 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
138 members of theElectoral College 70 electoral votes needed to win | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnout | 32.3%[1] 12.2pp | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Presidential election results map.Green denotes states won by Jefferson/Burr andSalmon denotes states won by Adams/Pinckney. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes cast by each state. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1801 contingent U.S. presidential election | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
February 17, 1801 (36th ballot) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
16 state delegations of theHouse of Representatives 9 state votes needed to win | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 1801 Contingent Election Results.Green denotes states voting for Jefferson andblue denotes states voting for Burr. States ingrey cast blank ballots. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Presidential elections were held in theUnited States from October 31 to December 3, 1800. In what is sometimes called the "Revolution of 1800", theDemocratic-Republican Party candidate,Vice PresidentThomas Jefferson, defeated theFederalist Party candidate and incumbent,PresidentJohn Adams in the firstpeaceful transfer of power in thehistory of theUnited States, creating apolitical realignment that ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican leadership. This was the first presidential election in U.S. history to be a rematch, the first election where an incumbent president lost re-election, leading to the first time inmodern history where a national government changed hands peaceably following a free election.[2]
Adams had narrowly defeated Jefferson in the1796 election. Under the rules of the electoral system in place before the 1804 ratification of theTwelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, each member of theElectoral College cast two votes, with no distinction made between electoral votes for president and electoral votes for vice president. As Jefferson received the second-most votes in 1796, he was elected vice president. In 1800, unlike in 1796, both parties formally nominated tickets. The Democratic-Republicans nominated a ticket consisting of Jefferson andAaron Burr, while the Federalists nominated a ticket consisting of Adams andCharles Cotesworth Pinckney. Each party formed a plan by which one of their respective electors would vote for a third candidate or abstain so that its preferred presidential candidate (Adams for the Federalists and Jefferson for the Democratic-Republicans) would win one more vote than the party's other nominee.[citation needed]
The chief political issues revolved around the fallout from theFrench Revolution and theQuasi-War. The Federalists favored a strong central government and close relations withGreat Britain. The Democratic-Republicans favored decentralization to the state governments, and the party attacked the taxes the Federalists imposed. The Democratic-Republicans also denounced theAlien and Sedition Acts, which the Federalists had passed to make it harder for immigrants to become citizens and to restrict statements critical of the federal government. The Democratic-Republicans were well organized at the state and local levels, while the Federalists were disorganized and suffered a bitter split between their two major leaders, Adams andAlexander Hamilton. According to historianJohn Ferling, the jockeying for electoral votes, regional divisions, and the propaganda smear campaigns created by both parties made the election recognizably modern.[3]
At the end of a long and bitter campaign, Jefferson and Burr each won 73 electoral votes, Adams won 65, and Pinckney won 64. The Federalists sweptNew England, the Democratic-Republicans dominated theSouth, and the parties split theMid-Atlantic states of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. The Democratic-Republicans' assumption that one or more electors in Rhode Island, Vermont, New Jersey, Georgia, Kentucky, or Tennessee would vote for Jefferson and not Burr[4] resulted in a tie, known as theBurr dilemma. It necessitated acontingent election in theHouse of Representatives. Under the terms laid out in theConstitution, the outgoing House of Representatives chose between Jefferson and Burr. Burr was accused of campaigning for the presidency himself in the contingent election despite being a member of Jefferson's party. Each state delegation cast one vote, and a victory in the contingent election required one candidate to win a majority of the state delegations. Neither Burr nor Jefferson was able to win on the first 35 ballots of the contingent election, as most Federalist representatives backed Burr and all Democratic-Republican representatives backed Jefferson. Hamilton favored Jefferson over Burr, and he convinced several Federalists to switch their support to Jefferson, giving Jefferson a victory on the 36th ballot. Jefferson became the second consecutive incumbent vice president to be elected president. This is one of two presidential elections (along with the1824 election) that have been decided in the House.
Both parties usedcongressional nominating caucuses to formally nominate tickets for the first time. The Federalists nominated a ticket consisting of incumbent PresidentJohn Adams ofMassachusetts andCharles Cotesworth Pinckney ofSouth Carolina. Pinckney had fought in theAmerican Revolutionary War and later served as theminister toFrance. The Democratic-Republicans nominated a ticket consisting of Vice PresidentThomas Jefferson ofVirginia and former SenatorAaron Burr ofNew York. Jefferson had been the runner-up in the previous election and had co-founded the party withJames Madison and others, while Burr was popular in the electorally important state of New York.[5]
While the 1800 election was a re-match of the1796 election, it ushered in a new type of American politics, a two-party republic andacrimonious campaigning behind the scenes and through the press. On top of this, the election pitted the "larger than life" Adams and Jefferson, who were formerly close allies turned political enemies.[6]
The campaign was bitter and characterized by slander and personal attacks on both sides. Federalists spread rumors that the Democratic-Republicans were radical atheists[7] who would ruin the country (based on the Democratic-Republican support for theFrench Revolution). In 1798,George Washington had complained "that you could as soonscrub the blackamoor white, as to change the principles of a professed Democrat; and that he will leave nothing unattempted to overturn the Government of this Country".[8] Meanwhile, the Democratic-Republicans accused Federalists of subverting republican principles with theAlien and Sedition Acts. They also accused Federalists of favoring Britain inits war with France in order to promote aristocratic, anti-democratic values.[9]
Ideology played a central role with a Jeffersonian "left" supporting the French Revolution, versus a Federalist "right" opposing it.[10] According to historian Peter R. Henriques, "Federalists tilted to the right; Republicans, to the left." He quotes a Federalist editor who summarized the Federalist rhetoric:[11]
You who are for French notions of government; for the tempestuous sea of anarchy and misrule; for arming the poor against the rich; for fraternizing with the foes of God and man; go to the left and support the leaders, or dupes of the anti-federal junto. But you that are sober, industrious, thriving, and happy, give your votes for those men who mean to preserve the union of the states, the purity and vigor of our excellent constitution, the sacred majesty of the laws, and the holy ordinances of religion.
Adams was attacked by both the opposition Democratic-Republicans and a group of so-called "High Federalists" aligned withAlexander Hamilton. The Democratic-Republicans felt that the Adams foreign policy was too favorable toward Britain; feared that the new army called up for theQuasi-War would oppress the people; opposed new taxes to pay for war; and attacked the Alien and Sedition Acts as violations ofstates' rights and the Constitution. "High Federalists" considered Adams too moderate and would have preferred the leadership of Alexander Hamilton instead.[12][13]
Hamilton had apparently grown impatient with Adams and wanted a new president who was more receptive to his goals. During Washington's presidency, Hamilton had been able to influence the federal response to theWhiskey Rebellion (which threatened the government's power to tax citizens). When Washington announced that he would not seek a third term, the Federalists and Adams regarded himself as next-in-line.[14]
Hamilton appears to have hoped in 1796 that his influence within an Adams administration would be as great as or greater than in Washington's. By 1800, Hamilton had come to realize that Adams was too independent and thought the Federalist vice presidential candidate,Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina, more suited to serving Hamilton's interests. In his third sabotage attempt toward Adams,[15] Hamilton quietly schemed to elect Pinckney to the presidency. Given Pinckney's lack of political experience, he would have been expected to be open to Hamilton's influence. However, Hamilton's plan backfired and hurt the Federalist party, particularly after one of his letters, a scathing criticism of Adams that was fifty-four pages long,[16] fell into the hands of a Democratic-Republican and soon after became public. It embarrassed Adams and damaged Hamilton's efforts on behalf of Pinckney,[3] not to mention speeding Hamilton's own political decline.[16]
The contemporarily unorthodox public campaigning methods employed in 1800 were first employed by Jefferson's running mate and campaign manager, Aaron Burr, who is credited by some historians with inventing the modern electioneering process.[17] Yet, throughout this entire process, the candidates themselves were conspicuously missing from the campaigning, at least publicly, due to fears that they may otherwise be tagged as "demagogues". Even a visit John Adams made to Washington was made into a public point of contention.[18]
Partisans on both sides sought any advantage they could find. In several states, this included changing the process of selecting electors to ensure the desired result. In Georgia, Democratic-Republican legislators replaced the popular vote with selection by the state legislature.[19] In Virginia, the Democratic-Republican-controlled legislature switched from electoral districts to ageneral ticket, a winner-take-all system. Federalist legislators also switched methods, switching from districts and general tickets to legislature votes in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, respectively.[20]
In Pennsylvania, theGeneral Assembly was split, with the Democratic-Republican-dominated House wishing to retain the general ticket and the Federalist-controlled Senate wishing to return to the district system, hoping to win at least some electoral votes. Eventually, this deadlock was broken by a last-minute compromise between the chambers that gave the Democratic-Republican eight electors and the Federalists seven.[21]
In New York, the rejection to change the selection method backfired on the Federalists. In March 1800, two months before the assembly elections, the Democratic-Republicans attempted to pass a bill that would switch from a legislature vote to electoral districts, hoping they would secure at least a third of the state's seats. The Federalists defeated the measure, believing that they would win control of both chambers and award all of the state's electoral votes to the Federalist nominees. However, in the April state elections, Aaron Burr's effective mobilization of the vote in New York City led to a reversal of the Federalist majority in the state legislature, providing crucial support for the Democratic-Republican ticket.[22]
In response to the Federalist defeat, Hamilton attempted to get GovernorJohn Jay to call a special session of the outgoing Federalist-dominated New York legislature. Hamilton's plan was for the outgoing assembly to pass legislation that would establish the popular election of electors through electoral districts, a strategy almost certain to secure nine or ten of the twelve elector slots for the Federalists. Jay refused to participate in such an underhanded scheme.[23]
The Federalist legislature in Connecticut did not change the method of voting but instead passed a "stand up" election law, mandating that all votes be cast publicly and orally, an intimidating procedure that ordinarily favored those in power.[24]
Because each state could choose its own day to elect its electors in 1800, before Election Day on December 3, when electors "meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves" in accordance with the Constitution,[25] the voting lasted from October[26] to December. As election day neared, the election was too close to call. The last state to vote, South Carolina, chose its electors on December 2, and would become key to determining the election. The state elections in mid-October had produced an assembly that was about evenly divided between committed Federalists and Republicans, with 16 unaffiliated representatives who were all strongly pro-Jefferson. Many of the elected Jeffersonians were also supporters of Pinckney, the revered native son of the state. If South Carolina's electors gave their votes to Jefferson and Pinckney, then Pinckney would place an electoral vote behind Jefferson, becoming the vice president.[27]
However, Pinckney stayed loyal to the instructions of his party's caucus and was adamant that any elector who voted for him must also vote for Adams. With uncommitted legislators not willing to desert Jefferson and Pinckney unwilling to abandon Adams, the uncommitted legislators eventually reluctantly agreed to support Burr.[28]
Under theUnited States Constitution as it then stood, each elector cast two votes, and the candidate with a majority of the votes was elected president, with the vice presidency going to the runner-up. The Federalists therefore arranged for one of their Rhode Island electors to vote forJohn Jay instead of Charles Pinckney to prevent the election from resulting in a tie.[29] A letter to Jefferson from Peter Freneau assured him that a member of the Republican delegation from South Carolina would vote forGeorge Clinton instead of Aaron Burr and a report from Georgia indicated that two of its electors would deny Burr their votes. However, this information proved faulty.[30][31] Thus, all of the Democratic-Republican electors cast their votes for both Jefferson and Burr, 73 in all for each of them. According to a provision of the United States Constitution, a tie in a case of this type had to be resolved by theHouse of Representatives, with each state casting one vote. Although thecongressional election of 1800 turned over majority control of the House of Representatives to the Democratic-Republicans by 68 seats to 38,[32] the presidential election had to be decided by the outgoing House that had been elected in thecongressional election of 1798 (at that time, the new presidential and congressional terms all started on March 4 of the year after a national election). In the outgoing House, the Federalists retained a majority of 60 seats to 46.[32][3]
When the electoral ballots were opened and counted on February 11, 1801, the certificate of election from Georgia was different than the others. Georgia had sent the original oral ballot. In 2004, David Fontana andBruce Ackerman asserted that Georgia's certificate did not take the constitutionally mandated form of a "List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each".[33] They claimed that Vice President Jefferson, who was presiding over the counting of electoral votes in his role asPresident of the Senate, immediately counted the votes from Georgia as votes for Jefferson and Burr, though they observed that "no objections were raised".[33][34] If the Georgia ballots had been rejected based on these supposed irregularities, Jefferson and Burr would have been left with 69 votes each, or one short of the 70 votes required for a majority, meaning a contingent election would have been required between the top five finishers (Jefferson, Burr, incumbent president John Adams, Charles C. Pinckney, and John Jay) in the House of Representatives. With these votes, the total number of votes for Jefferson and Burr was 73, which gave them a majority of the total, but they were tied.[33]
Holly Brewer, a legal historian, argued that the counting of the Georgia ballot did not support Ackerman and Fontana's theory. Brewer contends that the ballot did in fact comply with constitutional requirements, since it contained a list of all four electoral college votes for both Jefferson and Burr respectively (and only them); the constitutionally required certification language was contained on the outside of the envelope; and the ballot was not understood to be irregular under the election practices of the day.[35] Brewer's arguments helped to influenceVice President Pence's decision to reject thetheory that he had such powers, via JudgeJ. Michael Luttig.[36][35][37][38]
Jefferson and Burr carried every state that had supported the Democratic-Republicans in 1796, made gains in Maryland, and picked up Burr's home state of New York. In the six states choosing electors by some form of popular vote, they won a landslide over Adams and Pinckney, polling 15,846 more votes than the Federalist ticket. Adams made gains in Pennsylvania and North Carolina, but these votes were not enough to offset the Democratic-Republican gains elsewhere. Of the 155 counties and independent cities making returns, Jefferson and Burr won in 115 (74.19%), whereas the Adams ticket carried 40 (25.81%). This was the last time that Vermont voted for the Federalists and the last time a Federalist won electoral votes from Pennsylvania. This was the first of two elections contested between people who would at some point serve as Vice President, the other being1968.
| Presidential candidate | Party | Home state | Popular vote(a), (b), (c) | Electoral vote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Count | Percentage | ||||
| Thomas Jefferson | Democratic-Republican | Virginia | 45,511 | 60.6% | 73 |
| John Adams (incumbent) | Federalist | Massachusetts | 29,621 | 39.4% | 65 |
| Other(d) | 10 | <0.1% | 0 | ||
| Total | 75,142 | 100.0% | 138 | ||
| Needed to win | 70 | ||||
| Vice presidential candidate | Party | State | Electoral vote | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aaron Burr | Democratic-Republican | New York | — | — | 73 |
| Charles Cotesworth Pinckney | Federalist | South Carolina | — | — | 64 |
| John Jay | Federalist | New York | — | — | 1 |
| Other(d) | - | - | 0 | ||
| Total | - | 100.0% | 138 | ||
| Needed to win | 70 | ||||
Source (Popular Vote):A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825[39]
Source (Electoral Vote):"Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996".National Archives and Records Administration. RetrievedJuly 30, 2005.
(a)Votes for Federalist electors have been assigned to John Adams and votes for Democratic-Republican electors have been assigned to Thomas Jefferson.
(b)Only 6 of the 16 states chose electors by any form of popular vote.
(c)Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements.
(d)Eight votes were cast for electors pledged to both Adams and Jefferson; 2 votes were cast for electors of unknown affiliation.
| Jefferson | 60.57% | |||
| Adams | 39.42% | |||
| Other | 0.01% | |||
| Jefferson | 52.9% | |||
| Adams | 47.1% | |||
| State | Electoral votes | TJTooltip Thomas Jefferson | ABTooltip Aaron Burr | JATooltip John Adams | CPTooltip Charles Cotesworth Pinckney | JJTooltip John Jay |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Connecticut | 9 | — | — | 9 | 9 | — |
| Delaware | 3 | — | — | 3 | 3 | — |
| Georgia | 4 | 4 | 4 | — | — | — |
| Kentucky | 4 | 4 | 4 | — | — | — |
| Maryland | 10 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | — |
| Massachusetts | 16 | — | — | 16 | 16 | — |
| New Hampshire | 6 | — | — | 6 | 6 | — |
| New Jersey | 7 | — | — | 7 | 7 | — |
| New York | 12 | 12 | 12 | — | — | — |
| North Carolina | 12 | 8 | 8 | 4 | 4 | — |
| Pennsylvania | 15 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | — |
| Rhode Island | 4 | — | — | 4 | 3 | 1 |
| South Carolina | 8 | 8 | 8 | — | — | — |
| Tennessee | 3 | 3 | 3 | — | — | — |
| Vermont | 4 | — | — | 4 | 4 | — |
| Virginia | 21 | 21 | 21 | — | — | — |
| TOTAL | 138 | 73 | 73 | 65 | 64 | 1 |
| TO WIN | 70 | |||||
Source:"Tally of Electoral Votes for the 1800 Presidential Election, February 11, 1801".The Center for Legislative Archives. National Archives. August 15, 2016. RetrievedFebruary 15, 2018.
Of the 16 states that took part in the 1800 election, six (Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, Rhode Island, Tennessee, and Virginia) used some kind of popular vote. In Rhode Island and Virginia, voters elected their state's entire Electoral College delegation at large; Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, and Tennessee all used some variation of single-member districts. In the rest, electors were chosen by the state legislature. Not until the 1836 presidential election would all states have direct popular selection of electors (except South Carolina, which had its state legislature vote for electors until 1868). Popular vote records for several states are incomplete, and the returns from Kentucky and Tennessee appear to have been lost; states did not print or issue electoral ballots, and most were issued by newspapers that supported a particular party or candidate. Newspapers are also the main source of voting records in the early 19th century, and frontier states such as Tennessee had few in operation, without any known surviving examples. Below are the surviving popular vote figures as published inA New Nation Votes.
| Jefferson/Burr Democratic-Republican | Adams/Pinckney Federalist | Other | Margin | State total | Citation | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State | Electoral votes | # | % | Electoral votes | # | % | Electoral votes | # | % | Electoral votes | # | % | # | ||
| Connecticut | 9 | No popular vote | — | No popular vote | 9 | No popular vote | — | No popular vote | — | [40] | |||||
| Delaware | 3 | No popular vote | — | No popular vote | 3 | No popular vote | — | No popular vote | — | [41] | |||||
| Georgia | 4 | No popular vote | 4 | No popular vote | — | No popular vote | — | No popular vote | — | ||||||
| Kentucky[c] | 4 | 119+ | 100 | 4 | No candidate | — | No candidate | — | 119+ | 100 | 119+ | [42] | |||
| Maryland[d] | 10 | 10,638 | 51.35 | 5 | 10,068 | 48.60 | 5 | 10 | 0.05 | — | 560 | 2.70 | 20,716 | [44] | |
| Massachusetts | 16 | No popular vote | — | No popular vote | 16 | No popular vote | — | — | — | [45] | |||||
| New Hampshire | 6 | No popular vote | — | No popular vote | 6 | No popular vote | — | — | — | [46] | |||||
| New Jersey | 7 | No popular vote | — | No popular vote | 7 | No popular vote | — | — | — | [47] | |||||
| New York | 12 | No popular vote | 12 | No popular vote | — | No popular vote | — | — | — | [48] | |||||
| North Carolina[e] | 12 | 11,593 | 51.26 | 8 | 11,025 | 48.75 | 4 | No candidate | — | 568 | 2.52 | 22,618 | [49] | ||
| Pennsylvania | 15 | No popular vote | 8 | No popular vote | 7 | No popular vote | — | — | — | [50] | |||||
| Rhode Island | 4 | 2,159 | 47.85 | — | 2,353 | 52.15 | 4 | No candidate | — | -194 | -4.30 | 4,512 | [51] | ||
| South Carolina | 8 | No popular vote | 8 | No popular vote | — | No popular vote | — | — | — | [52] | |||||
| Tennessee[f] | 3 | No data | 3 | No data | — | No data | — | No data | No data | [53] | |||||
| Vermont | 4 | No popular vote | — | No popular vote | 4 | No popular vote | — | — | — | [54] | |||||
| Virginia | 21 | 21,002 | 77.28 | 21 | 6,175 | 22.72 | — | No candidate | — | 14,827 | 54.56 | 27,177 | [55] | ||
| TOTALS | 138 | 45,511 | 60.57 | 73 | 29,621 | 39.42 | 65 | 10 | 0.01 | 0 | 15,880 | 21.14 | 75,142 | ||
| TO WIN | 70 | ||||||||||||||
Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, and Tennessee chose each of their electors from specially-drawn single-member districts, the results from which are as follows.
| Thomas Jefferson Democratic-Republican | John Adams Federalist | Other | Margin | District total | Citation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| District | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | |
| Kentucky-1[g] | No data | 100 | No candidate | No candidate | No data | 100 | No data | [57] | ||
| Kentucky-2[c] | 119+ | 100 | No candidate | No candidate | 119+ | 100 | 119+ | [58] | ||
| Kentucky-3[h] | No data | 100 | No candidate | No candidate | No data | 100 | No data | [59] | ||
| Kentucky-4[h] | No data | 100 | No candidate | No candidate | No data | 100 | No data | [60] | ||
| Maryland-1[i] | 68 | 5.75 | 1,114 | 94.25 | No candidate | -1,046 | -88.50 | 1,182 | [61] | |
| Maryland-2[j] | 789 | 31.98 | 1,669 | 67.65 | 9 | 0.37 | -880 | -35.67 | 2,467 | [62] |
| Maryland-3 | 1,724 | 45.27 | 2,084 | 54.73 | No candidate | -360 | -9.46 | 3,808 | [63] | |
| Maryland-4 | 1,351 | 50.17 | 1,342 | 49.83 | No candidate | 9 | 0.34 | 2,693 | [64] | |
| Maryland-5 | 2,379 | 75.45 | 774 | 24.55 | No candidate | 1,605 | 50.90 | 3,153 | [65] | |
| Maryland-6 | 1,640 | 87.00 | 245 | 13.00 | No candidate | 1,395 | 74.00 | 1,885 | [66] | |
| Maryland-7 | 1,031 | 58.15 | 742 | 41.85 | No candidate | 289 | 16.32 | 1,773 | [67] | |
| Maryland-8 | 1,022 | 67.55 | 491 | 32.45 | No candidate | 531 | 35.10 | 1,513 | [68] | |
| Maryland-9 | 629 | 44.61 | 781 | 55.39 | No candidate | -152 | -10.78 | 1,410 | [69] | |
| Maryland-10[k] | 5 | 0.60 | 826 | 99.28 | 1 | 0.12 | -822 | -98.8 | 832 | [70] |
| North Carolina-Edenton[e] | No data | 100 | No candidate | No candidate | No data | 100 | No data | [71] | ||
| North Carolina-Edgecombe | 1,035 | 44.02 | 1,316 | 55.98 | No candidate | -281 | -11.96 | 2,351 | [72] | |
| North Carolina-Fayetteville | 299 | 12.32 | 2,128 | 87.68 | No candidate | -1,829 | -75.36 | 2,427 | [73] | |
| North Carolina-Hilsborough | 1,344 | 63.61 | 769 | 36.39 | No candidate | 575 | 27.22 | 2,113 | [74] | |
| North Carolina-Morgan | 1,374 | 73.95 | 484 | 26.05 | No candidate | 890 | 47.90 | 1,858 | [75] | |
| North Carolina-New Bern | 1,134 | 54.89 | 932 | 45.11 | No candidate | 202 | 9.78 | 2,066 | [76] | |
| North Carolina-Northampton | 715 | 50.49 | 701 | 49.51 | No candidate | 14 | 0.98 | 1,416 | [77] | |
| North Carolina-Raleigh | 1,319 | 63.87 | 746 | 36.13 | No candidate | 573 | 27.74 | 2,065 | [78] | |
| North Carolina-Rockingham | 1,322 | 53.63 | 1,143 | 46.37 | No candidate | 179 | 7.26 | 2,465 | [79] | |
| North Carolina-Salisbury | 1,010 | 43.11 | 1,333 | 56.89 | No candidate | -323 | -13.78 | 2,343 | [80] | |
| North Carolina-Warren | 1,340 | 79.86 | 338 | 20.14 | No candidate | 1,002 | 59.72 | 1,678 | [81] | |
| North Carolina-Wilmington | 701 | 38.18 | 1,135 | 61.82 | No candidate | -434 | -23.64 | 1,836 | [82] | |
| Tennessee-Hamilton[l] | No data | No candidate | No data | No data | No data | [53] | ||||
| Tennessee-Mero[m] | No data | 100 | No candidate | No candidate | No data | 100 | No data | [53] | ||
| Tennessee-Washington | No data | No data | No candidate | No data | No data | [53] | ||||
States and districts where the margin of victory was under 1%:
States and districts where the margin of victory was under 5%:
States and districts where the margin of victory was under 10%:
In February 1801, the members of the House of Representatives balloted as states to determine whether Jefferson or Burr would become president. There were sixteen states, each with one vote; an absolute majority of nine was required for victory. It was the outgoing House of Representatives, controlled by the Federalist Party, that was charged with electing the new president. Jefferson was the great enemy of the Federalists, and a faction of Federalist representatives tried to block him and elect Burr. Most Federalists voted for Burr, giving Burr six of the eight states controlled by Federalists. The seven delegations controlled by Democratic-Republicans all voted for Jefferson, and Georgia's sole Federalist representative also voted for him, giving him eight states. The Vermont delegation was evenly split and cast a blank ballot. The remaining state, Maryland, had five Federalist representatives to three Democratic-Republicans; one of its Federalist representatives voted for Jefferson, forcing that state delegation also to cast a blank ballot.[83]
Publicly, Burr remained quiet between mid-December 1800 and mid-February 1801, when the electoral votes were counted. Behind the scenes, he faced mounting pressure from within the party to step aside if he and Jefferson should tie in electoral votes. However, there was confusion as to whether or not Burr could simply concede the presidency to Jefferson and become vice-president, or whether he would have been forced to withdraw entirely and allow one of the Federalist candidates to become vice-president, as the Constitution was unclear on the matter. Regardless, he refused to disavow the presidency, writing in December 1800 to RepresentativeSamuel Smith (R-MD) that he would not "engage to resign" if chosen president, adding that the question was "unnecessary, unreasonable and impertinent". Rumors circulated that RepresentativeJames A. Bayard (F-DE) had—purportedly in Burr's name—approached Smith andEdward Livingston (R-NY) with offers of political appointments if they voted for Burr.[84]
True or not, House Democratic-Republicans, who from the start of the 1800 campaign viewed Jefferson as their candidate for president and Burr for vice president, faced two abhorrent possible outcomes when the House met to vote: the Federalists could engineer a victory for Burr; or the Federalists could refuse to break the deadlock, leaving Federalist Secretary of StateJohn Marshall as Acting President.[85] Neither came to pass, however,[86][page needed] chiefly[citation needed] due to Hamilton's energetic opposition to Burr. Hamilton embarked on a frenzied letter-writing campaign to get Federalist Representatives to switch votes.[86][page needed] He urged the Federalists to support Jefferson because he was "by far not so dangerous a man" as Burr; in short, he would much rather have someone with wrong principles than someone devoid of any.[16]
From February 11 to 17, the House cast a total of 35 ballots; each time eight state delegations voted for Jefferson, one short of the necessary majority of nine.
On February 17, on the 36th ballot, Bayard changed his vote from Burr to no selection,[3] joined by his allies in Maryland and Vermont.[87] This changed the Maryland and Vermont votes from no selection to Jefferson, giving him the votes of 10 states and the presidency. The four representatives present from South Carolina, all Federalists, also changed their 3–1 selection of Burr to four abstentions.
Due to the experiences of this and the previous election, sentiment for a new way of selecting the president and vice president rose significantly, resulting in theTwelfth Amendment.
| February 11–17, 1801 – 1st through 35th ballots | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Candidate | Votes | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thomas Jefferson | 8 | 50.00 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Aaron Burr | 6 | 37.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Divided | 2 | 12.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total votes: | 16 | 100 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Votes necessary: | 9 | >50 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| February 17, 1801 – 36th ballot | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Candidate | Votes | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thomas Jefferson | 10 | 62.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Aaron Burr | 4 | 25.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Blank | 2 | 12.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total votes: | 16 | 100 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Votes necessary: | 9 | >50 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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(a) The votes of the representatives is typical and may have fluctuated from ballot to ballot, but the result for each state did not change.
(b) Even though Georgia had two representatives apportioned, one seat was vacant due to the death ofJames Jones.
(c) Even though South Carolina had six representatives apportioned,Thomas Sumter was absent due to illness, andAbraham Nott departed for South Carolina between the first and final ballots.
The Constitution, inArticle II, Section 1, provided that the state legislatures should decide the manner in which their electors were chosen. Different state legislatures chose different methods:[92]
| Method of choosing electors | State(s) |
|---|---|
| State is divided into electoral districts, with one Elector chosen per district by the voters of that district | |
State is divided into two electoral districts and half the electors are chosen from each district. | Kentucky |
| Each Elector chosen by voters statewide | |
| Divided the state into three electoral districts and named three persons from each county in each district to elect an elector for each of the three districts (same as in 1796)[93] | Tennessee |
| Each Elector appointed by state legislature | (all other states) |
In the 2015musicalHamilton byLin Manuel Miranda, the contest between Jefferson and Burr is recounted in "The Election of 1800".[94] The song focuses onAlexander Hamilton's role in deciding the outcome of the 1801 contingent election. The musical simplifies the complicated multiple elections somewhat, portraying Adams's unpopularity as making the real choice between Jefferson and Burr. Historians wrote that Adams did not lose that badly in the original election, with the musical inflating the size of Jefferson's victory. It implies Hamilton's support for Jefferson over Burr was the catalyst for theBurr–Hamilton duel; in fact, while that helped sour relations between Burr and Hamilton, the duel was ultimately provoked by Hamilton's statements about Burr in the1804 New York gubernatorial election.[95]
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