16:9 is awidescreenaspect ratio with a width of 16 units and height of 9 units.
Once seen as an "exotic" aspect ratio,[1] since 2009, it has become the most common aspect ratio fortelevisions andcomputer monitors, and is also the universal standard image format for the universal1080p,2160p and4320p formats.
16:9 or "sixteen-nine" is the universalwidescreen standard format[2] andWide-aspect Clear-vision.[3] Japan'sHi-Vision originally started with a15:9 ratio but converted when the international standards group introduced the wider ratio 16:9. Many digital video cameras have the capability to record in 16:9, and this is the only widescreen aspect ratio natively supported byBlu-ray Disc. It is also the native aspect ratio of the Blu-ray Disc, but Blu-ray Disc producers can also choose to show even a wider ratio such as 2.40:1 within the 16:9 frame addingLetterbox black bars within the image itself.[citation needed]
Kerns H. Powers, a member of theSMPTE Working Group on High-Definition Electronic Production, first proposed the 16:9 (1.77:1) aspect ratio in 1984.[4] The popular choices in 1980 were4:3 (based on TV standard's ratio at the time), 15:9 (5:3) (the European "flat" 1.66:1 ratio), 1.85:1 (the American "flat" ratio) and 2.35:1 (theCinemaScope/Panavision) ratio foranamorphic widescreen.
Powers cut out rectangles with equal areas, shaped to match each of the popular aspect ratios. When overlapped with their center points aligned, he found that all of those aspect ratio rectangles fit within an outer rectangle with an aspect ratio of 1.77:1 and all of them also covered a smaller common inner rectangle with the same aspect ratio 1.78:1.[5] The value found by Powers is exactly thegeometric mean of the extreme aspect ratios, 4:3 and 2.40:1, ≈ 1.77 which is coincidentally close to 16:9. Applying the same geometric mean technique to 16:9 and 4:3 yields an aspect ratio of around 1.54:1, sometimes approximated as14:9 (1.55:1), which is likewise used as a compromise between these ratios.[6]
While 16:9 (1.77:1) was initially selected as a compromise format, the subsequent popularity of HD broadcast has solidified 16:9 as perhaps the most common video aspect ratio in use.[7] Most 4:3 (1.33:1) and 21:9 video is now recorded using a "shoot and protect" technique that keeps the main action within a 16:9 (1.77:1) inner rectangle to facilitate 16:9 conversion and viewing.[8] Conversely it is quite common to use a technique known as center-cutting, to approach the challenge of presenting material shot (typically 16:9) to both an HD and legacy 4:3 audience simultaneously without having to compromise image size for either audience. Content creators frame critical content or graphics to fit within the 1.33:1 raster space. This has similarities to a filming technique calledopen matte.
In 1993, theEuropean Union instituted the16:9 Action Plan,[9] to accelerate the development of the advanced television services in 16:9 aspect ratio, both inPALplus (compatible with regularPAL broadcasts) and also inHD-MAC (an early HD format). The Community fund for the16:9 Action Plan amounted to €228,000,000.
Over a long period in the late 2000s and early 2010s, the computer industry switched from 4:3 to16:10 (1.60:1) and then to 16:9 as the most common aspect ratio for monitors and laptops. A 2008 report by DisplaySearch cited a number of reasons for this shift, including the ability for PC and monitor manufacturers to expand their product ranges by offering products with wider screens and higher resolutions, helping consumers to more easily adopt such products and "stimulating the growth of the notebook PC and LCD monitor market".[10] By using the same aspect ratio for both TVs and monitors, manufacturing can be streamlined and research costs reduced by not requiring two separate sets of equipment, and since a 16:9 is narrower than a 16:10 panel of the same length, more panels can be created per sheet of glass.[11][12][13]
In 2011, Bennie Budler, product manager of IT products atSamsung South Africa, confirmed that monitors with a native resolution of1920 × 1200 were not being manufactured anymore. "It is all about reducing manufacturing costs. The new 16:9 aspect ratio panels are more cost-effective to manufacture locally than the previous 16:10 panels".[14]
In March 2011, the 16:9 resolution1920 × 1080 became the most common used resolution amongSteam's users. The previous most common resolution was1680 × 1050 (16:10).[15] By July 2022, Steam reported 16:9 resolutions were used by 77% of its users (1920 × 1080 with 67%;2560 × 1440 with 10%).[16]
 | This sectiondoes notcite anysources. Please helpimprove this section byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged andremoved.(March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
16:9 is the only widescreen aspect ratio natively supported by theDVD format. AnanamorphicPAL region DVD video frame has a maximum resolution of720 × 576p, but avideo player software will stretch this to1024 × 576p.
Producers can also choose to show even wider ratios such as 1.85:1 and 2.4:1 within the 16:9 DVD frame byhard matting or adding black bars within the image itself. Some films which were made in a 1.85:1 aspect ratio, such as the U.S.-Italian co-productionMan of La Mancha andKenneth Branagh'sMuch Ado About Nothing, fit quite comfortably onto a 1.77:1 HDTV screen and have been issued as an enhanced version on DVD without the black bars. Manydigital video cameras also have the capability to record in 16:9.
Common resolutions for the 16:9 ratio:
| Width | Height | Name |
|---|---|---|
| 640 | 360 | nHD |
| 854 | 480 | FWVGA |
| 960 | 540 | qHD |
| 1024 | 576 | WSVGA |
| 1280 | 720 | HD |
| 1366 | 768 | FWXGA |
| 1600 | 900 | HD+ |
| 1920 | 1080 | Full HD |
| 2560 | 1440 | QHD |
| 3200 | 1800 | QHD+ |
| 3840 | 2160 | 4K UHD |
| 5120 | 2880 | 5K |
| 7680 | 4320 | 8K |
