Common year in the 16th century
Calendar year
October 15 : The day after October 4, 1582, is designated October 15 by order of Pope Gregory XIIIJune 21 : Japanese warlordOda Nobunaga assassinated in "incident at Honnō-ji "1582 (MDLXXXII common year starting on Monday in theJulian calendar , and acommon year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of theProleptic Gregorian calendar . This year saw the beginning of theGregorian calendar switchpapal bull Inter gravissimas Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and most of present-day Italy from the start. In these countries, the year continued as normal through Thursday,October 4 ; the next day became Friday,October 15 , like acommon year starting on Friday . France followed two months later, letting Sunday,December 9 be followed by Monday,December 20 . Other countries continued using the Julian calendar, switching calendars in later years, and the complete conversion to the Gregorian calendar was not entirely done until 1923.
January 2 –University of Würzburg is refounded.[ 1] January 15 –Russia cedes its conquered areas inLivonia (NorthernLatvia and SouthernEstonia ), to thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth .February 10 –François, Duke of Anjou , arrives in the Netherlands, where he is personally welcomed byWilliam the Silent .February 24 (Julian) (March 6 Gregorian) –Pope Gregory XIII proclaims theGregorian Calendar , to come into effect in October. Under the order, the date on the Julian calendar will be advanced by 10 days in order to synchronize the calendar date back to the equinoxes and solstices, since the gap has been increasing by one day every 100 years since the6th century and is 10 days off schedule.[ 2] March 9 –Scryer Edward Kelley arrives atJohn Dee 's house in London. They practice angelic magic together and Dee develops theEnochian language.[ 3] March – TheNew Testament of theDouai Bible English byFather Gregory Martin fromLatin of the New Testament, for use in the Roman Catholic Church, is published. Martin had started his work on October 16, 1578.[ 4] April 2 –1582 Ancuancu earthquake : Ancuancu (in modern-dayLa Paz Department ,Bolivia ) is struck by an earthquake that reportedly buries all of the inhabitants, except for one chief, who reportedly loses the ability to speak.[ 5] [ 6] Achocalla ) valley is formed as a result of the earthquake.[ 7] April 3 –Battle of Temmokuzan : Unable to reverse the collapse ofTakeda clan ,Takeda Katsuyori and his household commit suicide.April 14 – KingJames VI ofScotland signs a charter creating the Tounis College, which becomes theUniversity of Edinburgh .April 16 –Spanish conquistadorHernando de Lerma founds the settlement ofSalta ,Argentina .April 17 –Siege of Takamatsu : In Japan,Toyotomi Hideyoshi departs from theHimeji Castle in the modern-dayHyōgo Prefecture and begins his march westward with 20,000 soldiers to theBitchū Province in the modern-dayOkayama Prefecture . Along the way, he stops at theKameyama Castle where he makes a rendezvous with theUkita clan and 10,000 additional forces before proceeding toward the Takamatsu Castle.[ 8] May 17 – TheSiege of Takamatsu begins as Hideyoshi attacks the forces ofShimizu Muneharu , who has twice as many soldiers. Hideyhoshi orders an engineering project to block the Ashimori River and divert its waters to flood Takamatsu Castle.[ 8] June 8 –Siege of Takamatsu : Heavy rains and the dikes built by Hideyoshi's forces turn the area around Takamatsu Castle into a lake.[ 8] June 21 – (2nd day of the sixth month,Tenshō 10) TheHonnō-ji Incident occurs inKyoto inJapan , as Japanese warlordOda Nobunaga , on the verge of unifying Japan under his rule, is assassinated following a betrayal by a rebel subject,Akechi Mitsuhide .[ 9] June 23 – After learning of the assassination of his commander, Oda Nobunaga,Shimizu Muneharu surrenders Takamatsu Castle to Toyotomi Hideyoshi and, in return for the pledge that the castle's defenders will be spared, commits the ritual suicide ofseppuku .[ 10] Young King James, taken hostage August 23 –Raid of Ruthven inScotland :Presbyterian nobles led byWilliam Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie kidnapKing James VI of Scotland , the kingdom's 16-year-old ruler, while he is hunting inPerthshire . The Earl of Gowrie imprisons the King at Ruthven Castle as part of a coup d'etat to reform the Scottish government.[ 12] September 28 – Ruthven and his co-conspirators arrange forJohn Maxwell, 8th Lord Maxwell , heir to former regentJames Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton , to be installed asScotland 's regent. Douglas had been executed in 1581 for the 1567 murder ofHenry Stuart, Lord Darnley , husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and father of King James VI, who is imprisoned at Ruthven's castle.October 4 (Julian) (October 14 Gregorian) – TheJulian calendar is discarded at the end of the day in Italy, Poland, Portugal, and Spain asPope Gregory XIII implements theGregorian calendar . In the nations where the calendar is accepted, Thursday, October 4 is followed the next day by Friday,October 15 .[ 2] October 26 (Julian) (November 5 Gregorian) – GeneralYermak Timofeyevich completes theRussian conquest of Siberia in theBattle of Chuvash Cape asKuchum Khan abandonsQashliq , the capital of theKhanate of Sibir .[ 13] Tobolsk will be built 11 miles (18 km) further up theIrtysh river.November 29 – Ten years before he begins writing his first known plays,William Shakespeare , 18 years old, marries pregnant 26-year-oldAnne Hathaway in England.[ 14] December 9 (Julian) (December 19 Gregorian) –France discards the Julian Calendar at the end of the day and adopts theGregorian Calendar at midnight. Sunday, December 9 is followed the next day in France by Monday,December 20 .[ 2] The temple complex ofKumbum is founded inTibet . InMing dynasty China : The sultanate ofMorocco begins to press southward, in search of a greater share of the trans-Saharan trade. TheCagayan battles in the Philippines, the only recorded clashes between European regular soldiers andsamurai warriors. George II, Duke of Pomerania Taichang Emperor January 6 January 7 –Magdalene of Brandenburg , Landgravine consort of Hesse-Darmstadt (1598–1616) (d.1616 )January 26 –Giovanni Lanfranco , Italian painter (d.1647 )January 28 –John Barclay , Scottish satirist and Latin poet (d.1621 )[ 15] January 30 –George II, Duke of Pomerania (d.1617 )February 8 –Matthias Bernegger , German philologist (d.1640 )February 17 –George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d.1641 )February 22 –John Ratcliffe , English politician and soldier (d.1627 )March 15 March 22 –John Williams , Welsh clergyman and political advisor to King James I (d.1650 )March 31 –Duchess Sophie of Prussia , Duchess consort of Courland (1609–1610) (d.1610 )April 8 –(bapt.) Phineas Fletcher , English poet (d.1650 )April 11 –Justus de Harduwijn , Dutch Catholic priest and poet (d.1636 )May 1 –Marco da Gagliano , Italian composer of the early Baroque era (d.1643 )May 5 –John Frederick, Duke of Württemberg (1608–1628) (d.1628 )June 26 –Johannes Schultz , German composer (d.1653 )June 28 –William Fiennes, 1st Viscount Saye and Sele , English nobleman and politician (d.1662 )July 27 –Sir John Isham, 1st Baronet , English Member of Parliament (d.1651 )August 11 –Sabina Catharina of East Frisia , Countess of Rietberg (1586–1618) (d.1618 )August 17 –John Matthew Rispoli , major Maltese philosopher of great erudition (d.1639 )August 26 –Humilis of Bisignano , Italian Franciscan friar and saint (d.1637 )August 27 –Maria Amalia of Nassau-Dillenburg , German noble (d.1635 )August 28 September 25 –Archduchess Eleanor of Austria (d.1620 )September 26 –Eitel Frederick von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen , German Catholic cardinal (d.1625 )October 2 –Augustus, Count Palatine of Sulzbach , Count Palatine of Neuburg (1614–1632) (d.1632 )October 17 –Johann Gerhard , Lutheran church leader (d.1637 )October 19 –Dmitri Ivanovich , Russian Tsarevich (d.1591 )October 21 –John Ernest of Nassau-Siegen , German general (d.1617 )October 22 –Francesco Piccolomini , Italian Jesuit (d.1651 )November 2 –Elizabeth Jane Weston , English Czech poet (d.1612 )November 21 –François Maynard , French poet (d.1646 )November 27 –Pierre Dupuy , French historian (d.1651 )November 30 –Anselm Casimir Wambold von Umstadt , Archbishop of Mainz (d.1647 )December 10 –William Chappell , Irish bishop (d.1649 )December 16 –Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey , English adventurer and soldier (d.1642 )December 23 –Severo Bonini , Italian composer (d.1663 )[ 16] date unknown Giovanni Francesco Abela , Maltese writer (d.1655 )Giulio Alenio , Italian Jesuit missionary (d.1649 )Gregorio Allegri , Italian composer (d.1652 )John Bainbridge , English astronomer (d.1648 )Richard Corbet , English poet and bishop (d.1635 )William Juxon ,Archbishop of Canterbury (d.1663 )Thomas Moulson , Lord Mayor of London (d.1638 )David Teniers the Elder , Flemish painter (d.1649 )Francis Windebank , English politician (d.1646 )Jacomina de Witte , politically influential Dutch woman (d.1661 )Jakub Zadzik , Polish nobleman and diplomat (d.1642 )probable –Sigismondo d'India , Italian composer (d.1629 )Oda Nobunaga SaintTeresa of Avila Diego, Prince of Asturias Fernando Álvarez de Toledo January 23 –Jean Bauhin , French physician (b.1511 )January 26 –Thomas Platter , Swiss humanist scholar (b.1499 )February 18 –Sakuma Nobumori , Japanese retainer and samurai (b.1528 )March 14 –Elisabeth of Hesse, Electress Palatine by marriage (1576-1582) (b.1539 )March 18 –Juan Jauregui , attempted assassin ofWilliam I of Orange (b.1562 )March 22 –Daniel Brendel von Homburg , Roman Catholic archbishop (b.1522 )March 29 –Philip de' Medici , Italian noble, Grand Prince of Tuscany (b.1577 )April 3 –Takeda Katsuyori , Japanese daimyō of Takeda Clan (b.1546 )April 16 –Oyamada Nobushige , Japanese samurai (b.1545 )April 21 –Francisco de Toledo , Spanish soldier and politician (b.1515 )May 3 –Giorgio Mainerio , Italian composer (b.1530 )May 5 –Charlotte of Bourbon , Princess consort of Orange, married toWilliam I of Orange (b.1547 )June 13 –Matteo Tafuri , Italian alchemist (b.1492 )June 21 June 23 –Shimizu Muneharu , Japanese military commander (b.1537 )July 2 –Akechi Mitsuhide , Japanese samurai and warlord (b.1528 )July 3 –James Crichton , Scottish scholar (b.1560 )July 7 –Kawajiri Hidetaka , Japanese samurai (b.1527 )July 17 –Jacques Peletier du Mans , French mathematician (b.1517 )September 23 –Louis, Duke of Montpensier (b.1513 )September 28 –George Buchanan , Scottish humanist scholar (b.1506 )October 4 –Teresa of Ávila , SpanishCarmelite nun, poet and saint (b.1515 )[ 18] October 21 –Laurent Joubert , French physician (b.1529 )November 21 –Diego, Prince of Asturias , Portuguese prince (b.1575 )December 11 –Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba , Spanish general (b.1507 )Date unknown: ^ "The foundation of the university in 1582" , Universität Würzburg website^a b c Historical Association Pamphlet ^ "MS. Sloane 3188" . The Magickal Review. Archived fromthe original on April 10, 2012.^ Bertrand L. Conway,Studies in Church History (1916) p. 153 ^ "El Deber, Noticias de Bolivia y el Mundo" (in Spanish). Archived fromthe original on November 26, 2011. RetrievedNovember 23, 2011 .^ "Hay Riesgo de un Megaterremoto en Bolivia" .Radio FMBolicia.Ne (in Spanish). Archived fromthe original on February 22, 2014. RetrievedFebruary 12, 2014 .^ Bolivia. Dirección General de Estadística y Estudios Geográficos (1909).Boletin 55 . ^a b c George Sansom,A History of Japan, 1334–1615 (Stanford University Press, 196) pp. 306–307 ^ Yamagishi, Ryoji (May 1, 2017)."本能寺の変､｢本当の裏切り者｣は誰なのか 教科書が教えない｢明智光秀｣以外の真犯人" [Honnō-ji Incident, Who is the "real traitor"? The real culprit other than "Akechi Mitsuhide" that textbooks do not teach.].Toyo Keizai Online (in Japanese).Toyo Keizai . RetrievedJuly 10, 2023 . ^ Stephen Turnbull,The Samurai Sourcebook (Cassell & Co., 2000) pp. 231–232 ^ Walton, Timothy (2002).The Spanish Treasure Fleets . Sarasota, FL: Pineapple Press. p. 80.ISBN 1-56164-049-2 ^ Steven J. Reid, "Of bairns and bearded men: James VI and the Ruthven Raid", by Miles Kerr-Peterson and Steven J. Reid, inJames VI and Noble Power in Scotland 1578–1603 (Routledge, 2017), pp. 32–44 ^ G. V. Lantzeff and R. A. Pierce,Eastward to Empire: Exploration and Conquest on the Russian Open Frontier, to 1750 (McGill-Queen's University Press, 1973) ^ Mabillard, Amanda (August 20, 2000)."Shakespeare's Marriage" .Shakespeare-Online . RetrievedMarch 25, 2024 . ^ "John Barclay | Scottish writer" .Britannica . RetrievedAugust 14, 2022 .^ Stanley Sadie; Alison Latham (1988).The Grove Concise Dictionary of Music ISBN 978-0-333-43236-5 ^ Jeroen Pieter Lamers (2000).Japonius Tyrannus: The Japanese Warlord, Oda Nobunaga Reconsidered 216– 218.ISBN 978-90-74822-22-0 ^ Peter Tyler (April 10, 2014).Teresa of Avila: Doctor of the Soul ISBN 978-1-4411-8784-0 
