Friend: Jemima Wilkinson and Religious Enthusiasm in Revolutionary America. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015, p. 243^ "James Watt | Biography, Inventions, Steam Engine, Significance, & Facts | Britannica" .www.britannica.com . RetrievedMay 14, 2023 .^ "Cape Fear Pride Whiteville: Founder James B. White" .WWAY 3
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