January 30 – The "March Across the Belts" (Tåget över Bält), Sweden's use of winter weather to send troops across the waters of theDanish straits at a time when winter has turned them to ice, begins. Within 17 days, Sweden's King Karl X Gustav leads troops across the ice belts to capture six of Denmark's islands as Swedish territory.
February 5 – Prince Muhi al-Din Muhammad, one of the sons of India's Mughal, EmperorShah Jahan, proclaims himself Emperor after Jahan names Muhi's older brother,Dara Shikoh, as regent, and departs fromAurangabad with troops.
March 8 (February 26OS) – The peace betweenSweden and Denmark-Norway is concluded inRoskilde by theTreaty of Roskilde, under which Denmark is forced to cede significant territory. This leads to Sweden reaching its territorial height during its time as agreat power.
August 5 – Just six months after winning territory fromDenmark-Norway in war and subsequent treaty, Sweden's King Charles X Gustav declaresa second war against Denmark. By August 11, the King's troops have surrounded Denmark's capital,Copenhagen, while the Swedish Navy blocks the harbor to prevent the city from being resupplied, and begins bombardment.
October 7 – The Netherlands enters the Dano-Swedish War to come to the rescue of Denmark, sending a 45-ship fleet fromVlie.
October 29 – The 45-ship fleet of the Netherlands arrives at Denmark and begins its counterattack on Sweden's army and navy with three squadrons.
November 6 – TheMexican Inquisition carries out the execution, by public burning, of 14 men convicted of homosexuality, while another 109 arrested are either released or given less harsh sentences.
November 8 (October 29 old style) – TheBattle of the Sound takes place between the navies of the Dutch Republic (with 41 warships) and of Sweden (with 45) at theØresund, astrait between Denmark and Sweden's newly-acquired territory, the former Danish island ofScania. The Dutch Republic is successful at breaking the Swedish Navy's blockade of Copenhagen, and Sweden is forced to retreat, bringing an end to the attempted conquest of Denmark.
November 23 – The elaborate funeral ofLord Protector of EnglandOliver Cromwell (who had died on September 3 and was buried at Westminster Abbey two weeks later) is carried out inLondon. A little more than two years later (in January 1661), his body will be disinterred and his head severed and placed on a spike.
December 11 –Abaza Hasan Pasha, an Ottoman provincial governor who is attempting to depose the Grand Vizier, wins a battle at the Turkish city ofIlgin, defeating loyalist forces led by Murtaza Pasha. The victory is the last for the rebels. Two months later (February 16, 1659) Abaza Hasan is assassinated after being invited to peace negotiations by the loyalists.
December 20 – Representatives of the Russian Empire and the Swedish Empire sign theTreaty of Valiesar at theValiesar Estate nearNarva, part of modern-dayEstonia. In return for ceasing hostilities between the two empires in theSecond Northern War, Russia is allowed to keep captured territories inLivonia (part of modern-dayLatvia) for a term of three years.
^"killing".Oxford Reference. RetrievedDecember 14, 2021.
^Brems, Hans (June 1970). "Sweden: From Great Power to Welfare State".Journal of Economic Issues.4 (2, 3). Association for Evolutionary Economics:1–16.doi:10.1080/00213624.1970.11502941.JSTOR4224039.A swift and brilliantly conceived march from Holstein across the frozen Danish waters on Copenhagen, by Karl X Gustav in 1658, finally wrests Bohuslin, Sk'ane, and Blekinge fromDenmark-Norway. Denmark no longer controls both sides of Oresund, and Swedish power is at its peak.
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