One hundred years, from 1401 to 1500
Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II , victorious at theOttoman conquest of Constantinople and the fall of theByzantine Empire . Various historians describe it as the end of theMiddle Ages .The Surrender of Granada Francisco Pradilla Ortiz , 1882:Muhammad XII surrenders toFerdinand and Isabella Gergio Deluci,Christopher Columbus arrives inthe Americas in 1492, The15th century was thecentury which spans theJulian calendar dates from 1 January1401 (represented by theRoman numerals MCDI) to 31 December1500 (MD).
InEurope , the 15th century includes parts of theLate Middle Ages , theEarly Renaissance , and theearly modern period . Many technological, social and cultural developments of the 15th century can in retrospect be seen as heralding the "European miracle " of the following centuries. Thearchitectural perspective , and the modern fields which are known today asbanking andaccounting were founded inItaly .
TheHundred Years' War ended with a decisiveFrench victory over theEnglish in theBattle of Castillon . Financial troubles in England following the conflict resulted in theWars of the Roses , a series of dynastic wars for the throne of England. The conflicts ended with the defeat ofRichard III byHenry VII at theBattle of Bosworth Field , establishing theTudor dynasty in the later part of the century.
Constantinople , known as thecapital of the world and the capital of theByzantine Empire ,fell to the emerging MuslimOttoman Turks , marking the end of the tremendously influential Byzantine Empire and, for some historians, the end of the Middle Ages.[ 1] Greek scholars and texts to Italy, whileJohannes Gutenberg 's invention of a mechanicalmovable type began theprinting press . These two events played key roles in the development of theRenaissance .[ 2] [ 3] papacy was split in two parts in Europe for decades (the so-calledWestern Schism ), until theCouncil of Constance . The division of the Catholic Church and the unrest associated with theHussite movement would become factors in the rise of the ProtestantReformation in the following century.
Islamic Spain became dissolved through the ChristianReconquista , followed by theforced conversions and theMuslim rebellion ,[ 4] Islamic rule and returning southern Spain to Christian rulers.
The spices, wines and precious metals of theBengal Sultanate [ 5] Christopher Columbus finding a route to reach India, which eventually reached the Americas. Explorers likeVasco da Gama , a Portuguese traveller, also found a route to reach to India from the African coast.
InAsia , theTimurid Empire collapsed and the Afghan PashtunLodi dynasty took control of theDelhi Sultanate . Under the rule of theYongle Emperor , who built theForbidden City and commandedZheng He toexplore the world overseas , theMing dynasty 's territory reached its pinnacle.
InAfrica , thespread of Islam led to the destruction of the Christian kingdoms ofNubia , by the end of the century, leaving onlyAlodia (which was to collapse in 1504). The formerly vastMali Empire teetered on the brink of collapse, under pressure from the risingSonghai Empire .
In theAmericas , both theAztec Empire and theInca Empire reached the peak of their influence, but thevoyages of Christopher Columbus and other European voyages of discovery in the Americas, beginning theEuropean colonization of the Americas , changed the course of modern history.
Portrait of the founder of accounting, Luca Pacioli Jacopo de' Barbari (Museo di Capodimonte ).1401 :Dilawar Khan establishes theMalwa Sultanate in present-day central India.1402 :Ottoman andTimurid Empires fight at theBattle of Ankara resulting in the capture ofBayezid I byTimur .1402 :Sultanate of Malacca founded byParameswara .[ 6] 1402 : Thesettlement of the Canary Islands signals the beginning of theSpanish Empire .1403 –1413 :Ottoman Interregnum , a civil war between the four sons ofBayezid I .1403 : TheYongle Emperor moves the capital of China fromNanjing toBeijing .[ 7] 1404 –1406 :Regreg War ,Majapahit civil war of secession betweenWikramawardhana against Wirabhumi.1405 : TheSultanate of Sulu is established bySharif ul-Hāshim .1405 –1433 : During theMing treasure voyages , AdmiralZheng He of China sails through theIndian Ocean to Malacca, India, Ceylon, Persia, Arabia, and East Africa to spread China's influence and sovereignty. The first voyage, a massiveMing dynasty naval expedition ending in 1407, visited Java, Palembang, Malacca, Aru, Samudera and Lambri.[ 8] 1408 : The last recorded event to occur in theNorse settlements ofGreenland was a wedding inHvalsey in theEastern Settlement in 1408.TheNorthern Yuan dynasty andTurco-Mongol residual states and domains by the 15th century 1410 : TheBattle of Grunwald is the decisive battle of thePolish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War leading to the downfall of theTeutonic Knights .1410 -1415 :The last Welsh war of independence , led byOwain Glyndŵr .1414 :Khizr Khan , deputised byTimur to be the governor ofMultan , takes over Delhi founding theSayyid dynasty .1415 :Henry the Navigator leads theconquest of Ceuta from theMoors marking the beginning of thePortuguese Empire .1415 :Battle of Agincourt fought between theKingdom of England andFrance .1415 :Jan Hus is burned at the stake as a heretic at theCouncil of Constance .1417 : A large goodwill mission led by three kings of Sulu, theEastern King Paduka Pahala , theWestern king Maharaja Kolamating andCave king Paduka Prabhu as well as 340 members of their delegation, in what is now the southern Philippines, ploughed through the Pacific Ocean to China to pay tribute to theYongle emperor of theMing Dynasty .[ 9] 1417 : The East king of Sulu,Paduka Pahala , on their way home, suddenly died in Dezhou, a city in east China's Shandong province. TheYongle Emperor Zhu Di commissioned artisans to build a tomb for the king.[ 10] 1419 –1433 : TheHussite Wars inBohemia .Joan of Arc , a French peasant girl, directly influenced the result of theHundred Years' War .Detail ofThe Emperor's Approach showing theXuande Emperor 's royal carriage.Ming dynasty of China. 1440 :Eton College founded by Henry VI.1440s : TheGolden Horde breaks up into theSiberia Khanate , theKhanate of Kazan , theAstrakhan Khanate , theCrimean Khanate , and theGreat Horde .1440 –1469 : UnderMoctezuma I , theAztecs become the dominant power inMesoamerica .1440 :Oba Ewuare comes to power in theWest African city ofBenin , and turns it into an empire.1440 : Reign ofMoctezuma I begins as the fifthtlatoani Tenochtitlan and emperor of theAztec Empire .1441 :Jan van Eyck , Flemish painter, dies.1441 : Portuguese navigators cruiseWest Africa and reestablish theEuropean slave trade with a shipment ofAfrican slaves sent directly fromAfrica toPortugal .1441 : A civil war between theTutul Xiues andCocom breaks out in theLeague of Mayapan . As a consequence, the league begins to disintegrate.1442 :Leonardo Bruni definesMiddle Ages and Modern times.1443 :Abdur Razzaq visits India.1443 :King Sejong the Great publishes thehangul , the native phonetic alphabet system for theKorean language .1444 : TheAlbanian league is established in Lezha,Skanderbeg is elected leader. A war begins against theOttoman Empire . An Albanianstate is set up and lasts until1479 .1444 :Ottoman Empire underSultan Murad II defeats thePolish andHungarian armies underWładysław III of Poland andJános Hunyadi at theBattle of Varna .1445 : TheKazan Khanate defeats theGrand Principality of Moscow at theBattle of Suzdal .1446 :Mallikarjuna Raya succeeds his fatherDeva Raya II as monarch of theVijayanagara Empire .1447 : Wijaya Parakrama Wardhana, succeedsSuhita as ruler of Majapahit.[ 11] 1449 :Saint Srimanta Sankardeva was born.1449 :Esen Tayisi leads anOirat Mongol invasion of China which culminate in the capture of theZhengtong Emperor atBattle of Tumu Fortress .Angkor , the capital of theKhmer Empire , was abandoned in the 15th century.The seventeen Kuchkabals of Yucatán after The League of Mayapan in 1461. The Siege of Rhodes (1480 ). Ships of theHospitaliers in the forefront, and Turkish camp in the background.1480 : After theGreat standing on the Ugra river ,Muscovy gained independence from theGreat Horde .1481 :Spanish Inquisition begins in practice with the firstauto-da-fé 1481 : Reign ofTizoc begins as the seventhtlatoani Tenochtitlan and the emperor of theAztec Triple Alliance .1482 :Portuguese navigatorDiogo Cão becomes the firstEuropean to enter theCongo .1483 :The Jews are expelled from Andalusia .1483 :Pluto moves insideNeptune 's orbit untilJuly 23 ,1503 , according to modernorbital calculations.1484 :William Caxton , the firstprinter of books inEnglish , prints his translation ofAesop's Fables 1485 :Matthias Corvinus of Hungary capturedVienna ,Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor ran away.1485 :Henry VII defeatsRichard III at theBattle of Bosworth and becomes King of England.1485 :Ivan III of Russia conqueredTver .1485 :Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya drives outPraudha Raya ending theSangama Dynasty .1486 :Sher Shah Suri , is born inSasaram ,Bihar .1486 : Reign ofAhuitzotl begins as the eighthtlatoani Tenochtitlan and emperor of theAztec Triple Alliance .1487 :Hongzhi Emperor ascends the throne, bringing Confucian ideology under his administration.1488 : Portuguese NavigatorBartolomeu Dias sails around theCape of Good Hope .View ofFlorence , birthplace of the Renaissance, in a 1493 woodcut fromHartmann Schedel 'sNuremberg Chronicle 1492 : The death ofSunni Ali Ber left a leadership void in theSonghai Empire , and his son was soon dethroned byMamadou Toure who ascended the throne in 1493 under the nameAskia (meaning "general") Muhammad. Askia Muhammad made Songhai the largest empire in the history of West Africa. The empire went into decline, however, after 1528, when the now-blind Askia Muhammad was dethroned by his son,Askia Musa .1492 :Boabdil 's surrender ofGranada marks the end of the SpanishReconquista andAl-Andalus .1492 :Ferdinand andIsabella sign theAlhambra Decree , expelling allJews from Spain unless they convert toCatholicism ; 40,000–200,000 leave.1492 :Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas fromSpain .1493 :Christopher Columbus landed on modern-dayPuerto Rico .1493 :Leonardo da Vinci creates the first known design for ahelicopter .1494 : Spain and Portugal sign theTreaty of Tordesillas and agree to divide the World outside of Europe between themselves.1494 –1559: TheItalian Wars lead to the downfall of theItalian city-states .1495 :Manuel I succeedsJohn II as the king ofPortugal (reigns until1521 ).1497 –1499 :Vasco da Gama 's first voyage fromEurope toIndia and back.1499 :Ottoman fleet defeatsVenetians at theBattle of Zonchio .1499 : University "Alcalá de Henares" in Madrid, Spain is built.1499 :Michelangelo 'sPietà in St. Peter's Basilica is made in Rome1500 : Islam becomes the dominant religion across the Indonesian archipelago.[ 13] 1500 : in an effort to increase his power.Bolkiah founded the city ofSelurong —later namedMaynila , on the other side of thePasig River shortly after taking overTondo from its monarch, Lakan Gambang.[ 14] 1500 : Around late 15th centuryBujangga Manik manuscript was composed, tell the story of Jaya Pakuan Bujangga Manik, aSundanese Hindu hermit journeys throughout Java and Bali.[ 15] 1500 :Charles of Ghent (futureLord of the Netherlands ,King of Spain ,Archduke of Austria , andHoly Roman Emperor ) was born.1500 :Guru Nanak begins the spreading ofSikhism , the fifth-largest religion in the world.1500 :Spanish navigatorVicente Yáñez Pinzón encountersBrazil but is prevented from claiming it by theTreaty of Tordesillas .1500 :Portuguese navigatorPedro Álvares Cabral claims Brazil for Portugal.1500 : TheOttoman fleet ofKemal Reis defeats theVenetians at theSecond Battle of Lepanto .Ivan III of Russia (1440–1505), Grand Prince of Moscow who ended the dominance of the Tatars in the lands of the Rus
[ edit ] ^ Crowley, Roger (2006).Constantinople: The Last Great Siege, 1453 . Faber.ISBN 0-571-22185-8 Foster, Charles (22 September 2006)."The Conquestof Constantinople and the end of empire" .Contemporary Review . Archived fromthe original on 22 August 2009.It is the end of the Middle Ages ^ Encyclopædia Britannica,Renaissance , 2008, O.Ed. ^ McLuhan 1962 ;Eisenstein 1980 ;Febvre & Martin 1997 ;Man 2002 ^ Harvey 2005 , p. 14.^ Nanda, J. N (2005).Bengal: the unique state . Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005.ISBN 978-81-8069-149-2 Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with. ^ Winstedt, R. O. (1948)."The Malay Founder of Medieval Malacca" Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London .12 (3/4).Cambridge University Press on behalf ofSchool of Oriental and African Studies :726– 729.doi :10.1017/S0041977X00083312 .JSTOR 608731 .^ "An introduction to the Ming dynasty (1368–1644)" .Khan Academy Asian Art Museum . Retrieved29 September 2018 .^ Modern interpretation of the place names recorded by Chinese chronicles can be found e.g. inSome Southeast Asian Polities Mentioned in the MSL Archived 12 July 2012 at theWayback Machine by Geoffrey Wade ^ "Thousands in China are descendants of an ancient Filipino king. Here's how it happened" .Filipiknow . 24 March 2017.^ "New Sulu King research book by Chinese author debuts in Philippines" .Xinhuanet . Archived fromthe original on 16 August 2021.^a b c d e f g Ricklefs (1991), page 18. ^ "Shri Mahaprabhuji Shri Vallabhacharyaji Biography | Pushti Sanskar" .pushtisanskar.org . Retrieved2 June 2023 .^ Leinbach, Thomas R. (20 February 2019)."Religions" .Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved23 February 2019 . ^ Carating, Rodelio B.; Galanta, Raymundo G.; Bacatio, Clarita D. (23 April 2014).The Soils of the Philippines ISBN 978-94-017-8682-9 ^ Noorduyn, J. (2006).Three Old Sundanese poems . KITLV Press. p. 437. Langer, William.An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed. 1973); highly detailed outline of eventsonline free Febvre, Lucien ;Martin, Henri-Jean (1997),The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800 , London: Verso,ISBN 1-85984-108-2 Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. (1980),The Printing Press as an Agent of Change ISBN 0-521-29955-1 Tolley, Thomas (2001)."Eyck, Barthélemy d' The Oxford Companion to Western Art . Oxford: Oxford University Press.ISBN 0-19-866203-3 Harvey, L. P. (16 May 2005).Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614 ISBN 978-0-226-31963-6 Man, John (2002),The Gutenberg Revolution: The Story of a Genius and an Invention that Changed the World ISBN 978-0-7472-4504-9 McLuhan, Marshall (1962),The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (1st ed.), University of Toronto Press,ISBN 978-0-8020-6041-9 {{citation }}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help )
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