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12 of the 36 seats in theUnited States Senate (plus special elections) 19 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Results: Federalist hold Federalist gain Dem-Republican hold Dem-Republican gain Legislature Failed To Elect | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The1816–17 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As theseU.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of theSeventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen bystate legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1816 and 1817, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due tolegislative deadlock.[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators inClass 2.
TheDemocratic-Republican Party gained a net of two seats from the admission of a new state.
Senate party division,15th Congress (1817–1819)
| DR8 | DR7 | DR6 | DR5 | DR4 | DR3 | DR2 | DR1 | ||
| DR9 | DR10 | DR11 | DR12 | DR13 | DR14 | DR15 | DR16 | DR17 | DR18 |
| Majority → | DR19 | ||||||||
| F9 Md. Gain | F10 | F11 | F12 | F13 | DR23 | DR22 | DR21 Va. Gain | DR20 | |
| F8 | F7 | F6 | F5 | F4 | F3 | F2 | F1 | ||
| DR9 | DR8 | DR7 | DR6 | DR5 | DR4 | DR3 | DR2 | DR1 | |
| DR10 | DR11 | DR12 | DR13 | DR14 | DR15 Ga. Resigned | DR16 La. Ran | DR17 Mass. Unknown | DR18 N.J. Unknown | DR19 N.C. Resigned |
| Majority → | DR20 R.I. Retired | ||||||||
| F10 | F11 Del. Ran | F12 Ky. Retired | F13 N.H. Unknown | TBD1 Ind. New seat | TBD2 Ind. New seat | DR23 Va. Unknown | DR22 Tenn. Unknown | DR21 S.C. Resigned | |
| F9 | F8 | F7 | F6 | F5 | F4 | F3 | F2 | F1 | |
| DR9 | DR8 | DR7 | DR6 | DR5 | DR4 | DR3 | DR2 | DR1 | |
| DR10 | DR11 | DR12 | DR13 | DR14 | DR15 Ga. Hold | DR16 Ind. Gain | DR17 Ind. Gain | DR18 Ky. Gain | DR19 La. Hold |
| Majority → | DR20 N.H. Gain | ||||||||
| F10 | F11 Del. Hold | F12 Mass. Gain | F13 R.I. Gain | V1 Tenn. DR Loss | DR24 Va. Hold | DR23 S.C. Hold | DR22 N.C. Hold | DR21 N.J. Hold | |
| F9 | |||||||||
| F8 | F7 | F6 | F5 | F4 | F3 | F2 | F1 | ||
| DR10 | DR9 | DR8 | DR7 | DR6 | DR5 | DR4 | DR3 | DR2 | DR1 |
| DR11 | DR12 | DR13 | DR14 | DR15 | DR16 | DR17 | DR18 | DR19 | DR20 |
| Majority → | DR21 | ||||||||
| F11 | F12 | DR28 Tenn. Elected[a] | DR27 N.H. Gain | DR26 Miss. New seat | DR25 Miss. New seat | DR24 Vt. Hold | DR23 | DR22 | |
| F10 | F9 | F8 | F7 | F6 | F5 | F4 | F3 | F2 | F1 |
| Key |
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In these special and general elections, the winners were seated during 1816 or before March 4, 1817; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Virginia (Class 2) | Vacant | William B. Giles (DR) resigned March 3, 1815. John Wayles Eppes (DR) waselected December 7, 1815, but declined to serve. New senator elected January 3, 1816 on the fourth ballot despite beingtoo young to serve. Democratic-Republican gain. Winner later lost re-election to the next term;see below. |
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| Maryland (Class 1) | Vacant | TheMaryland General Assembly failed to elect in time for the March 4, 1815 beginning of the term. New senator elected January 29, 1816. Federalist gain. |
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| Massachusetts (Class 1) | Christopher Gore | Federalist | 1813(appointed) 1815(special) | Incumbent resigned May 30, 1816, unhappy with the politics of Washington and suffering from poor health. New senator elected June 12, 1816. Federalist hold. |
|
| Indiana (Class 1) | None (new state) | Indiana was admitted to the Union December 11, 1816. New senator elected November 8, 1816. Democratic-Republican gain. |
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| Indiana (Class 3) | None (new state) | Indiana was admitted to the Union December 11, 1816. New senator elected November 8, 1816. Democratic-Republican gain. | |||
| Georgia (Class 2) | William W. Bibb | Democratic- Republican | 1813(special) | Incumbent resigned November 9, 1816. New senator elected November 13, 1816. Democratic-Republican hold. Winner was also elected to the next term;see below. |
|
| North Carolina (Class 2) | James Turner | Democratic- Republican | 1804 1810 | Incumbent resigned November 21, 1816 due to ill health. New senator elected December 4, 1816 on the third ballot. Democratic-Republican hold. Winner was also elected to the next term;see below. |
|
| South Carolina (Class 2) | John Taylor | Democratic- Republican | 1810(special) 1810 | Incumbent resigned November 1816. New senator elected December 4, 1816. Democratic-Republican hold. Winner was also elected to the next term;see below. |
|
| Kentucky (Class 2) | Martin D. Hardin | Federalist | 1814(appointed) | Incumbent appointee elected December 5, 1816.[9] Winner was not later a candidate for the next term;see below. |
|
| Maryland (Class 1) | Robert Goodloe Harper | Federalist | 1816(special) | Incumbent resigned December 6, 1816. New senator elected December 20, 1816. Federalist hold. |
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In these general elections, the winners were seated March 4, 1817; ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Delaware | William H. Wells | Federalist | 1799(special) 1799 1804(resigned) 1813(special) | Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected January 31, 1817 on the third ballot. Federalist hold. |
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| Georgia | William W. Bibb | Democratic- Republican | 1813(special) | Resigned November 9, 1816. New senator elected November 13, 1816 on the second ballot. Winner was also elected to finish the previous term; see above. Democratic-Republican hold. |
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| Kentucky | Martin D. Hardin | Federalist | 1816(appointed) 1816(special) | Incumbent retired. New senator elected December 10, 1816 on the second ballot. Democratic-Republican gain. |
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| Louisiana | James Brown | Democratic- Republican | 1813(special) | Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected in 1817. Democratic-Republican hold. |
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| Massachusetts | Joseph Bradley Varnum | Democratic-Republican | 1811 | Incumbent ran for re-election. New senator elected June 12, 1816. Federalist gain. |
|
| New Hampshire | Thomas W. Thompson | Federalist | 1814(special) | Unknown if incumbent ran for re-election. New senator elected in 1816 on the third ballot. Democratic-Republican gain. |
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| New Jersey | John Condit | Democratic- Republican | 1809(special) 1810 | Unknown if incumbent ran for re-election. New senator elected January 23, 1817. Democratic-Republican hold. |
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| North Carolina | James Turner | Democratic- Republican | 1804 1810 | Resigned November 21, 1816 due to ill health. New senator elected December 4, 1816 on the second ballot. Winner was also elected to finish the previous term; see above. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
| Rhode Island | Jeremiah Howell | Democratic- Republican | 1810 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected June 21, 1816.[19] Federalist gain. |
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| South Carolina | John Taylor | Democratic- Republican | 1810(special) 1810 | Incumbent resigned November 1816. New senator elected December 4, 1816. Winner was also elected to the previous term, see above. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
| Tennessee | John Williams | Democratic- Republican | 1815(special) | Unknown if incumbent ran for re-election. Legislature failed to elect. Incumbent was appointed to start the term. Democratic-Republican loss. | None. |
| Virginia | Armistead T. Mason | Democratic-Republican | 1816(special) | Unknown if incumbent ran for re-election, but he was anunsuccessful candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives. New senator elected December 9, 1816. Democratic-Republican hold. |
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In three special elections and two general elections, the winners were elected in 1817 after March 4; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| New Hampshire (Class 3) | Jeremiah Mason | Federalist | 1813(special) | Incumbent resigned June 16, 1817. New senator elected June 27, 1817 on the thirteenth ballot. Democratic-Republican gain. |
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| Tennessee (Class 2) | John Williams | Democratic- Republican | 1815(special) | Legislature had failed to elect and the incumbent was then appointed to start the term. Interim appointee was re-elected October 2, 1817 to finish the term. |
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| Vermont (Class 3) | Dudley Chase | Democratic- Republican | 1812 | Resigned November 3, 1817. New senator elected November 4, 1817. Democratic-Republican hold. |
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| Mississippi (Class 1) | None (new state) | Mississippi was admitted as a new state. New senator elected December 10, 1817 on the fifth ballot. Democratic-Republican gain. |
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| Mississippi (Class 2) | None (new state) | Mississippi was admitted as a new state. New senator elected December 10, 1817 on the fourth ballot. Democratic-Republican gain. |
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![[icon]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aWiki_letter_w_cropped.svg) | This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(October 2019) |
| This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(October 2019) |
| This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(October 2019) |
The new state ofIndiana elected its first two senators, both Democratic-Republicans,James Noble andWaller Taylor. The election was held November 8, 1816 in advance of Indiana's December 11, 1816 admission as a state. In the election legislators cast a single ballot and the first and second place candidates were deemed elected.
YJames Noble (Democratic-Republican) 265 votesYWaller Taylor (Democratic-Republican) 20 votes | This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(October 2019) |
| This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(October 2019) |
| This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(October 2019) |
| This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(November 2022) |
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80 members of theMaryland General Assembly | ||||||||||||||||
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Robert Goodloe Harper won election overJohn Thomson Mason by a margin of 1.12%, or 1 vote, for the Class 1 seat.[26]
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80 members of theMaryland General Assembly | ||||||||||||||||
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Alexander Contee Hanson won election over William Winder by a margin of 8.24%, or 7 votes, for the Class 1 seat.[27]
| This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(October 2019) |
| This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(October 2019) |
The new state ofMississippi elected its first two senators, both Democratic-Republicans,Walter Leake andThomas H. Williams. Two separate elections were held in which each senator was elected.
First Senator (Class 1)
(5th ballot, date and previous ballots unknown)
YWalter Leake (Democratic-Republican) 15 votesSecond Senator (Class 2)
(4th ballot, date and previous ballots unknown)
YThomas H. Williams (Democratic-Republican) 16 votes | This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(October 2019) |
| This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(October 2019) |
| This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(October 2019) |
| This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(October 2019) |
| This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(October 2019) |
| This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(October 2019) |
| This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(October 2019) |
| This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(October 2019) |
| This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(October 2019) |
| This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(October 2019) |
| This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(October 2019) |
| This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(October 2019) |
| This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(October 2019) |
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