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1798–99 United States Senate elections

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(Redirected from1799 United States Senate special election in Virginia)

1798–99 United States Senate elections

← 1796 & 1797

Dates vary by state

1800 & 1801 →

← 1792 & 1793

1804 & 1805 →

11 of the 32 seats in theUnited States Senate (plus special elections)
17 seats needed for a majority

	Majority party	Minority party

Party	Federalist	Democratic-Republican
Seats before	22	10
Seats after	23	9
Seat change
Seats up	5	6
Races won	5	6

Federalist hold Democratic-Republican hold

Majority Party before election

Federalist

Elected Majority Party

Federalist

The1798–99 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As theseU.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of theSeventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen bystate legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1798 and 1799, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due tolegislative deadlock.^[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators inClass 2.

They occurred in the middle of PresidentJohn Adams's administration, and had no net change in political control of the Senate.

Results summary

[edit]

Senate party division,6th Congress (1799–1801)

Majority party: Federalist (22)
Minority party: Democratic-Republican (9)
Other parties: 0
Total seats: 31

Change in composition

[edit]

Before the elections

[edit]

After the January 19, 1798, election in Delaware.

DR₆ Ky. Ran	DR₅ Ga. Unknown	DR₄	DR₃	DR₂	DR₁
DR₇ N.C. Ran	DR₈ S.C. Ran	DR₉ Tenn. Retired	DR₁₀ Va. Ran	F₂₂ R.I. Ran	F₂₁ N.J. Retired	F₂₀ N.H. Ran	F₁₉ Mass. Retired	F₁₈ Del. Died	F₁₇
Majority →									F₁₇
F₇	F₈	F₉	F₁₀	F₁₁	F₁₂	F₁₃	F₁₄	F₁₅	F₁₆
F₆	F₅	F₄	F₃	F₂	F₁

Results of the elections

[edit]

DR₆ Ky. Re-elected	DR₅ Ga. Hold	DR₄	DR₃	DR₂	DR₁
DR₇ N.C. Hold	DR₈ S.C. Re-elected	DR₉ Tenn. Hold	DR₁₀ Va. Re-elected	F₂₂ N.J. Hold	F₂₁ Mass. Hold	F₂₀ Del. Hold	F₁₉ R.I. Re-elected	F₁₈ N.H. Re-elected	F₁₇
Majority →									F₁₇
F₇	F₈	F₉	F₁₀	F₁₁	F₁₂	F₁₃	F₁₄	F₁₅	F₁₆
F₆	F₅	F₄	F₃	F₂	F₁

Beginning of the next Congress

[edit]

DR₆	DR₅	DR₄	DR₃	DR₂	DR₁
DR₇	DR₈	DR₉	V₁ Va. Died	F₂₂	F₂₁	F₂₀	F₁₉	F₁₈	F₁₇
Majority →									F₁₇
F₇	F₈	F₉	F₁₀	F₁₁	F₁₂	F₁₃	F₁₄	F₁₅	F₁₆
F₆	F₅	F₄	F₃	F₂	F₁

Key

DR_#	Democratic-Republican
F_#	Federalist
V_#	Vacant

Race summaries

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Except if/when noted, the number following candidates is the whole number vote(s), not a percentage.

Special elections during the 5th Congress

[edit]

In these special elections, the winner was seated before March 4, 1799; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
New York (Class 1)	Philip Schuyler	Federalist	1789^[a]	Incumbent resigned January 3, 1798, due to ill health. New senatorelected January 11, 1798. Federalist hold. Winner later resigned; see below.	▌YJohn Sloss Hobart (Federalist) 100 ▌John Addison (Unknown) 25 ▌John Armstrong (Democratic-Republican) 4 ▌John Taylor (Democratic-Republican) 2 ▌James Watson (Federalist) 2 ▌James Cocliram^[2] (Unknown) 1^[3]
Delaware (Class 2)	John Vining	Federalist	1792	Incumbent resigned January 19, 1798. New senatorelected January 19, 1798. Federalist hold. Winner died August 11, 1798; see below.	▌YJoshua Clayton (Federalist) 14 ▌James Sykes (Democratic-Republican) 10^[4]
New York (Class 1)	William North	Federalist	1798(appointed)	Interim appointee served until winner qualified. New senatorelected August 24, 1798. Federalist hold.	▌YJames Watson (Federalist) 87 ▌John Taylor (Democratic-Republican) 57^[5]
South Carolina (Class 2)	John Hunter	Democratic- Republican	1796(special)	Incumbent resigned November 26, 1798. New senatorelected December 6, 1798. Democratic-Republican hold. New senator also elected to next term; see below.	▌YCharles Pinckney (Democratic-Republican) [data missing]
Tennessee (Class 1)	Daniel Smith	Democratic- Republican	1798(appointed)	Interim appointee retired when successor qualified. New senatorelected December 12, 1798. Winner qualified upon retirement from other Senate seat on March 3, 1799. Democratic-Republican hold.	▌YJoseph Anderson (Democratic-Republican) 17 ▌William Cocke (Democratic-Republican) 28^[6] ▌Daniel Smith (Democratic-Republican) 15 ▌Andrew Jackson (Democratic-Republican) 1 ▌John Overton (Unknown) 1^[7]
Delaware (Class 2)	Joshua Clayton	Federalist	1798	Died August 11, 1798. New senatorelected January 17, 1799. Federalist hold. Winner also elected to next term; see below.	▌YWilliam H. Wells (Federalist) 14 ▌James Sykes (Democratic-Republican) 12^[8]
New Jersey (Class 1)	Franklin Davenport	Federalist	1798(appointed)	Interim appointee served until winner qualified. New senatorelected February 21, 1799 on the third ballot. Federalist hold.	▌YJames Schureman (Federalist) 26 ▌Thomas Henderson (Federalist) 24 ▌Philemon Dickinson (Unknown) Eliminated in earlier ballot ▌Jonathan Elmer (Federalist) Eliminated in earlier ballot^[9]

Races leading to the 6th Congress

[edit]

In these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1799; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Delaware	Joshua Clayton	Federalist	1798	Incumbent died August 11, 1798. New senatorelected January 17, 1799. Federalist hold. Winner was also elected to finish the current term, see above.	▌YWilliam H. Wells (Federalist) 14 ▌James Sykes (Democratic-Republican)^[10]
Georgia	Josiah Tattnall	Democratic- Republican	1796	Incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senatorelected January 18, 1799. Democratic-Republican hold.	▌YAbraham Baldwin (Democratic-Republican) 42 ▌Thomas P. Carnes (Federalist) 37^[11]
Kentucky	John Brown	Democratic- Republican	1792	Incumbentre-elected November 30, 1798.	▌YJohn Brown (Democratic-Republican) 36 ▌Benjamin Logan (Unknown) 22 ▌Stephen Ormsby (Democratic-Republican) 7^[12]
Massachusetts	Theodore Sedgwick	Federalist	1796	Incumbent retired torun for the U.S. House of Representatives. New senatorelected June 14, 1798. Federalist hold.	▌YSamuel Dexter (Federalist) 102 Others 54^[13]
New Hampshire	Samuel Livermore	Federalist	1792	Incumbentre-elected December 21, 1798.	▌YSamuel Livermore (Federalist) 8 ▌Nay 4^[14]
New Jersey	Richard Stockton	Federalist	1796	Incumbent retired. New senatorelected November 1, 1798. Federalist hold.	▌YJonathan Dayton (Federalist) 26 ▌Jonathan Elmer (Federalist) 22^[15]
North Carolina	Alexander Martin	Democratic- Republican	1792	Incumbent lost re-election. New senatorelected December 12, 1798, on the ninth ballot.^[16] Democratic-Republican hold.	▌YJesse Franklin (Democratic-Republican) 89 ▌Benjamin Smith (Federalist) 78 ▌Alexander Martin (Democratic-Republican) Eliminated in earlier ballot ▌Blake Baker Jr. (Unknown) Eliminated in earlier ballot^[17]
Rhode Island	Ray Greene	Federalist	1797(special)	Incumbentre-elected November 1, 1798.	▌YRay Greene (Federalist) Unanimous^[18]
South Carolina	Charles Pinckney	Democratic- Republican	1798	Incumbentre-elected December 6, 1798.	▌YCharles Pinckney (Democratic-Republican) [data missing]
Tennessee	Joseph Anderson	Democratic- Republican	1797(special)	Incumbent retired when elected to the Class 1 seat (see above). New senatorelected December 12, 1798. Democratic-Republican hold.	▌YWilliam Cocke (Democratic-Republican) 28 ▌Joseph Anderson (Democratic-Republican) 17 ▌Daniel Smith (Democratic-Republican) 15 ▌Andrew Jackson (Democratic-Republican) 1 ▌John Overton (Unknown) 1^[7]
Virginia	Henry Tazewell	Democratic- Republican	1794(special)	Incumbentre-elected in 1798. Incumbent died January 24, 1799, before the term began.	▌YHenry Tazewell (Democratic-Republican) 117 ▌James Madison (Democratic-Republican) 28 ▌John Marshall (Federalist) 13 ▌James Breckenridge (Federalist) 10 Others 9^[19]

Special elections during the 6th Congress

[edit]

In this special election, the winner was seated after March 4, 1799, the beginning of the next Congress.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Virginia (Class 2)	Vacant			IncumbentHenry Tazewell (DR) was re-elected in 1798 but died January 24, 1799, before the term began. New senatorelected December 5, 1799 on the second ballot. Democratic-Republican gain.	▌YWilson C. Nicholas (Democratic-Republican) 111 ▌John Page (Democratic-Republican) 49 ▌Ludwell Lee (Unknown) 1 ▌George K. Taylor (Unknown) 1 ▌James Wood (Federalist) 1^[20]

Notes

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^Incumbent lost in1791 Senate election, but he was able to run again in1797 and won.

References

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Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov

^"17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)".National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.
^May be "James Cocliran"
^"New York 1798 U.S. Senate, Special".Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825.Tufts University. RetrievedFebruary 5, 2018., citing Connecticut Gazette (New London, CT). January 24, 1798.
^"Delaware 1798 U.S. Senate, Special".Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825.Tufts University. RetrievedFebruary 5, 2018., citing Journal of the Delaware House of Representatives, 1798. 36.
^"New York 1798 U.S. Senate, Special".Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825.Tufts University. Archived fromthe original on October 14, 2019. RetrievedFebruary 5, 2018., citing Connecticut Gazette (New London, CT). August 29, 1798.
^Elected instead to other seat.
^^a ^b"Tennessee 1798 U.S. Senate".Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825.Tufts University. RetrievedJanuary 31, 2018., citing White, Robert Hiram. Messages of the Governors of Tennessee, 1796–1821. Vol. 1. Nashville: The Tennessee Historical Commission, 1952.
^"Delaware 1799 U.S. Senate, Special".Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825.Tufts University. RetrievedFebruary 5, 2018., citing Journal of the Delaware House of Representatives, 1799.
^"New Jersey 1799 U.S. Senate, Ballot 3".Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825.Tufts University. Archived fromthe original on October 14, 2019. RetrievedFebruary 5, 2018., citing The Genius of Liberty (Morristown, NJ). February 21, 1799.
^"Delaware 1799 U.S. Senate".Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825.Tufts University. RetrievedFebruary 5, 2018., citing Journal of the Delaware House of Representatives, 1799.
^"Georgia 1799 U.S. Senate".Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825.Tufts University. RetrievedFebruary 5, 2018., citing The True American and Commercial Advertiser (Philadelphia, PA). February 5, 1799.
^"Kentucky 1798 U.S. Senate".Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825.Tufts University. RetrievedFebruary 5, 2018., citing The Palladium: A Literary and Political Weekly Repository (Frankfort, KY). December 4, 1798.
^"Massachusetts 1798 U.S. Senate".Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825.Tufts University. RetrievedFebruary 5, 2018., citing Connecticut Gazette (New London, CT). June 20, 1798.
^"New Hampshire 1798 U.S. Senate".Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825.Tufts University. RetrievedFebruary 5, 2018., citing Journal of the New Hampshire Senate, 1799. 38–45, 50–51. Journal of the New Hampshire House of Representatives, 1799. 42–45.
^"New Jersey 1798 U.S. Senate".Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825.Tufts University. RetrievedFebruary 5, 2018., citing The Centinel of Freedom (Newark, NJ). November 6, 1798. The Genius of Liberty (Morristown, NJ). November 8, 1798.
^"Our Campaigns - NC US Senate Race - Dec 12, 1798".www.ourcampaigns.com.
^"North Carolina 1798 U.S. Senate, Ballot 9".Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825.Tufts University. RetrievedFebruary 5, 2018., citing Legislative Papers for 1798. Box 157. State Archives of North Carolina, Raleigh.
^"Rhode Island 1798 U.S. Senate".Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825.Tufts University. RetrievedFebruary 5, 2018., citing The Newport Mercury (Newport, RI). November 6, 1798.
^"Virginia 1798 U.S. Senate".Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825.Tufts University. RetrievedFebruary 5, 2018., citing Samuel Shield to Henry Tazewell. December 13, 1798.
^"Virginia 1799 U.S. Senate, Special, Ballot 2".Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825.Tufts University. RetrievedFebruary 5, 2018., citing The Aurora. General Advertiser (Philadelphia, PA). December 13, 1799. Raleigh Register, and North-Carolina Weekly Advertiser (Raleigh, NC). December 17, 1799.

United States Senate elections

1788–1913
(elected by state
legislatures)

1788–89
1790–91
1792–93
1794–95
1796–97
1798–99
1800–01
1802–03
1804–05
1806–07
1808–09
1810–11
1812–13
1814–15
1816–17
1818–19
1820–21
1822–23
1824–25
1826–27
1828–29
1830–31
1832–33
1834–35
1836–37
1838–39
1840–41
1842–43
1844–45
1846–47
1848–49
1850–51
1852–53
1854–55
1856–57
1858–59
1860–61
1862–63
1864–65
1866–67
1868–69
1870–71
1872–73
1874–75
1876–77
1878–79
1880–81
1882–83
1884–85
1886–87
1888–89
1890–91
1892–93
1894–95
1896–97
1898–99
1900–01
1902–03
1904–05
1906–07
1908–09
1910–11
1912–13

1914–present
(popular election)

Regulars and even-year specials	1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030
Odd-year specials	1913 Georgia Maryland 1921 1923 1925 1931 1933 1937 1941 1947 1949 1957 1959 1961 1974–75 1983 1991 1993 2013 2017 List of all specials