1790–91 United States Senate elections

← 1788 & 1789 Dates vary by state 1792 & 1793 →
1796 & 1797 →
9 of the 26 seats in theUnited States Senate, plus special elections 14 seats needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party   Party Pro-Administration Anti-Administration Last election 19 seats 7 seats Seats before 18 6 Seats after 17 8 Seat change 1 Seats up 7 2 Races won 8 2
Results:      Pro-Administration hold     Anti-Administration gain      Legislature failed to elect
Majority Faction before election Pro-Administration Elected Majority Faction Pro-Administration

The1790–91 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. TheseU.S. Senate elections occurred during the firstmidterm election cycle, which took place in the middle of PresidentGeorge Washington's first term. As these elections were prior to the ratification of theSeventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen bystate legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1790 and 1791, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due tolegislative deadlock.^[1] In these elections, terms were up for the nine senators inClass 1.

As of these elections, formal organized political parties had yet to form in the United States, but two political factions were present: The coalition of senators who supported President Washington's administration were known as the Pro-Administration Party, and the senators against him as theAnti-Administration Party.

Note: There were no political parties in this Congress. Members are informally grouped into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.^[2]

After the June 25, 1790elections in Rhode Island.

Except if/when noted, the number following candidates is the whole number vote(s), not a percentage.

In these elections, the winners were seated before March 4, 1791; ordered by election date.

In these regular elections, the winners were seated March 4, 1791; ordered by state.

All of these elections involved the Class 1 seats.

In these elections, the winners were seated after March 4, 1791, the beginning of the next Congress.

All of the senators from Connecticut were Pro-Administration through 1795.

Oliver Ellsworth was re-elected in 1791.

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William Samuel Johnson resigned March 3, 1791, at the end of the1st Congress andRoger Sherman was elected June 13, 1791, to finish the term.

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1790 United States Senate election in Maryland

← 1788 November 26, 1790 1793 →
80 members of theMaryland General Assembly
Candidate Charles Carroll Uriah Forrest Party Federalist Federalist Legislative vote 45 30 Percentage 60.00% 40.00%

Charles Carroll won re-election overUriah Forrest by a margin of 20.00%, or 15 votes, for the Class 1 seat.^[8]

Incumbent U.S. Senator,Tristam Dalton sought re-election but was eliminated before the third ballot. The third ballot saw the election ofGeorge Cabot, who had been a member of theMassachusetts Provincial Congress. Cabot won 87 votes.^[9]

1790 United States Senate election in Massachusetts

← 1788 June 23, 1790 1796 (special) →

Majority party Minority party Third party   Candidate George Cabot Nathaniel Gorham Charles Jarvis Party Federalist Federalist Independent Legislative vote 87 36 20 Percentage 59.2% 24.5% 13.6%

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The election in New York was held January 19, 1791, by theNew York State Legislature.

IncumbentPhilip Schuyler's term would expire March 3, 1791.

At the State election in April 1790, nominal Federalist majorities were elected to both houses of the14th New York State Legislature, but many Federalists were friendly to the Democratic-Republican GovernorGeorge Clinton, party lines not being drawn very strictly then.

The incumbent Philip Schuyler ran for re-election as the candidate of theFederalist Party.New York State Attorney General Aaron Burr was the candidate of theDemocratic-Republican Party, but was at that time a rather moderate politician, opposing the ultras of both parties.

Burr was the choice of both the State Senate and the State Assembly, and was declared elected. Schuyler was defeated despite the nominal majority of his party. Many of the Federalists took the opportunity to show their disapproval of both Schuyler's haughtiness and the financial policies ofAlexander Hamilton, theU.S. Secretary of the Treasury and Schuyler's son-in-law. Besides, theLivingston faction of the Federalist Party felt betrayed after the election ofRufus King over their candidateJames Duane in 1789, and now allied themselves with Clinton and later became Democratic-Republicans.

Obs.: Burr had a majority of 5 votes in the Assembly, but the exact number of votes is unclear.

In 1791, the legislature failed to elect due to a disagreement on procedure.^[10] The seat would remain vacant until 1793.^[10]

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Stephen R. Bradley andMoses Robinson were elected by theVermont House of Representatives andGovernor andCouncil in January 1791, anticipating Vermont's admission to the union.^[11] Vermont was admitted as the 14th state on March 4, 1791.^[12] The Senate had adjourned on March 3, at the completion of the1st United States Congress; the2nd United States Congress held a one-day session on March 4, and was not scheduled to convene again until October 24.^[13]

As a result of this congressional schedule Bradley and Robinson had not been seated when the Vermont House of Representatives convened in early October, 1791.^[12] At this legislative session, some members suggested that the January election of Bradley and Robinson had been premature, since Vermont had not yet been admitted to the union.^[12] Bradley and Robinson volunteered to resign the credentials of their January elections; on October 17, the Governor and Council voted again, and selected Bradley and Robinson.^[12] The House of Representatives then voted a second time, and also selected Bradley and Robinson.^[12] No vote totals were recorded.^[12]

Bradley was selected for the "short term" (Class 3), which expired on March 3, 1795.^[14] Robinson received the "long term" (Class 1), which expired on March 3, 1797.^[15]

William Grayson died March 12, 1790, andJohn Walker was appointed to continue the term.

Future PresidentJames Monroe was elected in November 1790 to finish the term.

Monroe was re-elected in 1791 to the next term, as well.

• 1790 United States elections
  • 1790–91 United States House of Representatives elections
• 1st United States Congress
• 2nd United States Congress

• Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov
• The New York Civil List compiled in 1858 (see: pg. 114 for State senators 1790–91; page 165f for Members of Assembly 1790–91)
• History of Political Parties in the State of New-York byJabez Delano Hammond (pages 50ff)
• The Life and Times of Aaron Burr by James Parton (1866, pages 177ff)

• 1790 United States Senate elections
• 1791 United States Senate elections

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