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10 of the 30 seats in theUnited States Senate (plus special elections) 16 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Federalist hold Federalist gain Democratic-Republican hold | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The1794–95 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As theseU.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of theSeventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen bystate legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1794 and 1795, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due tolegislative deadlock.[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators inClass 3.
This was the first election cycle with organized political parties in the United States, with theFederalist Party emerging from the Pro Administration coalition, and theDemocratic-Republican Party emerging from theAnti-Administration coalition.
Senate party division,4th Congress (1795–1797)
Note: There were no political parties in the3rd Congress. Members are informally grouped here into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.[2]
After the March 31, 1794special election in Pennsylvania.
| A5 | A4 | A3 | A2 | A1 | |||||
| A6 | A7 | A8 | A9 Ga. Ran | A10 Ky. Unknown | A11 N.H. Ran | A12 N.C. Unknown | A13 Vt. Ran | V1 Del. | P16 S.C. Retired |
| Majority → | |||||||||
| P6 | P7 | P8 | P9 | P10 | P11 | P12 Conn. Retired | P13 Md. Ran | P14 N.Y. Ran | P15 Pa. Retired |
| P5 | P4 | P3 | P2 | P1 | |||||
| A5 | A4 | A3 | A2 | A1 | |||||
| A6 | A7 | A8 | DR1 N.H. Gain from A | DR2 N.C. Gain from A | V1 Del. | F8 Vt. Gain from A | F7 S.C. Gain from P | F6 Pa. Gain from P | F5 N.Y. Gain from P |
| F4 Md. Gain from P | |||||||||
| P6 | P7 | P8 | P9 | P10 | P11 | F1 Conn. Gain from P | F2 Ga. Gain from A | F3 Ky. Gain from A | |
| P5 | P4 | P3 | P2 | P1 | |||||
Seven senators who were considered "Anti-Administration" became Democratic-Republicans and eleven "Pro-Administration" became Federalists.
| DR5 Changed | DR4 Changed | DR3 Changed | DR2 Changed | DR1 Changed | |||||
| DR6 Changed | DR7 Changed | DR8 Changed | DR9 | DR10 | F20 Del. Gain | F19 | F18 | F17 | F16 |
| Majority → | |||||||||
| F6 Changed | F7 Changed | F8 Changed | F9 Changed | F10 Changed | F11 Changed | F12 | F13 | F14 | F15 |
| F5 Changed | F4 Changed | F3 Changed | F2 Changed | F1 Changed | |||||
| Key: |
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Except if/when noted, the number following candidates is the whole number vote(s), not a percentage.
In these special elections, the winner was seated before March 4, 1795; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | First elected | |||
| Pennsylvania (Class 1) | Albert Gallatin | Anti-Administration | 1793(special) | Incumbent disqualified February 28, 1794. New senatorelected March 31, 1794. Pro-Administration gain. Winner became a Federalist in the next Congress. |
|
| Virginia (Class 1) | James Monroe | Anti-Administration | 1790(special) | Incumbent resigned May 11, 1794 to becomeU.S. Minister to France. New senatorelected November 18, 1794. Anti-Administration hold. Winner became a Democratic-Republican in the next Congress. |
|
| Virginia (Class 2) | John Taylor | Anti-Administration | 1792(special) | Incumbent resigned May 11, 1794. New senatorelected November 18, 1794. Anti-Administration hold. Winner became a Democratic-Republican in the next Congress. |
|
| Delaware (Class 1) | Vacant | George Read (P) resigned September 18, 1793 to becomeChief Justice of Delaware. New senatorelected February 7, 1795. Pro-Administration gain. Winner became a Federalist in the next Congress. |
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In these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1795; ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | First elected | |||
| Connecticut | Stephen Mitchell | Pro-Administration | 1793(appointed) | Incumbent appointee retired. New senator's election date unknown. Federalist gain. |
|
| Georgia | James Gunn | Anti-Administration | 1789 | Incumbentre-elected November 13, 1794 as a Federalist. Federalist gain. |
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| Kentucky | John Edwards | Anti-Administration | 1792(new state) | Incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senatorelected in 1794 on the second ballot. Federalist gain. |
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| Maryland | John Henry | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbentre-elected in 1795 as a Federalist. Federalist gain. |
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| New Hampshire | John Langdon | Anti-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected on an unknown date as a Democratic-Republican. Democratic-Republican gain. |
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| New York | Rufus King | Pro-Administration | 1789 | Incumbentre-elected January 27, 1795 to a new party. Federalist gain. |
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| North Carolina | Benjamin Hawkins | Anti-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senatorelected in 1795 on the fifth ballot. Democratic-Republican gain. |
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| Pennsylvania | Robert Morris | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent retired. New senatorelected February 26, 1795. Federalist gain. |
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| South Carolina | Ralph Izard | Pro-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent retired. New senatorelected in 1794 on the second ballot. Federalist gain. |
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| Vermont | Stephen R. Bradley | Anti-Administration | 1791(new state) | Incumbent lost re-election. New senatorelected in 1794. Federalist gain. |
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There were no elections in 1795 after March 4.
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TheDelaware special election was held February 7, 1795. Incumbent SenatorGeorge Read had resigned to take the position of Chief Justice of theDelaware Supreme Court.Henry Latimer defeated the formerGovernor of Delaware,Governor of Pennsylvania andContinental Congressmen from Delaware and Pennsylvania by one vote.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Federalist | Henry Latimer | 15 | 51.72% | |
| Democratic-Republican | John Dickinson | 14 | 48.28% | |
| Total votes | 29 | 100% | ||
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80 members of theMaryland General Assembly | ||||||||||||||||
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John Henry won election overJames Lloyd by an unknown number of votes for the Class 3 seat.[11]
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| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pro-Administration | James Ross | 45 | 51.72% | |
| Unknown | Robert Coleman | 35 | 40.23% | |
| Federalist | Samuel Sitgreaves | 1 | 1.15% | |
| N/A | Not voting | 6 | 6.70% | |
| Total votes | 87 | 100% | ||
IncumbentFederalistRobert Morris, who waselected in 1788, was not a candidate for re-election to another term. ThePennsylvania General Assembly convened on February 26, 1795, to elect a senator for the term beginning March 4, 1795.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pro-Administration | William Bingham | 58 | 56.86% | |
| Anti-Administration | Peter Muhlenberg | 35 | 34.31% | |
| N/A | Not voting | 9 | 8.82% | |
| Total votes | 102 | 100% | ||
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Even though neither of Virginia's incumbent's terms were up, both resigned in 1794, leading to two special elections.
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Future-presidentJames Monroe resigned March 27, 1794 to becomeU.S. Minister to France.
Stevens Thomson Mason was elected November 18, 1794 and would become a Democratic-Republican in the next Congress.
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IncumbentJohn Taylor of Caroline resigned May 11, 1794.
Henry Tazewell was elected November 18, 1794 and would become a Democratic-Republican in the next Congress.
