Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム

Jump to content

1560s

Edit links

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Decade

The1560s decade ran from January 1, 1560, to December 31, 1569.

Millennium
2nd millennium
Centuries
15th century 16th century 17th century
Decades
1540s 1550s 1560s 1570s 1580s
Years
1560 1561 1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1567 1568 1569
Categories
Births Deaths By country Establishments Disestablishments
v t e

Events

1560

This section istranscluded from1560.(edit |history)

January–March

[edit]

January 7 – In theKingdom of Scotland,French troops commanded byHenri Cleutin and CaptainCorbeyran de Cardaillac Sarlabous sail across theFirth of Forth fromLeith, which they are occupying, and fight with theLords of the Congregation at Pettycur Bay nearKinghorn.
February 27 –Treaty of Berwick: Terms are agreed upon with the Lords of the Congregation in Scotland, for forces of theKingdom of England to enter Scotland, to expel French troops defending the Regency ofMary of Guise.^[1]
March 7 – A Spanish-led expedition, commanded byJuan de la Cerda, 4th Duke of Medinaceli, overruns the Tunisian island ofDjerba.^[2]
March 17 – Leaders of theAmboise conspiracy, including Godefroy de Barry, seigneur de La Renaudie, make an unsuccessful attempt to storm the château ofAmboise, where the young French king and queen are residing.^[3] La Renaudie is subsequently caught and executed, along with over 1,000 of his followers.^[4]
March –Bairam Khan, theVakil or prime minister of India'sMughal Empire, is forced to retire by theEmperor Akbar.^[5]

April–June

[edit]

April 15 –Denmark–Norway buys theEstonian island ofÖsel, from itslast prince-bishop.
May 11 – In theBattle of Djerba, theOttoman fleet, commanded byPiali Pasha, overwhelms a large joint European (mainly Spanish) fleet, sinking about half its ships.^[6]
June 12 (19th day of 5th month ofEiroku 3) – In Japan,Oda Nobunaga defeatsImagawa Yoshimoto in theBattle of Okehazama.^[7]

July–September

[edit]

July 6 – TheTreaty of Edinburgh is signed between England, France and Scotland, ending theSiege of Leith. The French withdraw from Scotland, largely ending theAuld Alliance between the two countries, and also ending the wars between England and its northern neighbour.^[8]
August 2 –Livonian War –Battle of Ergeme:Russians defeat theLivonian Brothers of the Sword, precipitating the dissolution of the order.
August 17 – TheScottish Reformation Parliament adopts aProtestant confession of faith andrejects papal authority, beginning theScottish Reformation, and disestablishingRoman Catholicism in Scotland.^[9]^[10]
August 21 – Atotal eclipse of the sun is observable in Europe, which inspiresTycho Brahe's interest in astronomy.^[11]
September 18 – AfterRobert Sempill, 3rd Lord Sempill, a Scottish Catholic, continues to resist theScottish Reformation, theDuke of Châtellerault and theEarl of Arran commence a siege ofCastle Semple atLochwinnoch. They begin firing artillery at the castle on September 23 and destroythe gatehouse.
September 29 –Eric XIV becomesKing ofSweden, upon the death of his father,Gustav Vasa.^[12]

October–December

[edit]

October 4 – Queen Elizabeth of England notifies the official treasurers and Lords Mayor throughout the kingdom that the existing coins will be replaced and that those in circulation are to be devalued, to be stricken with a special mark to indicate lesser worth. Treasurers are all instructed to send the coins withdrawn from circulation to be sent to the Royal Mint to be melted down for the new coins.^[13]
October 19 – The siege of Castle Semple ends after 31 days when the defenders wave the white flag of surrender.^[14]
October 29 – Queen Elizabeth directs the minting of the firstmachine produced coins in the Kingdom to completely replacehammered coinage, produced manually.
November 8 –Eloy Mestrelle is given authority to commence the production of the new English coinage on machines he has brought over from France for the purpose of mass production.^[15]
December 5 –Charles IX succeeds his brotherFrancis as King of France, after Francis dies of a severe ear infection at the age of 16. Francis's mother (Mary's mother-in-law),Catherine de' Medici, becomes regent ofFrance.^[16]

Date unknown

[edit]

The completeGeneva Bible is published.^[17]
The first scientific society, theAcademia Secretorum Naturae, is founded inNaples byGiambattista della Porta.^[18]
Solihull School is founded in theWest Midlands of England.^[19]^[20]
The oldest survivingviolin (dated inside), known as theCharles IX, is made inCremona, in northernItaly.
TheMongols invade and occupyQinghai.^[21]
The great age ofpiracy in the Caribbean starts around this time.^[22]

1561

This section istranscluded from1561.(edit |history)

January–March

[edit]

January 4 –Paolo Battista Giudice Calvi is elected as the newDoge of theRepublic of Genoa, but serves for only eight months before dying in September.
January 31
- TheOrdinance of Orléans suspends the persecution of the ProtestantHuguenots inKingdom of France.
- Mughal Empire GeneralBairam Khan is assassinated by an Afghan warrior, Mubarak Khan Lohani, while traveling through Gujarat in India.^[23]
February 13 –Queen Elizabeth of England summons the Ambassador from Spain,Álvaro de la Quadra, for a privateaudience to ask how the Spanish government would react if she were to marryRobert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, who had recently lost his wifeAmy Robsart in a questionable accident.^[24]
March 23 –Lope de Aguirre, aBasque Spanish conquistador, begins a rebellion against the Spanish Crown in an attempt to take over most of Spanish South America.^[25]
March 29 – In India, the Mughal Empire Army, led by GeneralAdham Khan defeats theSultanate of Malwa in a battle atSarangpur, forcing the SultanBaz Bahadur to flee.^[26]

April–June

[edit]

April 9 –Ángel de Villafañe becomes the new Governor ofSpanish Florida, assuming authority over the provinces of La Florida and of Punta de Santa Elena (nowParris Island in the U.S. state of South Carolina).
April 14 – The citizens ofNuremberg see what appears to bean aerial battle, followed by the appearance of a large black triangular object and a large crash (with smoke) outside the city. Anews notice (an early form of newspaper) is printed on April 14, describing the event.^[27]
April 17 –Diego López de Zúñiga, 4th Count of Nieva becomes the fourthSpanish Viceroy of Peru, administering most of South America after the death on March 30 ofAndrés Hurtado de Mendoza.
April 19 – TheEdict of 19 April, confirming the recent recommendation by theEstates General, is promulgated by the regency council for KingCharles IX of France in an attempt to prevent a civil war between the Roman Catholic and the Protestant Huguenot citizens of France^[28]
May 8 –Madrid is declared the capital ofSpain, byPhilip II.^[29]
June 4
- The spire ofOld St Paul's Cathedral in theCity of London catches fire and crashes through thenave roof, probably as the result of alightning strike. The spire is not rebuilt.^[30]
- The nobility ofHarrien-Wierland and the town ofReval (on June 6) of theLivonian Order swear allegiance toSweden.
June 25 –Francis Coxe, an English astrologer, is pilloried atCheapside in London, and makes a public confession of his involvement in "sinistral and divelysh artes".^[31]
June 29 –Erik XIV is crownedKing of Sweden.

July–September

[edit]

July 12 –Saint Basil's Cathedral in Moscow (started in1534) is finished.
July –Arauco War: The hatedencomendero Pedro de Avendaño and two other Spaniards are killed, triggering the Second Great Rebellion of theMapuche.
August 19 –Mary, Queen of Scots, is denied passage through England after returning fromFrance. She arrives atLeith,Scotland later the same day.
August 20 –English merchantAnthony Jenkinson arrives inMoscow on his second expedition to theGrand Duchy of Moscow.^[32]
September 2 – TheEntry of Mary, Queen of Scots into Edinburgh, a civic celebration for the Queen of Scotland, is marred by religious controversy.^[33]
September 28 – An inconclusive three day debate begins inMaybole,Ayrshire, Scotland between Protestant reformerJohn Knox andQuintin Kennedy,commendator of Crossraguel Abbey, ontransubstantiation.^[34] The Reformation, confirmed by the Scottish government in1560, continues.

October–December

[edit]

October 10 – TheSiege of Moji in Japan ends with the defenders retaining their position.^[35]
October 18 –Fourth Battle of Kawanakajima:Takeda Shingen defeatsUesugi Kenshin, in theclimax of their ongoingconflicts.
November 4 – Upon the death of his father,Diogo I Nkumbi a Mpudi,King Afonso II Mpemba a Nzinga becomesthe new monarch of theKingdom of Kongo, located in what is now the southern portion of the Democratic Republic of Congo and the northern portion of Angola. Afonso II reigns for less than a month before being overthrown by his brother, Bernardo.
November 28 – TheTreaty of Vilnius is concluded during theLivonian War, between theLivonian Confederation and thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. With the treaty, the non-Danish and non-Swedish part ofLivonia, with the exception of theFree imperial city ofRiga, subjects itself to Polish king andGrand Duke of Lithuania,Sigismund II Augustus with thePacta subiectionis (Provisio ducalis). In turn, Sigismund grants protection from theTsardom of Russia, and confirms the Livonian estates' traditional privileges, laid out in thePrivilegium Sigismundi Augusti.
December 1 – In the Kingdom of Kongo,Bernardo Mpemba a Nzinga overthrows his brother, King Afonso II, and becomes King Bernardo I.^[36]

Date unknown

[edit]

Merchant Taylors' School is founded in theCity of London bySir Thomas White, Sir Richard Hilles, Emanuel Lucar, andStephen Hales.^[37]
The firstCalvinists settle in England, after fleeingFlanders.
The Anglo-Genevanmetrical psalter is published, including theOld 100th, the version of thehymnAll People That on Earth Do Dwell made fromPsalm 100, attributed to the probably-Scottish clergyman and biblical translatorWilliam Kethe, exiled inGeneva.^[38]
Ruy López de Segura develops modern techniques ofchess playing in Spain.
William Baldwin'sBeware the Cat (written early1553), an early example of extended fiction (specificallyhorror fiction) in English, is published anonymously inLondon. This edition appears to have been suppressed, and no copies survive.^[39]
Between 1561 and1670, 3,229 alleged witches are executed in southwesternGermany, most by burning.

1562

This section istranscluded from1562.(edit |history)

January–March

[edit]

January 6 –Shane O'Neill ofTír Eoghain pleads his cause at thePalace of Whitehall inLondon, before QueenElizabeth I of England, who recognises his status. He returns toIreland onMay 26, and resumes his rebellious activities byNovember.^[40]
January 17 –Huguenots are recognized under theEdict of Saint-Germain.
January 18
- TheCouncil of Trent reconvenes, after a gap of 10 years.
- Thomas Norton andThomas Sackville's playGorboduc is performed for the first time, before Queen Elizabeth I of England. It is the first known Englishtragedy, and the first English language play to employblank verse.^[41]
February 6 – In theMughal Empire in India, theEmperor Akbar marriesMariam-uz-Zamani, daughter ofRaja Bharmal, the ruler of theKingdom of Amber. The marriage takes place inSambhar in what is now the state of Rajasthan, where Akbar has stopped on his way back to the Mughal capital of Agra.
February 12 – AfterCatherine of Austria, the former Queen Consort of Portugal decides to step down as regent for her grandson, the 8-year-oldKing Sebastian at the age of 55, she turns the responsibility over to her late husband's brother,Cardinal Henrique de Aviz, the younger brother of her late husband,King João III.
February 18 – Thesiege of the Portuguese fort of Mazagan begins inMorocco as the Sultanate tries to take back control of the area from the Portuguese occupiers.^[42]
March 1 – Over 80 Huguenots are massacred by the ultra-CatholicFrancis, Duke of Guise inWassy-sur-Blaise, triggering theFirst War of Religion in France.^[43]
March 4 – PrinceAbu Abdallah Mohammed II Saadi, heir to the throne of the Sultanate of Morocco, arrives at Mazagan with 100,000 troops.^[42]
March 15 –English merchantAnthony Jenkinson has an audience withIvan the Terrible inMoscow, before departing the city on April 27 and continuing his second expedition through theGrand Duchy of Moscow toQazvin, capital of theSafavid dynasty inPersia.^[44]
March 24 – Portuguese Navy Captain Álvaro de Carvalho reaches Mazagan in Morocco with a relief force that includes 600 well-equipped troops.1562 – O Triunfo Português no Grande Cerco a Mazagão in Barlavento Another force of 1,565 volunteers arrives on March 26 fromLisbon.^[42]

April–June

[edit]

April 2 –Civil war breaks out in the Kingdom of France asLouis I, Prince of Condé, leader of the ProtestantHuguenots, declares war against the French Catholic rulers, in retaliation for the March 1massacre of Vassy. Condé andGaspard de Coligny seize control ofOrléans, and other uprisings follow throughoutFrance.^[43]^[45]
May 1 –Jean Ribault, French navigator, lands inFlorida, and later establishes aHuguenot colony atCharlesfort onParris Island, South Carolina.
May 5 – Prince Abdullah of Morocco withdraws his troops after seeing no way to overcome Portuguese defenses at Marzagan.^[46]
May 28 – TheSiege of Rouen asClaude, Duke of Aumale, leads 3,000 French government troops against the Huguenot fortress atRouen. The siege lasts for five months. He orders a retreat in June but returns on 29 July with a larger force and heavier artillery.^[47]
June 10 – English Catholic printerThomas Somerset is jailed atFleet Prison "for translating an oratyon out of Frenche, made by the Cardinall of Lorraine, and putting the same without authority in prynte." On June 27, he is summoned before the Lords of the Council for a parole hearing, but is turned down because "he seamed to go about to justifye his cause" and returned to Fleet, "there to remaine until he shall have better considered of himself." He remains imprisoned for more than 19 years before finally being released on February 28, 1582.^[48]
June 14 – At dinner at Dunfermline Castle,Mary, Queen of Scots, displays agold ring set with a heart shaped diamond from her collection and declares that she will send it toQueen Elizabeth of England as a gift and a possible summit conference in the future.^[49]
June 17 Full moon of Waso 924 ME– KingKing Bayinnaung of Burma establishes an army garrison atDawei in preparation for an attack against the Siamese Kingdom of Ayutthaya.^[50]

July–September

[edit]

July 12 – FrayDiego de Landa, actingBishop of Yucatan, burns the sacred books of theMaya.
August 3 – A severe hailstorm causes serious damage in the German town ofWiesensteig, and leads a few days later to the demand of Mayor Ulrich von Helfenstein for the arrest of several women oncharges of practicing witchcraft. Six of the women are executed the first of 63 women and men put to death after being convicted of practicing sorcery.^[51]
August 7 – TheTreaty of Mozhaysk is signed between Denmark and Russia to avoid going to war against each other over theKingdom of Livonia, now divided intoEstonia andLatvia.^[52]
August 24 – In the French city ofBar-sur-Seine, at least300 Huguenots are massacred by Catholic soldiers after their success in reconquering the citadel there. The killing occurs nine days after the burning alive of 94 Huguenots atLauzerte.
September 20 – TheTreaty of Hampton Court, between Queen Elizabeth I of England andHuguenot leaderLouis, Prince of Condé, is signed.^[53]
September 22 –Maximilian, son of theEmperor Ferdinand I, succeeds Ferdinand as ruler of theKingdom of Bohemia (now the Czech Republic).

October–December

[edit]

October 4 –English forces underAmbrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick, land atLe Havre to aid the Huguenots against the French Crown.^[53]
October 19 –La Herradura naval disaster: Twenty-five ships sink in a storm off of the coast of Spain in the bay ofLa Herradura, where 28 ships had been anchored to weather the elements. At least 3,000 people are killed, and perhaps as many as 5,000, while another 2,000 survivors, mostly slaves on the galleys, are able to escape to shore.^[54]^[55]
October 26 –Rouen is captured by Royalist forces underAntoine de Bourbon, King ofNavarre, who is mortally wounded.
October – PrivateerJohn Hawkins undertakes the first of severalslave trading voyages, attacking Portugueseslave ships off the West African coast and forcibly transporting the enslaved Africans onboard toSpanish colonies in the Americas to sell. Hawkins arrives at the island ofHispaniola in theSpanish West Indies, where he illicitly sells the enslaved Africans to local colonists, as his presence is technically in violation of Spanish law.^[56]
November 5 –Battle of Corrichie inScotland: The rebellion of George Gordon,Earl of Huntly is crushed byJames Stewart, Earl of Moray.^[57]
November 20 –Maximilian of Bohemia is electedKing of the Romans.
December 19 –Battle of Dreux: Huguenot and Catholic forces fight a bloody battle, narrowly won by the Catholic side. The official leaders of both armies are captured in the battle.^[58]

Date unknown

[edit]

Mughal Emperor Akbar conquersMalwa, and its last Sultan,Baz Bahadur, flees.
Dudley Grammar School is established, andGresham's School is granted aroyal charter, inEngland.
Fausto Sozzini publishesBrevis explicatio in primum Johannis caput, originatingSocinianism.
Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola publishesRegola delli cinque ordini d'architettura(Rules of the Five Orders of Architecture);^[59] in succeeding centuries it will become the most published book in architectural history.^[60]
ThePünte at Wiltshausen, a small, hand-operated ferry, which becomes a historic monument in the late 20th century, is first recorded.
The Portuguese army is defeated at theBattle of Mulleriyawa, Sri Lanka, at the hand of the Sitawaka army commanded by Prince Tikiri Bandara (King Rajasinghe), leaving 1600 dead. This is considered the worst defeat the Portuguese have suffered up to this time.
An arsenal in Paris explodes. As recorded byAmbroise Paré inThe Workes of Ambrose Parey: "In the yeare of our Lord 1562, a quantity of this pouder [gunpowder] which was not very great, taking fire by accident in the Arcenall of Paris, caused such a tempest that the whole city shook, but it quite overturned many of the neighboring houses, and shook off the tiles and broke the windows of those which were further away; and to conclude, like a storm of lightning, it laid many here and there for dead, some lost their sight, others their hearing, and others their limbs were torn apart as if they had been rent with wild horses" (p.415).

1563

This section istranscluded from1563.(edit |history)

January–March

[edit]

January 2 (January 2, 1562 O.S., January 11, 1563 N.S.) – Theconvocation of bishops and clerics of the Church of England is opened atSt Paul's Cathedral inLondon by theDean of the Arches,Robert Weston to agree upon the wording of what will become theThirty-nine Articles, with the assembly adopting all but three of theForty-two Articles promulgated during the reign of KingEdward VI in 1553. The conference lasts for three months before agreeing upon the Articles to be submitted for further modification.
January 25 – InItaly, Instituto Bancario San Paolo di Torino, a constituent of the major financial groupSanpaolo IMI, is founded.^[61]
February 1 –Sarsa Dengel succeeds his fatherMenas asEmperor of Ethiopia at age 14.^[62]^[63]
February 18 –Francis, Duke of Guise, is assassinated while besiegingOrléans byJean de Poltrot.^[64]
March 19 – TheEdict of Amboise is signed at theChâteau d'Amboise byCatherine de' Medici, acting as regent for her sonCharles IX of France, having been negotiated between theHuguenot Louis, Prince of Condé, andAnne, duc de Montmorency,Constable of France. It accords some toleration to the Huguenots, especially to aristocrats.^[65] It officially ends the first phase of theFrench Wars of Religion,^[66] and the combined Huguenot and royal armies then march north to besiege the English inLe Havre.^[67]

April–June

[edit]

April 5 – The English galleon ship HMSGrehound strikes a sandbar off of the coast ofRye, East Sussex and sinks with all hands in theEnglish Channel, including theAdmiral of the Narrow Seas,John Malyn.^[68]
April 10 – Royal assent is given by Queen Elizabeth of England to parliamentary approval of multiple laws, including theHighways Act 1562 (requiring all householders in a parish to provide six days labor per year on building highways); thePoor Act 1562 (providing for fines for persons who refuse to contribute to a fund for relief of the poor); theSupremacy of the Crown Act 1562 (making refusal to swear allegiance to the monarch punishable as treason); and theWitchcraft Act 1562 (limiting the death penalty for witchcraft to cases where a defendant caused another person's death)
April 23 – The cornerstone is laid for the construction ofEl Escorial, the royal palace for the monarch of Spain.^[69] Construction will not be finished for 21 more years, with completion on September 13, 1584.
May 5 (3rd day of 4th month,Eiroku 6) – The Battle of Yudokoru takes place in Japan at theInaba Province (now the easternTottori Prefecture), as Takanobu Takeda defeats the shogun Toyokazu Yamana.
May 25 –Elizabeth College, Guernsey is founded, by order of QueenElizabeth I of England.^[70]
May 30 – AtBornholm, theDanish fleet fires on theSwedish navy, leading to a Danish defeat and precipitating theNorthern Seven Years' War.^[71]
June 4 – TheParliament of Scotland passes theWitchcraft Act, making both the practice of witchcraft, and the act of consulting with witches, punishable by burning at the stake.^[72]^[73]

July–September

[edit]

July 28 – The English surrenderLe Havre to the French after a siege.^[74]
August 13 –Northern Seven Years' War:Denmark–Norway and theFree City of Lübeck declare war against theKingdom of Sweden.
August 18 – Merchants from theBungo Province destroy the Portuguese settlement inYokoseura, Japan
September 4 –Northern Seven Years' War: KingFrederick II of Denmark, advancing fromHalland, takesOld Älvsborg fromSweden.^[75]

October–December

[edit]

October 7 –Giovanni Battista Lercari is elected as the newDoge of theRepublic of Genoa.
November 9 – The Army of Sweden, under the command of KingKing Erik XIV, suffers a severe defeat in theBattle of Mared against the Army of Denmark, commanded byKing Frederik II.^[76] In the battle, near what is now the city ofOskarström in Sweden, the Swedes suffer at least 2,500 casualties. The Swedish Army is able to retreat and rebuild, but the Danes plunder the village ofÖvraby, which is never rebuilt.
November 11 – The Council of Trentamends existing Roman Catholic canon law to deter unannounced marriages. In order for a marriage to be recognized by the Church, the names of the bridge and groom are to be announced publicly in a chapel during Mass, and registered with the parish priests of both parties.
December 4 – TheCouncil of Trent (which had opened onDecember 13,1545) officially closes.^[77] It reaffirms all majorRoman Catholic doctrines, and declares theDeuterocanonical books of theOld Testament to becanonical, along with the rest of theBible. Chapter 1, Session 24, promulgates the decreeTametsi, stipulating that for a marriage to be valid, consent (the essence of marriage) as expressed in the vows has to be given publicly before witnesses, one of whom has to be the parish priest.

1564

This section istranscluded from1564.(edit |history)

January–March

[edit]

January 26 –Livonian War –Battle of Ula: ALithuanian surprise attack results in a decisive defeat of the numerically superiorRussian forces.^[78]
February 7 (11th waning of Tabodwe 925 ME) –Burmese–Siamese War: Invaders from Burma overcome the seaside defenses of the Siamese capital atAyutthava, capturing the batteries of cannons and a set of ships sent byPortugal to help defend the kingdom.^[79]
February 18 (8th waxing of Tabaung 925 ME) – TheBurmese–Siamese War ends with the surrender of KingMaha Chakkraphat ofAyutthaya (nowThailand) toKing Bayinnaung of Burma). Chhakkraphat is allowed to go into exile and his sonMahinthrathirat is installed by Bayinnaung as the vassal king of Ayutthaya.^[79]
February 19 –Francisco Coutinho III, Count of Redondo and theViceroy of Portuguese India, dies and is succeeded byJoão de Mendonça Furtado
February 20 – A group of four men assassinate the SpanishViceroy of Peru,Diego López de Zúñiga, 4th Count of Nieva. López is succeeded temporarily byHernando de Saavedra.^[80]
March 25 –Battle of Angol inChile:Spanish Conquistador Lorenzo Bernal del Mercado defeats and kills thetoqui Illangulién.^[81]

April–June

[edit]

April 20 – French explorerRené Goulaine de Laudonnière and a group of 300 Huguenot Protestants depart fromLe Havre on three ships (L'Élisabeth ,Le Faucon andLe Breton) to colonize what is now the U.S. state of Florida.^[82]
May 31 – TheSwedish warshipMars, flagship of the Swedish Navy, catches fire while fighting against the navy of Denmark in thebattle of Öland off of the coast of the island of the same name in theBaltic Sea, and sinks along with its crew of 350 sailors and 450 soldiers it had been transporting. The wreckage of the ship will go undiscovered for 447 years until being found on August 19, 2011.^[83]
June 22 –French settlers abandonCharlesfort, the first French attempt at colonizing what is now the United States, and, with the help of a relief force commanded by René Goulaine, establishFort Caroline inFlorida, near what is now the city ofJacksonville.^[84]

July–September

[edit]

July 2 In India, the Mughal Emperor Akbar departs from the capital,Agra (now located in the state ofUttar Pradesh on the pretext of hunting elephants, in order to conceal his true purpose of punishing the rebel governor of Malwa, Abdullah Khan Ubzeg.^[85]
July 24 (Full moon of Wagaung 926 ME) – In Burma (nowMyanmar),Min Sekkya becomes the newKing of Arakan when his half-brother, KingMin Saw Hla, dies at age 31 after a long illness.
July 25 –Maximilian II becomes the newHoly Roman Emperor upon the death of his father,Ferdinand I. Ferdinand's sonCharles succeeds his father as the new Archduke of Austria.
August 1 – JudgeFrancisco Ceinos becomes the new Viceroy of New Spain upon the death ofLuís de Velasco.
August 6 – In IndiaAkbar, ruler of theMughal Empire, defeats the rebellious governor of Malwa, Abdullah Khan Uzbeg. The defeat comes the day after the Imperial Army's arrival atIndore, now in the Indian state ofMadhya Pradesh.
August 14 – Sweden's Army fightsa second naval battle at Öland against Denmark and captures three Danish Navy ships (Böse Lejonet,Morian, andDavid) and 600 men.
August 28 – KingEric XIV of Sweden, who has been commanding the Swedish Army himself since the start of theNorthern Seven Years' War, turns over the responsibility toNils Boije, who capturesVarberg from Denmark.
September 4 – TheRonneby Bloodbath takes place inRonneby, Denmark (now in Sweden).^[86]
September 10 –Battle of Kawanakajima inJapan:Takeda Shingen fights the forces ofUesugi Kenshin for the final time, to a draw.
September 28 –English merchantAnthony Jenkinson returns to London from his second expedition to theGrand Duchy of Moscow, having gained a considerable extension of trading rights for the EnglishMuscovy Company.^[87]^[88]

October–December

[edit]

October 10 –Lucrezia Di Siena, the first well-known female actress in Europe, begins her career by signing a contract with the Commedia dell'arte theatre company in Rome.
October 23 – KingBayinnaung of Burma leads 64,000 men, 3,600 horses and 330 elephants on an invasion of theLan Na kingdom (now part ofLaos.^[89]
October 30 – The Duchy ofSavoy signs the Treaty of Lausanne with the Swisscanton of Bern and relinquishes all claims to the canton ofVaud.
November 21 – Spanish ConquistadorMiguel López de Legazpi sails fromMexico.^[90] Later, he will conquer thePhilippine Islands, foundingManila.^[91]
November 25 – When four divisions of the Burmese Army arrive atLamphun, 12.5 miles (20.1 km) fromChiang Mai, Chiang Mai's defenses flee the city.^[89] Bayinnaung spares the life of King Mekuti of Lan Na, and then spends next four months administering the annexed territory.
December 3 –Ivan the Terrible, Tsar of all the Russias, sends his government a letter of abdication, ostensibly because of embezzlement and treason by the aristocracy and the clergy.^[92] Ivan leavesMoscow and moves to the city ofAlexandrovskaya Sloboda, taking with him the relics of the palace and most of his royal court, until being persuaded to return in February on the promise that he will have absolute power.
December 7 – KingCharles IX of France agrees to the terms of a treaty with the cantons of Switzerland, agreeing for French payment of debts owed to the Swiss for loans made to Charles's father,King Henri II.^[93]

Date unknown

[edit]

The first recorded report is made of a "rat king".^[94]
approx. date –Idris Alooma starts to rule theKanem-Bornu Empire.^[95]
The firstScottish Psalter is published.^[96]

1565

This section istranscluded from1565.(edit |history)

January–March

[edit]

January 3 – In theTsardom of Russia,Ivan the Terrible originates theoprichnina (repression of theboyars (aristocrats)).^[97]
January 23 –Battle of Talikota: TheVijayanagara Empire, the lastHindu kingdom inSouth India, is greatly weakened by theDeccan sultanates.^[98]
February 13 – SpanishConquistador Miguel López de Legazpi lands with his troops on the shores ofCebu Island in thePhilippines.
March 1 – Thecity ofRio de Janeiro,Brazil, is founded asSão Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro byEstácio de Sá.^[99]
March 16 – Spanish Conquistador López de Legazpi makes ablood compact (sandugan) withDatu Sikatuna in the island ofBohol, Philippines.^[100]

April–June

[edit]

April 27 –Cebu City is established as San Miguel by López de Legazpi, becoming the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines.
May 2 –Huntingdon Grammar School is established in England.^[101]
May 18 –Ottoman troops land on the island ofMalta, beginning theGreat Siege of Malta.^[102]^[103]
June 4 – TheTreaty of Cebu is signed betweenMiguel López de Legazpi, representingPhilip II of Spain, andRajah Tupas of Cebu.^[104] This effectively creates Spanishsuzerainty over Cebu.
June 17 – (19th day of 5th month,Eiroku 8); In Japan,Ashikaga Yoshiteru, theAshikaga shogun, commits ritual suicide afterMatsunaga Hisahide invadesKyoto.^[105]

July–September

[edit]

July 29 – The widowedMary, Queen of Scots, marries her half-cousinHenry Stuart, Lord Darnley, atHolyrood Palace in Edinburgh, in aCatholic ceremony.^[106]
August 6 –Sark, in theChannel Islands, is granted as afief byElizabeth I of England toHellier de Carteret,Seigneur of Saint Ouen.^[107]^[108]
August 26 – TheChaseabout Raid begins in Scotland as a rebellion against Mary, Queen of Scots by her half-brother, byJames Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, following her July 29 marriage to Lord Darnley.
August 28 (feast day of St. Augustine) – The Spanish fleet ofPedro Menéndez de Avilés first sights land inFlorida.^[109]
August 31 –Chaseabout Raid: Moray and at least 1,000 of his rebels arrive inEdinburgh for a confrontation with the Scottish crown. After cannon fire from Edinburgh Castle, the rebels retreat toward England to seek help. The rebellion is ended by the end of September.
September 4 – The Spanish fleet of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés lands in Florida to oust theFrench underJean Ribault.^[110] He later destroys theFrench colony ofFort Caroline.
September 8 –St. Augustine, Florida (named afterAugustine of Hippo), is established byPedro Menéndez de Avilés, becoming the oldest surviving European settlement in the modern-day United States, and a mass of Thanksgiving is said.
September 11 – TheKnights of Malta lift theGreat Siege of Malta after four months.^[111]

October–December

[edit]

October 11 –Ottavio Gentile Oderico is elected to a two-year term as theDoge of theRepublic of Genoa.^[112]
October 18 –Battle of Fukuda Bay: Ships belonging to theMatsura clan of Japan fail to capture a Portuguese tradingcarrack, in the first recorded naval battle between Japan and a European nation.^[113]
October 20 – In theNorthern Seven Years' War, theBattle of Axtorna is fought in Sweden, nearFalkenberg, asDaniel Rantzau of the Army of Denmark and Norway leads 7,400 troops in defeating a counterattack by over 11,000 Swedish troops led by Jacob Henriksson Hästesko.^[114]
October – The firstMartello tower, theTour de Mortella, designed byGiovan Giacomo Paleari Fratino (el Fratin), is completed as part of theGenovese defence system at Mortella (Myrtle) Point, in UpperCorsica.^[115]
November 25 – The army ofBurma, under the command of KingBayinnaung conquersChiang Mai, capital of the Siamese Kingdom ofLan Na, and departs on November 30.^[116]
December 31 – The Burmese Army conquersVientiane, the main city of the kingdom of Lan Xang (now Laos).
December – TheMariovo and Prilep rebellion occurs, the very first recorded rebellion by the Macedonian hajduks or voivode against the Ottoman Empire.^[117]

Date unknown

[edit]

Thepencil is first documented byConrad Gesner;^[118]^[119] it is becoming common in England.
John Beddoes School is founded atPresteigne, Wales.^[120]
Herlufsholm School is founded atNæstved, Denmark.^[121]
Bungay Grammar School is established in England.^[122]

1566

This section istranscluded from1566.(edit |history)

January–March

[edit]

January 7 – CardinalMichele Ghislieri iselected as the new Pope by two-thirds of the College of Cardinals, to succeedPope Pius IV, who had died 28 days earlier on December 8. Ghislieri becomes the 225th pope, and takes the regnal namePope Pius V.^[123]
February 24 – In one of the first gun assassinations in Japanese (if not world) history,Mimura Iechika, thedaimyō (warlord) of theBitchū Province, is shot dead by two brothers (Endo Matajiro and Yoshijiro), sent by his rivalUkita Naoie.
March 28 – The foundation stone ofValletta, which will becomeMalta's capital city, is laid byJean Parisot de Valette,Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.^[124]
March – TheHanseatic city ofLübeck launches thegalleonAdler von Lübeck, probably the largest ship in the world at this time.^[125]

April–June

[edit]

April 5 – TheCompromise of Nobles is presented toMargaret of Parma,Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands, but it succeeds only in delaying the beginning of theEighty Years' War in the Netherlands.^[126]^[127]
May 1
- Charles IX, King of France, completes hisgrand tour of his kingdom, returning toParis a little more than 27 months and 2,500 miles (4,000 km) after his departure on January 24, 1564.^[128]
- Suleiman the Magnificent, theSultan of the Ottoman Empire, begins his last campaign, departing fromConstantinople at the head of one of the largest armies he has ever commanded, with a plan to attackVienna, capital of theHoly Roman Empire.^[129] However, he dies in September.
May 13 –Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor imposes aReichsexekution uponJohn Frederick II, Duke of Saxony.Augustus, Elector of Saxony is directed to carry out the order to begin the siege of the city ofGotha and John Frederick's home at the Grimmenstein Castle.
May 25 – King Philip II of Spain issueslaws against the remaining Spanish Muslims, including a ban against use of theArabic language, wearing of traditional Arab or Muslim clothing, a requirement that doors in their homes and buildings be kept open every Friday and on Muslim feast days (in order to verify that Muslim rituals are not observed), and forces the tearing down of public and private bathhouses (to prevent purification rites).^[130]
May 30 – The Augsburg Imperial Coin Edict issues from the Holy Roman Empire, authorizing a new coin, thethaler. The new unit of money, theReichsthaler, follows standards providing that the weight should be based on one-ninth of aCologne mark of silver (the "9 Thaler standard") with each minted coin to weigh 29.23 grams and to contain 25.96 grams of silver.^[131] The wordthaler, an abbreviation for the "Joachimsthaler" minted from the silver mines atJoachimsthal (modern-day Jáchymov in the Czech Republic), isanglicized todollar, the name of currencies in many nations.
June 10 – InZnojmo (in the modern-day Czech Republic),Wilhelm von Rosenberg, commander of the Army of theKingdom of Bohemia, begins raising an army to fight an expected invasion by the Ottoman Empire.^[132]

July–September

[edit]

July 22 –Pope Pius V issues an edict to expel most prostitutes from Rome, and thePapal States.^[133] The edict is soon reversed because of the loss of revenue from the taxation of houses of prostitution.^[134]
July 25 – Feodor Stefanovich Kolychov is consecrated as the patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church asPhilip II, Metropolitan of Moscow with the approval of the Tsar Ivan the Terrible,^[135] but soon defies the Tsar. Philip will be deposed in 16 months later and put to death on December 23, 1568.
July 28 –John Sigismund Zápolya, uncrowned claimant to the throne of theKing of Hungary, leads an invasion of Upper Hungary on the orders of Ottoman Sultan Suleiman.^[136]
July 31 –King Philip II of Spain sends a finalletter to the administrators and Catholic bishops of theSpanish Netherlands, rejecting a request to abolish ordinances treatingProtestants asheretics.^[137] The decision leads to an uprising against Spain byCalvinists and ultimately to theEighty Years War.
August 6 – Thesiege of Szigetvár is begun bySuleiman the Magnificent,Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.^[138] This is theOttoman Empire at its greatest extent.
August 10 – TheBeeldenstorm, also called the "Iconoclastic Fury", begins as ProtestantCalvinists engage in widespread destruction of religious art in the what are now the Netherlands and Belgium.^[139]
August 16 – TheBeeldenstorm arrives atYpres and theSt Martin's Cathedral is plundered, with the library and artifiacts of BishopMartin Rythovius burned.
August 25 – The vandalism of theBeeldenstorm reachesLeiden.
September 7 –Suleiman the Magnificent dies in his tent of natural causes aged 71 the day before the end of thesiege of Szigetvár,^[140] andSelim II succeeds him asSultan of the Ottoman Empire.^[141]
September 8 – Thesiege of Szigetvár ends in a fierce battle with the annihilation of 2,300 Hungarian and Croatian defenders, including their general,Nikola Šubić Zrinski, annihilated by an army of 90,000 soldiers of theOttoman Empire, underSokollu Mehmed Pasha.^[142]^[143] Before charging out with his remaining 600 troops, General Zrinski orders the gates to the fortress to be opened and fires a large cannon, loaded with broken iron, killing hundreds of Ottoman attackers as they enter.^[144] As a final measure, according to one source, Zrinski orders a long fuse to be lit to the fortressgunpowder magazine and the powder explodes while thousands of Ottomans are inside.^[144]

October–December

[edit]

October 2 –Richard Onslow (Solicitor General) is elected as the Speaker of the English House of Commons by a vote of 82 to 70.
October 8 –Catherine of the Austrian Habsburgs, Queen of consort of Poland since 1553 as wife ofSigismund II Augustus, leaves Poland to return to Austria after the failure of her marriage. She never comes back to Poland, though she remains the official queen consort until her death in 1572.^[145]
October 19 –Gastón de Peralta, 3rd Marquess of Falces becomes theViceroy of New Spain, replacingFrancisco Ceinos. Peralta is removed from office by King Philip II after charges are made that Peralta is planning a rebellion against the crown.^[146]
October 28 – InKneiphof, a city in theDuchy of Prussia (modern-day Ostrov Immanuinga Kanta in Russia),Albert, Duke of Prussia has three of the town's five councilors beheaded on charges of causing political and religious disputes with the other Prussian states.Johann Funck, Matthias Horst, and Hans Schnell are executed in the town's marketplace, whilePaul Skalich and Johann Steinbach are able to flee the country.^[147]
November 5 – Queen Elizabeth I of England addresses the English Parliament and championsEnglish nationalism, asking "Was I not born in this realm? Were my parents born in any foreign country? Is there any cause I should alienate myself from being careful over this country? Is not my kingdom here?"^[148]
November 23 – By decree of KingPhilip II of Spain, the content of gold in the Spanishgold escudo, is raised from 350 maravedis (equivalent to 338centigrams) of gold to 400 (386 cg) and equivalent to 16 silver reales.^[149]
November 26 – At the Craigmillar Castle, the advisers to Mary, Queen of Scots –James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray; Secretary of StateWilliam Maitland of Lethington; Lord ChancellorGeorge Gordon, 5th Earl of Huntly;Archibald Campbell, 5th Earl of Argyll; andJames Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell – advise her to divorce her husband,Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. She refuses and the advisers decide that Darnley must be killed.^[150]
December 17 – Thebaptism of Prince James, son of Mary Queen of Scots, takes place atStirling Castle

Date unknown

[edit]

BetweenJuly 19, 1566 andJuly 7,1567 (during the Islamic calendar year 974 AH) – The first bridge crossing theNeretva River atMostar (inHerzegovina is completed by theOttoman Empire. The whitemarble bridge becomes known asStari Most ("Old Bridge").

1567

This section istranscluded from1567.(edit |history)

January–March

[edit]

January 20 –Battle of Rio de Janeiro: Portuguese forces under the command ofEstácio de Sá definitively drive the French out of Rio de Janeiro.
January 23 – After 45 years' reign, theJiajing Emperor, Zhu Houcong, dies in theForbidden City of China.
January – A Spanish force under the command of CaptainJuan Pardo establishesFort San Juan, in theNative American settlement ofJoara. The fort is the first European settlement in present-dayNorth Carolina.
February 4 – Prince Zhu Zaiji, son of the Jiajing Emperor, becomes the ascends the throne ofMing Dynasty China as the Longqing Emperor.^[151]
February 10 –Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, husband ofMary, Queen of Scots, ismurdered at the Provost's House inKirk o' Field,Edinburgh.^[152]
March 13 –Battle of Oosterweel: A Spanish mercenary army surprises and kills a band of rebels nearAntwerp in theHabsburg Netherlands, beginning theEighty Years' War.

April–June

[edit]

April 9 – InIndia, theBattle of Thanesar is fought in what is now the Indian state ofHaryana. The Mughal Emperor Akbar, with 300 men, wins a victory over more than 7,000 warriors of theSanyasi Hindu sect. Akbar's army has two cannons, 400 rifles and 75 elephants.
April 10 –Henrique I Nerika a Mpudi becomes the new ruler of theKingdom of Kongo in what is now the western part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the northern portion ofAngola. Henrique succeeds his nephew,Bernardo I of Kongo
April 12 – TheEarl of Bothwell is acquitted on charges of murder in the February 10 killing ofLord Darnley, the husband of Mary Queen of Scots. Upon acquittal he makes plans to become Mary's new husband.
April 20 – TheAinslie Tavern Bond is signed by a group of Scottish clerics and nobles recommends Bothwell as an appropriate husband for Queen Mary and approves his acquittal after trial for the murder of her previous husband.^[153]
April 24 – Bothwell takes Mary prisoner at hiscastle at Dunbar after preventing her from traveling from her palace toEdinburgh, then rapes her.
May 15 – Mary, Queen of Scots, marries the Earl of Bothwell, under duress.^[154]
May 24 –Sture Murders: The mentally unstable KingErik XIV of Sweden and his guards murder five incarcerated nobles atUppsala Castle.
June 15 – Mary, Queen of Scots, is defeated by Scottish nobles at theBattle of Carberry Hill and imprisoned inLochleven Castle.

July–September

[edit]

July 24 – Mary, Queen of Scots, isforced to abdicate, and replaced by her one-year-old sonJames VI.
July 25 – The city ofSantiago de León de Caracas is founded byDiego de Losada.
July 29 – James VI is crowned atStirling.
August 22 – TheDuke of Alba is sent to the Netherlands with a strong Spanish force, to suppress unrest there. He replacesMargaret of Parma as Governor of the Netherlands. PrinceWilliam of Orange is outlawed, andLamoral, Count of Egmont imprisoned.
September 9 – At a dinner, theDuke of Alba arrestsLamoral, Count of Egmont andPhilip de Montmorency, Count of Horn for treason.
September 27 – After the 2-weekSiege of Inabayama Castle, theOda clan captureGifu Castle from theSaitō clan in Japan.
September 29 – TheSecond War of Religion begins in France, whenLouis, Prince of Condé andGaspard de Coligny fail in an attempt to captureKing Charles IX and his mother at Meaux. The Huguenots do capture several cities (including Orléans), and march on Paris.

October–December

[edit]

October 7 –Bible translations into Welsh: TheNew Testament is first published inWelsh, inWilliam Salesbury's translation from theGreek.
November 10 –Battle of Saint-Denis:Anne de Montmorency, with 16,000 Royalists, falls on Condé's 3,500 Huguenots. The Huguenots surprisingly hold on for some hours before being driven off. Montmorency is mortally wounded.^[155]
November 21 (10th day of 11th month,Eiroku 10) – In Japan, theTōdai-ji Great Buddha Hall in theNara Prefecture is destroyed after a six-month siege byMatsunaga Hisahide against Miyoshi Nagaitsu and theMiyoshi clan. Reconstruction of the temple does not take place until 140 years later in1709.
December 4 –Antão de Noronha,Viceroy ofPortuguese India (now the Indian state ofGoa) issues decrees prohibiting the public performance ofHindu rituals for marriages, cremations, and sacred thread wearing. Other rules require all natives 15 or older to attendChristian religious services, upon penalty of punishment.^[156]
December 12 – The Scottish Parliament votes to approve theAct Anent the demission of the Crown in favour of our Sovereign Lord, and his Majesty's Coronation 1567, an act regarding the abdication of Mary Queen of Scots in favor of her sonJames VI and the coronation of James, and confirms James as the legal ruler.^[157] Mary's half brother,James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, is appointed as the regent to rule on behalf of the 18-month-old King of Scotland. In that Moray is absent from Scotland at the time, the Parliament appoints a committee of seven deputy regents to rule on behalf of Moray's power to rule on behalf of King James.

Date unknown

[edit]

KingFrederick II of Denmark and Norway foundsFredrikstad inNorway.
Construction ofVilla Capra "La Rotonda" inVicenza, designed byAndrea Palladio, begins. It will be one of the most influential designs in thehistory of architecture.^[158]
Rugby School, one of the oldest public schools inEngland, is founded.
Although sparse maritime trade existed since its founding, theMing dynasty government of China officially revokes thehaijin maritime trade ban, reinstating foreign trade with all countries except Japan.^[159]

1568

This section istranscluded from1568.(edit |history)

May:Mary, Queen of Scots, flees to England.

January–March

[edit]

January 6 – In theEastern Hungarian Kingdom, the delegates ofUnio Trium Nationum to theDiet ofTorda convene in a session that ends on January 13, during which freedom of religion is debated.
January 28 – TheEdict of Torda, Europe's first declaration ofreligious freedom, is adopted by the Kingdom of Hungary.
February 7 – Members of a Spanish expedition, commanded byÁlvaro de Mendaña de Neira, become the first Europeans to see theSolomon Islands, landing atSanta Isabel Island.^[160]^[161]
February 16 – TheInquisition in the Netherlands condemns virtually the entire population of theSpanish Netherlands to death.^[162]
February 17 –Treaty of Adrianople (sometimes called the Peace of Adrianople): TheHabsburgs agree to pay tribute to theOttomans.^[163]^[164]
February 23 –Akbar the Great of theMughal Empire captures the massiveChittor Fort in northern India after a siege that began on October 23, 1567.^[165]^[166]
February 28 – FrenchHuguenots begin theSiege of Chartres, but fail to take the walled city after 15 days.^[167]^[168]
March 23 – ThePeace of Longjumeau ends the Second War of Religion in France.^[169] AgainCatherine de' Medici andCharles IX make substantial concessions to the Huguenots.

April–June

[edit]

April 23 –Eighty Years' War: TheBattle of Dahlen takes place in theDuchy of Jülich near the modern-dayRheindahlen borough in the German city ofMönchengladbach,North Rhine-Westphalia. Spanish troops, commanded bySancho d'Avila, overwhelm a larger force of Dutch rebels led by Jean de Montigny, Lord of Villers.^[170]
May 2 – The deposedMary, Queen of Scots, escapes fromLochleven Castle.
May 13 –Marian civil war in Scotland:Battle of Langside – The forces ofMary, Queen of Scots, are defeated by a confederacy of ScottishProtestants underJames Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, regent of Scotland and her half-brother.^[171]
May 16 –Mary, Queen of Scots, flees across theSolway Firth fromScotland toEngland^[172] but on May 19 is placed in custody inCarlisle Castle on the orders of QueenElizabeth I of England, her cousin.
May 23 –Battle of Heiligerlee: Troops underLouis of Nassau, brother ofWilliam the Silent, defeat a smaller loyalist force under theDuke of Arenberg, in an attempt to invade the Northern Netherlands. This effectively begins theEighty Years' War.^[173]
June 1 – A mass execution is carried out in the Spanish Netherlands atSablon, nearBrussels, as 18 persons who signed theCompromise of Nobles on April 5, 1566, are beheaded.^[174]
June 13 –Thomas Lancaster is consecrated as theArchbishop of Armagh, spiritual leader of theChurch of Ireland, succeeding ArchbishopAdam Loftus.
June 27 – Ottoman pirateKılıç Ali Pasha, formerly Italian farmer Giovanni Dionigi Galeni, is appointed as the OttomanBeylerbey ofOttoman Algeria by the SultanSelim II.

July–September

[edit]

July 21 –Battle of Jemmingen: The main Spanish army of theDuke of Alba utterly defeats Louis of Nassau's invading army in the Northeastern Netherlands.^[175]
August 18 – TheThird War of Religion begins in France, after an unsuccessful attempt by the Royalists to captureCondé and Coligny, the Huguenot leaders.
September 24 –Battle of San Juan de Ulúa (Anglo-Spanish War): In theGulf of Mexico, a Spanish fleet forces Englishprivateers underJohn Hawkins to end their campaign.^[176]
September 29 – The Swedish kingEric XIV is deposed by his half-brothersJohn andCharles.^[177] John proclaims himself king John III the next day.

October–December

[edit]

October 5 –William the Silent invades the southeastern Netherlands.^[178]
October 18 —Ashikaga Yoshiaki is installed as Shōgun, beginning theAzuchi–Momoyama period in Japan.^[179]^[180]
October 20 –Battle of Jodoigne: Spanish forces under the Duke of Alba destroyWilliam the Silent's rearguard and William abandons his offensive.^[181]
November 12 – Dutch rebels commanded byWilliam the Silent defeat Spanish Habsburg troops led bySancho d'Avila in thebattle of Le Quesnoy in northern France.
November 22 – The secondtreaty of Roskilde is signed between representatives of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Kingdom of Sweden to end theNorthern Seven Years' War. Sweden cedes theDuchy of Estonia (Estland) to Danish control.
November 27 –Burmese–Siamese War: Dispatched by KingBayinnaung, 55,000 Burmese troops arrive atPhitsanulok (in modern-day Thailand) and drive back the attack by armies from theAyutthaya Kingdom (Thailand)Lan Xang (Laos), then prepare to invade Ayutthaya to put down the rebellion by Ayutthayan KingMaha Chakkraphat^[182]
December 24 – TheMorisco Revolt against King Philip II of Spain begins asAben Humeya (formerly Fernando de Válor) is proclaimed as King of the Granadan rebels.
December 28 –Ludwig III becomes theDuke of Württemberg in German Bavaria after the death of his father,Christoph.

Date unknown

[edit]

TheRusso-Turkish War begins in Astrakhan.
Álvaro I succeeds his stepfatherHenrique I as ruler of theKingdom of Kongo^[183] forming theKwilu dynasty that rules the kingdom without interruption untilMay 1622.
Polybius'The Histories are first translated into English, byChristopher Watson.^[184]

1569

This section istranscluded from1569.(edit |history)

January–March

[edit]

January 11 — The first recordedlottery inEngland begins and continues, nonstop, at the west door ofSt Paul's Cathedral for almost five months.^[185] Each share costs tenshillings, and proceeds are used to repair harbours, and for other public works.
February 26 —Pope Pius V issues a papal bull expelling all Jews from Italian and French territories.^[186]
March 13 –Battle of Jarnac: Royalist troops under Marshal Gaspard de Tavannes surprise and defeat the Huguenots under thePrince of Condé, who is captured and murdered. A substantial proportion of the Huguenot army manages to escape, underGaspard de Coligny.^[187]

April–June

[edit]

April 15 –Burmese–Siamese War: In what is now Thailand,Mahinthrathirat reclaims the throne of theAyutthaya Kingdom upon the death of KingMaha Chakkraphat.
May 6 – England's St. Paul Cathedral lottery ends with the selection of a winner.^[185]
May 8 – KingBayinnaung of Burma puts down the revolt by Setthathirath ofLan Xang (now Laos), and ending Lan Xang's attempt to rescue Thailand's Ayutthaya Kingdom from conquest.^[188]
May 31 – Kasim Pasha of the Ottoman Empire begins the Ottoman attempt to conquer Astrakhan with tens of thousands of troops and a plan to build a canal between the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea to send Ottoman ships on the conquest.^[189] The attempt to build a canal proves to be unfeasible.
June 10 – German Protestant troops reinforce Coligny, nearLimoges.^[190]

July–September

[edit]

July 1 – TheUnion of Lublin unites the Kingdom of Poland and theGrand Duchy of Lithuania into a single state, thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, following votes in the Assemblies of three Lithuanian provinces (Volhynia,Ukraine andPodlasie) in favour of the incorporation.^[191]
July 24 – Huguenot forces under Gaspard II de Coligny and 15-year-old PrinceHenry of Navarre begin thesiege of Poitiers, a Roman Catholic stronghold. The siege fails and the Huguenots depart on September 7.
August 2 –Burma invadesSiam and capturesAyutthaya. Siam becomes a vassal of Burma.
August 24 –Battle of Orthez: Huguenot forces underGabriel, comte de Montgomery defeat Royalist forces under General Terride, in French Navarre. Catholics surrender under the condition that their lives will be spared. Huguenots agree, but then massacre the Catholics anyway.^[192]
September 7 – A Royalist army under theDuc d'Anjou and Marshal Tavannes forces Coligny to abandon the siege of Poitiers.^[193]
September 17 – Pope Pius V issues the papal bullConsueverunt Romani Pontifices setting specific elements for the devotion of theRosary.^[194]
September 26 – Kasim Pasha ends his attempt to conquer Astrakhan after realizing that his troops have only one month's supply of food left.^[189]
September 28 – The first completeprinted Bible in a Spanish translation (La Biblia), made byCasiodoro de Reina, is published inBasel.^[195]^[196]
September 29 –Maha Thammarachathirat is installed by the Burmese Army as the vassal king of Ayutthaya.

October–December

[edit]

October 3 –Battle of Moncontour: The Royalist forces ofGaspard de Saulx Tavannes and theDuc d'Anjou defeatGaspard II de Coligny's Huguenots, killing 8,000 and taking 3,000 prisoner.
November 9 – TheRising of the North begins in England as theEarl of Westmorland and theEarl of Northumberland, both Catholic nobles, set off fromBrancepeth Castle inCounty Durham^[197] with 700 men, in hopes of overthrowing QueenElizabeth I of England, and placing the CatholicMary, Queen of Scots, on the English throne.
November 11 — Danish GeneralDaniel Rantzau arrives at the Swedish held Varberg castle atHalland and orders his artillery to shell the castle with cannon fire. The Swedish defenders fire back with their own artillery and Rantzau's head is taken off by a cannonball on the first day.
November 14 — The siege of Varberg Castle by Denmark ends after three days of shelling the Swedish defenders.^[198]
November 26 —Francisco Álvarez de Toledo becomes the new SpanishViceroy of Peru, succeedingLope García de Castro as the governor-general of all Spanish territory inSouth America.^[199]
December 2 — The Catholic army of the Duc d'Anjou inflicts another defeat on the Huguenots of Coligny, successfully besiegingSaint-Jean-d'Angély.^[200]
December 6 — TheKanbara castle, held by theHōjō clan in what is now theShizuoka Prefecture of Japan falls after a siege byTakeda Katsuyori of theTakeda clan. Hōjō Ujinobu, who had 1,000 men defending, commits suicide after the defeat.
December 13 — An English counterattack against the Northern rebels begins asThomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex, marches fromYork with 10,000 men against the rebels' 6,000. The rebels disperse and flee northward back to Scotland, ending theRising of the North.

Dates unknown

[edit]

TheMercator projection is first used inGerardus Mercator'sworld map,Nova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad Usum Navigantium Emendata.^[201]
Aconspiracy with the intent to deposeJohn III of Sweden and reinstate the imprisonedEric XIV of Sweden on the Swedish throne is exposed in Sweden.
The trade compact of1536 is renewed, exempting French merchants fromOttoman law, and allowing them to travel, buy and sell throughout thesultan's dominions, and to pay low customs duties on French imports and exports.
Akbar foundsFatehpur Sikri, to honor the Muslim holy manShaikh Salim Chisti, who has foretold the birth of Akbar's son and heir,Jahangir.^[202]

Births

Transcluding articles:1560,1561,1562,1563,1564,1565,1566,1567,1568, and1569

1560

January 17 –Gaspard Bauhin, Swiss botanist (d.1624)^[203]
January 29 –Scipione Dentice, Neapolitan keyboard composer (d.1633)^[204]
March 13 –William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, Dutch count (d.1620)^[205]
March 29 –Erekle I, Prince of Mukhrani, Georgian noble (d.1605)
April 19 – CountJobst of Limburg (d.1621)^[206]
May 6 –Guido Pepoli, Italian Catholic cardinal (d.1599)^[207]
June 25 –Wilhelm Fabry, German surgeon (d.1634)^[208]
June 28 –Giovanni Paolo Lascaris, Italian Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller (d.1657)
July 1 –Charles III de Croÿ, Belgian noble (d.1612)^[209]
July 7 –Margaret Clifford, Countess of Cumberland, English noblewoman and maid of honor to Elizabeth I (d.1616)^[210]
August 6 –Antoine Arnauld, French lawyer (d.1619)^[211]
August 7 –Elizabeth Báthory, Hungarian noblewoman and purported serial killer (d.1614)^[212]
August 10 –Hieronymus Praetorius, German composer (d.1629)^[213]
August 19 –James Crichton, Scottish polymath (d.1582)^[214]
August 25 –Park Jin, Korean naval commander (d.1597)
September 4 –Charles I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (d.1600)^[215]
September 19 –Thomas Cavendish, English naval explorer, leader of the third expedition to circumnavigate the globe (d.1592)^[216]
October 10 –Jacobus Arminius, Dutch theologian (d.1609)^[217]
October 17 –Ernest Frederick, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (d.1604)^[218]
October 29 –Christian I, Elector of Saxony (d.1591)^[219]
November 3 –Annibale Carracci, Italian painter (d.1609)^[220]
November 22 –Charles, Margrave of Burgau, German nobleman (d.1618)^[221]
November 28 –Baltasar Marradas, Count of Spain (d.1638)^[222]
December 3 –Jan Gruter, Dutch critic and scholar (d.1627)^[223]
December 13 –Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully, 2ndPrime Minister of France (d.1641)^[224]
December 28 –Samuel Sandys, English politician (d.1623)^[225]
December 29 –Wolfgang Ernst I of Isenburg-Büdingen-Birstein, German count (d.1633)^[226]
date unknown
- Felice Anerio, Italian composer (d.1614)^[227]
- Marco Antonio de Dominis, Dalmatian archbishop and apostate (d.1624)^[228]
- Amalia von Hatzfeld, Swedish countess governor (d.1628)
- Lieven de Key, Dutch architect (d.1627)^[229]
- Ishida Mitsunari, Japanese samurai (d.1600)^[230]
- Hugh Myddelton, Welsh businessman (d.1631)^[231]
- Anton Praetorius, German pastor (d.1613)^[232]
probable
- Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, Polish military commander (d.1621)^[233]
- Adam Haslmayr, Tyrolean commentator on Rosicrucian manifestos (d.1630)^[234]
- Ketevan the Martyr, Georgian queen and saint (d.1624)

1561

January 1 –Thomas Walsingham, Englishliterary patron (d.1630)
January 6 –Thomas Fincke, Danish mathematician and physicist (d.1656)
January 22 – SirFrancis Bacon, English philosopher, scientist, and statesman (d.1626)^[235]
January 24 –Camillo Cortellini, Italian composer (d.1630)
February 1 –Henry Briggs, British mathematician (d.1630)
February 8 –Fujiwara Seika, Japanese philosopher (d.1619)
February 15 –Johannetta of Sayn-Wittgenstein, German noblewoman (d.1622)
February 25 –Edward Talbot, 8th Earl of Shrewsbury, English politician and earl (d.1617)
March 9 –Archduke Wenceslaus of Austria, Archduke of Austria (d.1578)
March 29 –Santorio Santorio, Italian biologist (d.1636)
April 8
- Thiri Thudhamma Yaza of Martaban, Viceroy of Martaban (d.1584)
- Dominicus Baudius, Dutch historian and poet (d.1613)
June –Samuel Harsnett, Archbishop of York (d.1631)
June 7 –John VII, Count of Nassau-Siegen (d.1623)
June 12 –Anna of Württemberg, German princess (d.1616)
June 13 –Anna Maria of Anhalt, German noblewoman (d.1605)
June 20(bapt.) –Richard Whitbourne, English colonist of Newfoundland (d.1635)
June 24 –Matthias Hafenreffer, German Lutheran theologian (d.1619)
June 26 –Erdmuthe of Brandenburg, Duchess of Pomerania-Stettin (d.1623)
July 2 –Christoph Grienberger, Austrian astronomer (d.1636)
July 11 –Luís de Góngora y Argote, Spanish poet (d.1627)
July 17 –Jacopo Corsi, Italian composer (d.1602)
July 24 –Maria of the Palatinate-Simmern, Duchess consort of Södermanland (1579–1589) (d.1589)
August 14 –Christopher Heydon, English politician (d.1623)
August 20 –Jacopo Peri, Italian composer (d.1633)
August 24
- Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk (d.1626)^[236]
- Bartholomaeus Pitiscus, German astronomer and mathematician (d.1613)
August 25 –Philippe van Lansberge, Dutch astronomer (d.1632)
September 1 –Gervase Helwys, English murderer (d.1615)
September 3 –Yi Eokgi, Korean admiral (d.1597)
September 10 –Hernando Arias de Saavedra, Spanish colonial governor (d.1634)
September 21 –Edward Seymour, Viscount Beauchamp, son of Edward Seymour Sr. (d.1612)
September 28 –Roland Lytton, English politician (d.1615)
September 29 –Adriaan van Roomen, Belgian mathematician (d.1615)
October 11(bapt.) –Thomas Lake, English Secretary of State to King James I (d.1630)
October 15 –Richard Field, English cathedral dean (d.1616)
October 24 –Anthony Babington, English criminal (d.1586)
October 27 –Mary Sidney, English writer, patroness and translator (d.1621)^[237]
November 1 –Francesco Usper, Italian composer (d.1641)
November 16 –Andreas Angelus, German pastor, teacher, chronicler of the Mark of Brandenburg (d.1598)
December 1 –Sophie Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, duchess consort of Pomerania-Wolgast (1577–1592) (d.1631)
December 7 –Kikkawa Hiroie, Japanese politician (d.1625)
December 9 –Edwin Sandys, English founder of the colony of Virginia (d.1629)
December 16 –Amandus Polanus, German theologian of early Reformed orthodoxy (d.1610)
date unknown –Stephen Bachiler, non-conformist minister and pioneer settler of New England (d.1656)

1562

January –Edward Blount, English publisher (d.1632)
January 12 –Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy (d.1630)^[238]
January 20
- Maria of Hanau-Münzenberg, German noblewoman (d.1605)
- Ottavio Rinuccini, Italian composer (d.1621)^[239]
February 15
- Rascas de Bagarris, French scholar (d.1620)
- Maeda Toshinaga, Japanese daimyō (noble) (d.1614)
April or May –Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, Dutch composer (d.1621)
April 21 –Valerius Herberger, German theologian (d.1627)
April 24 –Xu Guangqi,Ming Dynasty Chinese politician, agronomist, astronomer, mathematician and lay Catholic leader (d.1633)
April 25 –Friedrich Wilhelm I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, German noble (d.1602)
May 6 –Pietro Bernini, Italian sculptor (d.1629)
May 26 –James III, Margrave of Baden-Hachberg (d.1590)
May 28 –John William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (d.1609)
June 24 – DukeFrançois de Joyeuse, French churchman and politician (d.1615)
June 26 –Anne of Ostfriesland, German noble, Electress Palatine (d.1621)
July 25 –Katō Kiyomasa, Japanese samurai (d.1611)
August 17(bapt.) –Hans Leo Hassler, German composer (d.1612)
August 19 –Charles II de Bourbon-Vendôme, French cardinal (d.1594)
September 1 –George, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg (1607–1620) and (1620–1623) (d.1623)
September 21 –Vincenzo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat (1587–1612) (d.1612)
September 24 –Ercole, Lord of Monaco, Monegasque noble (d.1604)
October 4 –Christian Sørensen Longomontanus, Danish astronomer (d.1647)
October 19 –George Abbot,Archbishop of Canterbury (d.1633)
November 25 –Lope de Vega, Spanish poet and dramatist (d.1635)^[240]
December 10 –Roger de Saint-Lary de Termes, French noble (d.1646)
December 14 –Sir Lionel Tollemache, 1st Baronet, English baronet (d.1621)
December 18 –Philipp Dulichius, German composer (d.1631)
date unknown
- Isabella Andreini, Italian actress (d.1604)
- John Bull, English composer (d.1628)
- Samuel Daniel, English poet and historian (d.1619)
- Francis Godwin, English writer and bishop (d.1633)
- George Gordon, 1st Marquess of Huntly, Scottish noble (d.1636)
- Natsuka Masaie, Japanese daimyō (noble) (d.1600)
- Paulo Miki, Japanese Catholic saint and martyr (d.1597)
- Richard Neile, English bishop (d.1640)
- Henry Spelman, English antiquary (d.1641)
- Cornelis van Haarlem, Dutch painter (d.1638)

1563

January –Penelope Blount, Countess of Devonshire, English noblewoman (d.1607)^[241]
January 6
- Johann Christoph von Westerstetten, German bishop (d.1637)^[242]
- Martin Becanus, Belgian Jesuit priest (d.1624)^[243]
January 19 –Leonhard Hutter, German theologian (d.1616)^[244]
January 29 –William Slingsby, English army officer (d.1634)^[245]
January 30 –Franciscus Gomarus, Dutch theologian (d.1641)^[246]
March 5 –John Coke, English politician (d.1644)^[247]
March 29 –Sir Miles Sandys, 1st Baronet, English politician (d.1645)^[248]
April 15 –Guru Arjan Dev, fifth Sikh leader (d.1606)^[249]
May 9 –Frederick IV of Fürstenberg, German noble (d.1617)^[250]
June 1 –Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, English statesman and spymaster (d.1612)^[251]
June 4 –George Heriot, Scottish goldsmith and philanthropist (d.1624)^[252]
July 19 –Lamoral, 1st Prince of Ligne (d.1624)^[253]
September 4 –Wanli Emperor of China (d.1620)^[254]
September 15 –Elisabeth of Anhalt-Zerbst, Electress of Brandenburg (d.1607)^[255]
September 18 –Agnes of Limburg-Styrum, Abbess of Elten, Vreden, Borghorst and Freckenhorst (d.1645)^[256]
September 27 –Thomas Freke, English politician (d.1633)^[257]
September 30 –Enno III, Count of East Frisia, Count of Ostfriesland from 1599 to 1625 from theCirksena family (d.1625)^[258]
October 4 –Dorothea of Saxony, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (d.1587)^[259]
October 13 –Francis Caracciolo, Italian Catholic priest (d.1608)^[260]
October 14 –Jodocus Hondius, Flemish artist (d.1633)^[261]
October 28 –Berlinghiero Gessi, Italian Catholic cardinal (d.1639)^[262]
October 30 –Sophie of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach and Brandenburg-Kulmbach, Duchess of Hunters Village (d.1639)^[263]
November 5 –Countess Anna of Nassau (d.1588)^[264]
November 8 –Henry II, Duke of Lorraine (d.1624)^[265]
November 19 –Robert Sidney, 1st Earl of Leicester, English statesman (d.1626)^[266]
November 20 –Sophie of Württemberg, German noble (d.1590)^[267]
November 28 –Hosokawa Tadaoki, Japanese daimyō (d.1646)
December 2 –Mutio Vitelleschi, Italian Superior General of the Society of Jesus (d.1645)^[268]
December 19 –Lord William Howard, English nobleman (d.1640)^[269]
December 20 –Juan Fernandez Pacheco, 5th Duke of Escalona, Spanish noble and diplomat (d.1615)^[270]
date unknown
- Charles Blount, 1st Earl of Devonshire (d.1606)^[271]
- Louise Bourgeois Boursier, French Royal midwife (d.1636)^[272]
- John Dowland, English composer (d.1626)^[273]
- Michael Drayton, English poet (d.1631)^[274]
- Scipione Gentili, Italian legal scholar (d.1616)^[275]
- Anna Guarini, Italian virtuoso singer (d.1598)^[276]
- Hosokawa Gracia, Japanese noblewoman (d.1600)^[277]
- Heo Nanseolheon, Korean poet (d.1589)^[278]
- Marcin Kazanowski, Polish nobleman (d.1636)^[279]
- Zygmunt Kazanowski, Polish nobleman (d.1634)^[280]
- Robert Naunton, English politician and writer (d.1635)^[281]
- Pedro Fernandes de Queirós, Portuguese seaman and explorer (d.1614)^[282]
- Mariana de Jesús Torres, Spanish nun and mystic (d.1635)^[283]
- Joshua Sylvester, English poet (d.1618)^[284]
- Jean Titelouze, French organist and composer (d. 1633)^[285]
- Yi Su-gwang, Korean scholar (d.1628)^[286]
- Henri, Duke of Joyeuse, French general (d.1608)^[287]

1564

January 1 –Šurhaci, Chinese prince (d.1611)
February 15 –Galileo Galilei, Italian astronomer and physicist (d.1642)^[288]
February 26 (baptized) –Christopher Marlowe, English dramatist and poet (d.1593)^[289]
March 7 –Pierre Coton, French Jesuit and royal confessor (d.1626)^[290]
March 9 –David Fabricius, Frisian astronomer (d.1617)^[291]
March 15 –William Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg (d.1642)^[292]
March 20 –Thomas Morton, English bishop (d.1659)^[293]
April –Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland (d.1632)^[294]
April 2 –William Bathe, Irish Jesuit priest (d.1614)^[295]
April 26 (baptized) –William Shakespeare, English dramatist and poet (d.1616)^[296]
April 30 –Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll, Scottish noble (d.1631)^[297]
May 27 –Margherita Gonzaga, Duchess of Ferrara, Italian noble, patron of the arts (d.1618)^[298]
June 11 –Joseph Heintz the Elder, Swiss artist (d.1609)^[299]
June 12 –John Casimir, Duke of Saxe-Coburg (d.1633)^[300]
June 28 –Cort Aslakssøn, Norwegian astronomer (d.1624)^[301]^[302]
July 6 –Johanna Sibylla of Hanau-Lichtenberg, Countess consort of Wied-Runkel and Isenburg (d.1636)
August 18 –Federico Borromeo, Cardinal Archbishop of Milan (d.1631)^[303]
August 24 –Patrick Forbes, bishop in the Church of Scotland (d.1635)^[304]
September 13 –Vincenzo Giustiniani, Italian banker and art collector (d.1637)^[305]
September 24 –William Adams, English navigator and samurai (d.1620)^[306]
September 25 –Magnus Brahe, Swedish noble (d.1633)^[307]
September 28 –Sibylla of Anhalt, Duchess consort of Württemberg (1593-1608) (d.1614)^[308]
October 15 –Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1589-1613) (d.1613)^[309]
October 26 –Hans Leo Hassler, German composer and organist (d.1612)^[310]
November 3 (baptized) –Francisco Pacheco, Spanish artist (d.1644)^[311]
November 22 –Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham, English peer and traitor (d.1618)^[312]
November 24 –Joseph Gaultier de la Vallette, French astronomer (d.1647)^[313]
December 25
- Johannes Buxtorf, German Calvinist theologian (d.1629)^[314]
- Nicolaus Mulerius, Dutch astronomer and medical academic (d.1630)^[315]
December 31 –Ernest II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, German ruler (d.1611)^[316]
approximate date –Xue Susu, Chinese artist^[317]
date unknown
- Pieter Brueghel the Younger, Flemish painter (d.1638)^[318]
- Daniel Chamier, French minister of religion (d.1621)^[319]
- Kryštof Harant z Polžic a Bezdružic, Bohemian composer and Protestant rebel (d.1621)^[320]
- Pedro Páez, Spanish Jesuit missionary to Ethiopia (d.1622)^[321]
- Thomas Shirley, English privateer (d. c.1634)^[322]

1565

January 17 –Mariana Navarro de Guevarra Romero, Spanish Roman Catholic nun, member of the Mercedarian Tertiaries (d.1624)^[323]
February 13 –Willem Baudartius, Dutch theologian (d.1640)^[324]
March 23 –Eilhard Lubinus, German theologian (d.1621)^[325]
April 2 –Cornelis de Houtman, Dutch explorer (d.1599)
April 3 –Anna III, Abbess of Quedlinburg (d.1601)
May 15 –Hendrick de Keyser, Dutch sculptor and architect born in Utrecht (d.1621)^[326]
June 2 –Francisco Ribalta, Spanish painter (d.1628)^[327]
June 14 –Francis Tanfield, English governor of the South Falkland colony^[328]
July 6 –Hugh Hamersley, Lord Mayor of London, 1627–1628 (d.1636)^[329]
August 5 –Paola Massarenghi, Italian composer (d. unknown)^[330]
August 9 –Louis II, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (d.1627)^[331]
August 16 –Christina, Grand Duchess of Tuscany (d.1637)
August 20 –Margaretha van Valckenburch, Dutch shipowner, only female member of the VOC (d.1650)^[332]
August 29 –Agostino Ciampelli, Italian painter (d.1630)^[333]
September 17 –Edward Fortunatus, German nobleman (d.1600)^[334]
September 28 –Alessandro Tassoni, Italian poet and writer (d.1635)^[335]
October 6 –Marie de Gournay, French writer (d.1645)^[336]
October 12 –Ippolito Galantini, Italian founder of the Congregation of Christian Doctrine of Florence (d.1619)^[337]
October 22 –Benedikt Carpzov the elder, German legal scholar (d.1624)^[338]
November 10
- Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, English nobleman and politician (d.1601)^[339]
- Laurentius Paulinus Gothus, Swedish theologian and astronomer (d.1646)^[340]
November 14 –Petrus Bertius, Flemish theologian and scientist (d.1629)^[341]
December 2 –Toby Caulfeild, 1st Baron Caulfeild, Northern Irish politician (d.1627)^[342]
date unknown
- Reza Abbasi, Persian painter and calligrapher (d.1635)^[343]
- Gregor Aichinger, German composer (d.1628)^[344]
- John Davies of Hereford, Welsh poet (d.1618)^[345]
- Camillo Graffico, Italian engraver (d.1615)^[346]
- George Kirbye, English composer (d.1634)^[347]
- Francis Meres, English churchman and author (d.1647)^[348]
- María Pita, Spanish heroine (d.1643)^[349]
- John Spottiswoode, Archbishop of St. Andrews (d.1639)^[350]
- Edmund Whitelocke, English soldier and courtier (d.1608)^[351]
probable
- Duarte Lobo, Portuguese composer (d.1646)^[352]

1566

KingJames VI of Scotland/James I of England and Ireland

January 13 –Maria of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duchess Consort of Saxe-Lauenburg (1582–1619) (d.1626)
January 15 –Philipp Uffenbach, German artist (d.1636)^[353]
January 17 –Anna Juliana Gonzaga, Archduchess of Austria and nun (d.1621)^[354]
February 1 –Marie of the Incarnation, French Discalced Carmelite beatified nun and blessed (d.1618)^[355]
February 2 –Michal Sedziwój, Polish alchemist (d.1636)^[356]
February 18 –Francesco Erizzo, Doge of Venice (d.1646)^[357]
March 1 –John Hoskins, English poet (d.1638)^[358]
March 8 –Carlo Gesualdo, Italian music composer (d.1613)^[359]
April 2 –Bartholda van Swieten, Dutch diplomat (d.1647)^[360]
May 26 –Mehmed III,Ottoman Sultan (d.1603)^[361]
June 19 – KingJames VI of Scotland/James I of England and Ireland (d.1625)^[362]
June 20 – KingSigismund III Vasa, of Poland and Sweden (d.1632)^[363]
July 9 –John Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach, German duke (d.1638)^[364]
August 12 –Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain (d.1633)^[365]
August 24 –Abraham Scultetus, German theologian (d.1625)^[366]
September 1 –Edward Alleyn, English actor (d.1626)^[367]
October 13 –Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, Irish politician (d.1643)^[368]
October 15 –Sigrid of Sweden, Swedish princess (d.1633)^[369]
November 3 –Charles, Count of Soissons, Frenchprince du sang and military commander (d.1612)^[370]
November 9 –Christian, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Prince of Lüneburt (1611–1633) (d.1633)^[371]
November 21 –Francesco Cennini de' Salamandri, Roman Catholic cardinal (d.1645)^[372]
November 25 –John Heminges, English actor (d.1630)^[373]
November 26 –Francesco Bracciolini, Italian poet (d.1645)^[374]
December 1 –Philip of Nassau, Count of Nassau (d.1595)^[375]
December 11 – (baptised) –Manuel Cardoso, Portuguese composer (d.1650)^[376]
December 19 –George Talbot, 9th Earl of Shrewsbury, English earl (d.1630)
December 27 –Jan Jesenius, Slovak physician (d.1621)^[377]
date unknown
- Pietro Cerone, Italian music theorist (d.1625)^[378]
- Polyxena von Lobkowicz, politically active Czech aristocrat (d.1642)^[379]
- Giovanni Baglione, Italian painter and historian of art (d.1643)^[380]
- Lucia Quinciani, Italian composer^[381]
- James Sempill, Scottish theologian (d.1626)^[382]
- Caterina Vitale, Maltese pharmacist (d.1619)^[383]^[384]

1567

January 1 –Fabio Colonna, Italian scientist (d.1640)
January 4 –François d'Aguilon, Belgian Jesuit mathematician (d.1617)
January 25 –Archduchess Margaret of Austria (d.1633)
January 27 –Anna Maria of Hesse-Kassel, Countess Consort of Nassau-Saarbrücke (d.1626)
February 3 –Anna Maria of Brandenburg, Duchess Consort of Pomerania (d.1618)
February 12 –Thomas Campion, English poet and composer (d.1620)^[385]
February 23 –Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Countess of Holstein-Schauenburg and Duchess Consort of Brunswick-Harburg (d.1618)
February 24 –Jindřich Matyáš Thurn, Swedish general (d.1640)
March 13 (bapt.) –Jacob van Heemskerk, Dutch admiral and explorer (d.1607)
March 17 –Akizuki Tanenaga, Japanese samurai and soldier (d.1614)
April 10 –John Louis I, Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein, Germany noble (d.1596)
April 26 –Nicolas Formé, French composer (d.1638)
May 2 –Sebald de Weert, Dutch captain, vice-admiral of the Dutch East India Company (d.1603)
May 9 –John George I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (1603–1618) (d.1618)
May 13 –Don Giovanni de' Medici, Italian military commander and diplomat (d.1621)
May 15 –Claudio Monteverdi, Italian composer (d.1643)
June 25 –Jacob Ulfeldt, Danish politician (d.1630)
August 14 –Luigi Caponaro, Italian healer (d.1622)
August 15 –Philip III, Margrave of Baden-Rodemachern (1588–1620) (d.1620)
August 21 –Francis de Sales, Savoyard Bishop of Geneva and saint (d.1622)
September –Edward Sutton, 5th Baron Dudley, English landowner (d.1643)
September 2 –György Thurzó, Palatine of Hungary (d.1616)
September 5 –Date Masamune, Japanese daimyō (d.1636)
September 24 –Martin Fréminet, French painter (d.1619)
October 10 –Infanta Catherine Michelle of Spain (d.1597)
November
- Thomas Nashe, English poet (d.1600)^[386]
- Minye Kyawswa II of Ava, last crown prince of the Toungoo Empire (Burma) (d.1599)
November 1 –Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, 1st Count of Gondomar, Spanish diplomat (d.1626)
November 7 –Margherita Farnese, Benedictine nun (d.1643)
November 14 –Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange (d.1625)
November 16 –Anna of Saxony, German noblewoman (d.1613)
November 21 –Anne de Xainctonge, French religious (d.1621)
December 15 –Christoph Demantius, German composer (d.1643)
December 18
- Cornelius a Lapide, Jesuit exegete (d.1637)
- Tachibana Muneshige, Japanese samurai and soldier (d.1643)
date unknown
- Isabel Barreto, Spanish admiral (d.1612)
- Pierre Biard, French settler and Jesuit missionary (d.1622)
- Adriaen Block, Dutch fur trader and navigator (d.1624)
- Jacques Clément, French assassin ofHenry III of France (d.1589)
- Arima Harunobu, Japanese Christian daimyō (d.1612)
- John Parkinson, English herbalist and botanist (d.1650)
- Willem Schouten, Dutch navigator (d.1625)
- Torii Tadamasa, Japanese nobleman (d.1628)
- Sanada Yukimura, Japanese samurai and soldier (d.1615)
- Ban Naoyuki, Japanese samurai and soldier (d.1615)

1568

January 6 –Henri Spondanus, French historian (d.1643)^[387]
January 14 –Johannes Hartmann, German chemist (d.1631)^[388]
January 20 –Daniel Cramer, German theologian (d.1637)^[389]
January 28 –Gustav of Sweden, Swedish prince (d.1607)
January 30 –Katharina of Hanau-Lichtenberg, countess (d.1636)
February 2 –Péter Révay, Hungarian historian (d.1622)^[390]
February 11 –Honoré d'Urfé, French writer (d.1625)^[391]
March 9 –Aloysius Gonzaga, Italian Jesuit and saint (d.1591)^[392]
March 16 –Juan Martínez Montañés, Spanish sculptor (d.1649)^[393]
March 28 –Johannes Polyander, Dutch theologian (d.1646)^[394]
March 30 –Henry Wotton, English author and diplomat (d.1639)^[395]
April 5 –Pope Urban VIII (d.1644)^[396]
April 17 –George Brooke, English aristocrat (d.1603)^[397]
April 21 –Frederick II, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (d.1587)^[398]
April 28 –Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza, Portuguese nobleman and father of João IV of Portugal (d.1630)^[399]
May 9 –Guglielmo Caccia, Italian painter (d.1625)
May 11 –Christian I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg, German prince of the House of Ascania (d.1630)^[400]
May 17 –Anna Vasa of Sweden, Swedish princess (d.1625)^[401]
May 29 –Virginia de' Medici,Duchess of Modena and Reggio (d.1615)^[402]
June 6 –Sophie of Brandenburg, Regent of Saxony (1591–1601) (d.1622)^[403]
June 25 –Gunilla Bielke, Queen of Sweden (d.1597)^[404]
July 1 –Philip Sigismund of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, German Catholic bishop (d.1623)^[405]
August 27 –Hercule, Duke of Montbazon (d.1654)^[406]
September 3 –Adriano Banchieri, Italian composer (d.1634)^[407]
September 5 –Tommaso Campanella, Italian theologian and poet (d.1639)^[408]
October 2 –Marino Ghetaldi, Croatian mathematician and physicist (d.1626)^[409]
October 18 –Henry Wallop, English politician (d.1642)^[410]
November 18 –Augustus the Elder, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Lutheran Bishop of Ratzeburg (d.1636)
December 17 –Jonathan Trelawny, English politician (d.1604)^[411]
date unknown
- Nikolaus Ager, French botanist (d.1634)^[412]
- John Welsh of Ayr, Scottish Presbyterian leader^[413]
- Edward Chichester, 1st Viscount Chichester (d.1648)^[414]
- Nakagawa Hidemasa, Japanese military leader (d.1592)
- Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl, Mexican historian (d.1648)^[415]
- Gervase Markham, English poet and writer (d.1637)^[416]
- Robert Wintour, English conspirator (executed1606)
- Wei Zhongxian, Grand Secretary of China (d.1627)^[417]
- Ōtsu Ono, Japanese woman poet, koto, and writer (believed to have learned how to write from Nobutada Konoe) (d. 1631)

1569

January 20 –Heribert Rosweyde, Jesuit hagiographer (d.1629)^[418]
January 22 –Lucio Massari, Italian painter (d.1633)^[419]
February 13 –Johann Reinhard I, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (d.1625)^[420]
March 28 –Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma (d.1622)^[421]
March 29 –John Suckling, English politician (d.1627)^[422]
April 10 –Countess Emilia of Nassau, German countess (d.1629)^[423]
April 15 –Joan Shakespeare, William Shakespeare's sister (d.1646)^[424]
April 16 –John Davies, English poet and lawyer (d.1626)^[425]
May 20 –Juan de la Cerda, 6th Duke of Medinaceli, Spanish noble (d.1607)^[426]
June 1 –Sophia of Holstein-Gottorp, Regent of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1603–1608) (d.1634)^[427]
June 30 –Hedwig of Hesse-Kassel, countess consort of Schaumburg (d.1644)^[428]
July 3 –Thomas Richardson, English politician and judge (d.1635)^[429]
July 19 –Conrad Vorstius, Dutch theologian (d.1622)^[430]
July 30 –Karl I, Prince of Liechtenstein (d.1627)^[431]
August 31 –Jahangir, Mughal emperor (d.1627)^[432]
September –Arthur Lake, English bishop, a translator of the King James Bible (d.1626)^[433]
September 5 –Georg Friedrich of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Weikersheim, officer and amateur poet (d.1645)^[434]
September 9 –Joachim Andreas von Schlick, Czech leader (d.1621)^[435]
September 23 –Tachibana Ginchiyo, female samurai leader of theTachibana clan in Japan (d. 1602)
September 24 –Ernst of Schaumburg, Count of Holstein-Pinneberg and Schaumburg (1601–1622) (d.1622)^[436]
September 27 –John Percy, English priest (d.1641)^[437]
October 13 –Claude de Bullion, French Minister of Finance (d.1640)^[438]
October 14 –Giambattista Marino, Italian poet (d.1625)^[439]
November 5 –Nils Turesson Bielke, Swedish politician (d.1639)^[440]
November 11 –Martin Ruland the Younger, German alchemist (d.1611)^[441]
November 16 –Paul Sartorius, German composer (d.1609)^[442]
November 18 –Antonio Marcello Barberini, Italian cardinal and the younger brother of Maffeo Barberini (d.1646)^[443]
November 24 –Francis Ashley, English politician (d.1635)^[444]
December 15 –Muzio Oddi, Italian mathematician (d.1639)^[445]
December 18 –Jakob Hassler, German composer (d.1622)
December 22 –Étienne Martellange, French architect (d.1641)^[446]
December 31 –Anna de' Medici, Tuscan princess (d.1584)^[447]
date unknown
- Guillén de Castro y Bellvis, Spanish dramatist (d.1631)^[448]
- William Monson, British admiral (d.1643)^[449]
- Frans Pourbus the Younger, Flemish painter (d.1622)^[450]
- Yodo-dono, Japanese concubine ofToyotomi Hideyoshi (d.1615)^[451]

Deaths

Transcluding articles:1560,1561,1562,1563,1564,1565,1566,1567,1568, and1569

1560

January 1 –Joachim du Bellay, French poet (b.1522)^[452]
January 8 –Jan Łaski, Polish Protestant evangelical reformer (b.1499)^[453]
January 22 –Wang Zhi, Chinese pirate^[454]
February 7 –Bartolommeo Bandinelli, Florentine sculptor (b.1493)^[455]
February 14 –Philip I, Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast (b.1515)^[456]
February 16 –Jean du Bellay, French cardinal and diplomat (b.1493)^[457]
March 5 –Pedro Pacheco de Villena, Spanish Catholic cardinal (b.1488)^[458]
April 19 –Philip Melanchthon, German humanist and reformer (b.1497)^[459]
June 11 –Mary of Guise, queen ofJames V of Scotland and regent (b.1515)^[460]
June 12
- Imagawa Yoshimoto, Japanese daimyō (b.1519)^[461]^{[unreliable source?]}
- Ii Naomori, Japanese warrior (b.1506)
August 4 –Maeda Toshimasa, Japanese samurai
August 7 –Anastasia Romanovna, Tsarina of Russia, married to Russian TsarIvan the Terrible (b.1530)^[462]
September 8 –Amy Robsart, English noblewoman (b.1532)^[463]
September 14 –Anton Fugger, German merchant (b.1493)^[464]
September 29 – KingGustav I of Sweden (b.1496)^[465]
September 30 –Melchor Cano, Spanish theologian (b.1525)^[466]
November 7 –Petrus Lotichius Secundus, German Neo-Latin poet (b.1528)^[467]
November 25 –Andrea Doria, Italian naval commander (b.1466)^[468]
December 2 –Georg Sabinus, German writer (b.1508)^[469]
December 5 – KingFrancis II of France (b.1544)^[470]
December 7 –Ernest of Bavaria, pledge lord of the County of Glatz (b.1500)^[471]
Date unknown –Benvenida Abrabanel, philanthropist and businesswoman.^[472]

1561

January 9 –Amago Haruhisa, Japanese samurai and warlord (b.1514)
January 13 –Frederick Magnus I, Count of Solms-Laubach, (b.1521)
January 31
- Menno Simons, Anabaptist religious leader and Mennonite founder (b.1496)
- Bairam Khan, Turkoman noble and poet (assassinated)
February 13 –Francis I, Duke of Nevers (b.1516)
February 26 –Jorge de Montemor, Spanish writer (b.1520)
March 6 –Gonçalo da Silveira, Portuguese Jesuit missionary (b.1526)
March 24 –Giulio d'Este, illegitimate son of Italian noble (b.1478)
March 25 –Conrad Lycosthenes, humanist and encyclopedist (b.1518)
March 28 –Bartholomeus V. Welser, German banker (b.1484)
April 9 –Jean Quintin, French priest, knight and writer (b.1500)^[473]
May 4 –Karl I, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, German prince (b.1534)
May 16 –Jan Tarnowski, Polish noble (b.1488)
June 23 –Saitō Yoshitatsu, Japanese daimyō (b.1527)
June 6 –Ridolfo Ghirlandaio, Italian painter (b.1483)
July 9 –Sebald Heyden, German musicologist and theologian (b.1499)
July 19 –Henry Lauder, Lord St Germains, Lord Advocate of Scotland
September 1 –Edward Waldegrave, English politician and recusant
September 25 –Sehzade Bayezid, Ottoman Prince (b.1525)
October 27 –Lope de Aguirre, Basque rebel and conquistador (b.1510)
November 7 –Jeanne de Jussie, Swiss nun and writer (b.1503)
November 11 –Hans Tausen, Danish reformer (b.1494)
December 6 –Joachim I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, German prince (b.1509)
December 10 –Caspar Schwenckfeld, German theologian
date unknown
- Marie Dentière, Genevan Protestant reformer and theologian (b.1495)
- Claude Garamond, French publisher (b.1480)
- Ijuin Tadaaki, Japanese noble (b.1520)
probable –Luis de Milán, Spanish composer (b.1500)

1562

*Cornelis Aerentsz van der Dussen* byJan van Scorel Panel, Weiss Gallery, London

January – PrinceIlie II Rareş of Moldavia (b.1531)
January 9 –Amago Haruhisa, Japanese samurai and warlord (b.1514)
January 25 –Charles Wriothesley, English officer of arms (b.1508)
February 3 –Georg Giese, German merchant (b.1497)
May 4 –Lelio Sozzini, Italian Protestant theologian (b.1525)
July 1 –Wilhelm IV of Eberstein, German President of the Reichskammergericht (b.1497)
July 4 –Johann Hommel, German astronomer and mathematician (b.1518)
July 23 –Götz von Berlichingen, German knight and mercenary (b.1480)
September 5 –Katharina Zell, German Protestant reformer (b.1497)^[474]
October –George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly (b.1514)
October 9 –Gabriele Falloppio, Italian anatomist (b.1523)^[475]
October 13 –Claudin de Sermisy, French composer (b.1495)
October 18 –Anne d'Alençon, French noblewoman (b.1492)
November 7 –Maldeo Rathore, Rao ofMarwar (b.1511)
November 12 –Pietro Martire Vermigli, Italian theologian (b.1500)^[476]
November 17 –Antoine de Bourbon, father ofHenry IV of France (b.1518)
November 20 –Giovanni de' Medici, Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1544)
December 6
- Jan van Scorel, Dutch painter (b.1495)
- Garzia de' Medici, Italian noble (b.1547)
December 7 –Adrian Willaert, Flemish composer (b. c.1490)
December 13 –Francesco Marinoni, Italian Catholic priest (b.1490)
December 17 –Eleonora di Toledo, Grand Duchess of Tuscany (b.1522)
December 27 –Joachim of Münsterberg-Oels, Duke of Münsterberg, Duke of Oels, Count of Kladsko, Bishop of Brandenburg (b.1503)
date unknown
- Cristóbal de Guzmán Cecetzin, Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan and Governor of San Juan Tenochtitlan
- Matteo Bandello, Italian novelist (b.1480)

1563

January 4 –Elisabeth of Hesse, Countess Palatine of Zweibrücken, later Countess Palatine of Simmern (b.1503)^[477]
February 1 – EmperorMenas of Ethiopia (fever) (b.1559)^[478]
February 4 –Wilhelm von Brandenburg, Archbishop of Riga (b.1498)^[479]
February 24 –Francis, Duke of Guise, French soldier and politician (shot) (b.1519)^[480]
March 2 –Ercole Gonzaga, Spanish Catholic cardinal (b.1505)^[481]
March 17 –Girolamo Seripando, Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1493)^[482]
March 19 –Arthur Brooke, English poet^[483]
March 24 –Hosokawa Harumoto, Japanese military leader (b.1514)
March 28 –Heinrich Glarean, Swiss music theorist (b.1488)^[484]
April 15 –Bernhard VIII, Count of Lippe (b.1527)^[485]
April 30 –Henry Stafford, 1st Baron Stafford, English baron (b.1501)^[486]
May 21 –Martynas Mažvydas, author of the first printed book in Lithuanian (b. 1510)^[487]
June 10 –William Paget, 1st Baron Paget, English statesman (b.1506)^[488]
June 24 – PrinceYuri of Uglich (b.1532)^[489]
August 11 –Bartolomé de Escobedo, Spanish composer (b.1500)^[490]
August 18 –Étienne de La Boétie, French judge and writer (b.1530)^[491]
August 30 –Wolfgang Musculus, German theologian (b.1497)^[492]
September 17 –Henry Manners, 2nd Earl of Rutland, English soldier (b.1526)^[493]
October 31 –Anthony Kitchin, British bishop (b.1471)^[494]
November
- John Bale, English churchman (b.1495)^[495]
- Ioan Iacob Heraclid, ruler of Moldavia (b.1511)^[496]
December 1 –Yi Gwang-sik, Korean politician and general (b.1493)
December 29
- Sebastian Castellio, French theologian (b.1515)^[497]
- Thomas Naogeorgus, German playwright (b.1508)^[498]
date unknown
- Odet de Selve, French diplomat (b. c.1504)^[499]

1564

January 9 –Margaret Howard, Duchess of Norfolk (b.1540)^[500]
February 18 –Michelangelo, Italian artist, architect and sculptor (b.1475)^[501]
February 19 –Guillaume Morel, French classical scholar (b.1505)^[502]
March 5 –Isabella Losa, Spanish scholar (b.1491)^[503]
March 27 –Lütfi Pasha, Albanian-born Ottoman statesman, juridical scholar and poet of slave origin (b. c.1488)^[504]
April –Pierre Belon, French naturalist (b.1517)^[505]
April 9 –Georg Hartmann, German instrument maker (b.1489)^[506]
May 2 – CardinalRodolfo Pio da Carpi, Italian humanist and patron of the arts (b.1500)^[507]
May 27 –John Calvin, French Protestant reformer (b.1509)^[508]
June 24 –Rani Durgavati, Indian queen (b.1524)
July 23 –Eléanor de Roucy de Roye, French noble (b.1535)^[509]
July 25 –Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (b.1503)^[510]
July 31 –Luís de Velasco, Viceroy of New Spain (b.1511)^[511]
August 10 –Miyoshi Nagayoshi, Japanese samurai and daimyō (b.1522)^[512]
August 30 – DuchessSabina of Bavaria (b.1492)^[513]
October 5 –Pierre de Manchicourt, Flemish composer^[514]
October 6 –Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora, Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1518)^[515]
October 15 –Andreas Vesalius, Flemish anatomist (b.1514)^[516]
October 18 –Johannes Acronius Frisius, German physician and mathematician (b.1520)^[517]
December 6 –Ambrosius Blarer, influential German reformer in southern Germany and north-eastern Switzerland (b.1492)^[518]
date unknown
- Giovanni da Udine, Italian painter (b.1487)^[519]
- Purandara Dasa, Indian musician (b.1484)^[520]
- Charles Estienne, French anatomist (b.1503)^[521]
- Isabella de Luna, Spanish-Italian courtesan^[522]
probable –Maurice Scève, French poet (b.1500)^[523]

1565

January 19 –Diego Laynez, Spanish Jesuit theologian (b.1512)^[524]
January 28 –Francisco Cesi, Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1500)^[525]
February 28 –John, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels and Count of Glatz (b.1509)^[526]
March 17 –Alexander Ales, Scottish theologian (b.1500)^[527]
c. March –Lope de Rueda, Spanish dramatist (b. c.1510)^[528]
April 2 –Elisabeth Parr, Marchioness of Northampton, English noble (b.1526)^[529]
April 27 –Osanna of Cattaro, Dominican visionary and anchoress (b.1493)^[530]
May 14 –Nicolaus von Amsdorf, German Protestant reformer (b.1483)^[531]
May 5 –Queen Munjeong, Korean queen (b.1501)
May 28 –Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł, Polish magnate (b.1515)^[532]
June 12 –Adrianus Turnebus, French classical scholar (b.1512)^[533]
June 17 –Ashikaga Yoshiteru, Japanese shogun (b.1536)^[534]^{[unreliable source?]}
June 19 –Wolfgang Lazius, Austrian historian (b.1514)^[535]
June 23 –Turgut Reis, Ottoman naval commander (b.1485)^[536]
July 18 –Kat Ashley, governess ofElizabeth I of England
August –Jacques Buus, Flemish composer and organist (b.1500)^[537]
August 29 –Alfonso Carafa, Italian cardinal (b.1540)^[538]
June 25 –Herluf Trolle, Danish Admiral of the Fleet and co-founder ofHerlufsholm School (b.1516)^[539]
September 13 –William Farel, French evangelist (b.1489)^[540]
September 11–20 –Cipriano de Rore, Flemish composer and teacher (b.1515)^[541]
October 4 –Pier Paolo Vergerio, Italian reformer (b.1498)^[542]
October 5 –Lodovico Ferrari, Italian mathematician (b.1522)^[543]
October 7 –Johannes Mathesius, German theologian (b.1504)^[544]
October 12 –Jean Ribault, French explorer and colonizer (b.1520)^[545]
October 14 –Thomas Chaloner, English statesman and poet (b.1521)^[546]
October 21 –John Frederick III, Duke of Saxony and nominal Duke of Saxe-Gotha (b.1538)^[547]
October 22 –Jean, Vicomte d'Aguisy Grolier de Servieres, French bibliophile (b.1479)^[548]
October 29 –Ranuccio Farnese, Italian prelate (b.1530)^[549]
November 2 –Mechthild of Bavaria, German duchess (b.1532)^[550]
November 25 –Hu Zongxian, Chinese general (b.1512)^[551]
December 9 –Pope Pius IV (b.1499)^[552]
December 12 –Johan Rantzau, German general (b.1492)^[553]
December 13 –Conrad Gessner, Swiss naturalist (b.1516)^[554]
date unknown
- Antonio Bernieri, Italian painter of theRenaissance period (b.1516)^[555]
- Yadegar Mokhammad of Kazan, last khan of Kazan Khanate^[556]
- Paweł Tarło, canon of Kraków,Poland^[557]

1566

January 6 –Francesco Gonzaga, Spanish Catholic cardinal (b.1538)^[558]
January 7 –Louis de Blois, Flemish mystical writer (b.1506)^[559]
February 3 –George Cassander, Flemish theologian (b.1513)^[560]
February 24 –Mimura Iechika, Japanese warlord (b.1517)
March 9 –David Rizzio, Italian secretary ofMary, Queen of Scots (b.1533)^[561]
March 23 –Wolfgang, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, German prince (b.1492)^[562]
March 26 –Antonio de Cabezón, Spanish composer and organist (b.1510)^[563]
March 28 –Sigismund von Herberstein, Austrian diplomat (b.1486)^[564]
April 25 –Diane de Poitiers, mistress of KingHenry II of France (b.1499)^[565]
April 25 –Louise Labé, French poet (b. c.1524)^[566]
May 10 –Leonhart Fuchs, German physician and a botanist (b.1501)^[567]
July 2 –Nostradamus, French astrologer (b.1503)^[568]
July 13 –Thomas Hoby, English diplomat and translator (b.1530)^[569]
July 18 –Bartolomé de las Casas, Spanish priest (b.1484)^[570]
July 30 –Guillaume Rondelet, French doctor (b.1507)^[571]
August 19 –Elisabeth of Brunswick-Calenberg, Countess of Henneberg (b.1526)^[572]
September 2 –Taddeo Zuccari, Italian painter (b.1529)^[573]
September 6 –Suleiman the Magnificent,Ottoman Sultan since1520 (b.1494)^[140]
September 17 –Íñigo López de Mendoza, 4th Duke of the Infantado (b.1493)^[574]
September 22 –Johannes Agricola, German Protestant reformer (b.1494)^[575]
September 27 –Marco Girolamo Vida, Italian poet (b.1490)^[576]
October 13 –Zilia Dandolo, Venetian dogaressa^[577]
October 28 –Johann Funck, German theologian (b.1518)^[578]
October 31 –Richard Edwardes, English poet (b.1523)^[579]
November 2 –Thomas White, English politician (b.1507)
November 17 –Annibale Caro, Italian poet and Knight of Malta (b.1507)^[580]
November 27 –Froben Christoph of Zimmern, author of theZimmern Chronicle (b.1519)^[581]
December 1 –Francisco Mendoza de Bobadilla, Spanish Catholic cardinal (b.1508)^[582]
December 14 –René, Marquis of Elbeuf (b.1536)^[583]
December 26 –Kimotsuki Kanetsugu, Japanese samurai (b.1511)
December 28 –Margaret Paleologa, Sovereign Marchioness of Montferrat (1531–1540) (b.1510)^[584]
date unknown
- Charles Dumoulin, French jurist (b.1500)^[585]
- Calvagh O'Donnell, Irish chieftain^[586]
probable –Jacob Acontius, Swiss jurist, theologian, philosopher and engineer (b.1492)^[587]

1567

January 12 –Eva von Trott, German noble and courtier (b.1505)
January 17 –Sampiero Corso, Corsican mercenary leader (b.1498)
January 23 –Jiajing Emperor of China (b.1507)
January 26 –Nicholas Wotton, English diplomat (c. b.1497)
February 10 –Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, consort ofMary, Queen of Scots (b.1545)
February 20 –Estácio de Sá, Portuguese officer, founder ofRio de Janeiro (b.1520)
March 31 –Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse (b.1504)
April 1 –Jan Krzysztof Tarnowski, Polish nobleman (b.1537)
April 2 –Ernest III, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (b.1518)
April 18 –Wilhelm von Grumbach, German adventurer (b.1503)
April 19 –Michael Stifel, German mathematician (b.1487)
May 2 –Marin Držić, Croatian writer (b.1508)^[588]
June 2 –Shane O'Neill, Irish chieftain (b.1530)
June 12 –Richard Rich,Lord Chancellor of England (b.1490)
June 19 –Anna of Brandenburg, Duchess of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (b.1507)
August 3 –Myeongjong of Joseon, ruler of Korea (b.1534)
August 18 –Enea Vico, Italian engraver (b.1523)
October 1 –Pietro Carnesecchi, Italian humanist (b.1508)
October 31 –Marie of Brandenburg-Kulmbach, Princess of Brandenburg-Kulmbach and by marriage Electress Palatine (b.1519)
November 12 –Anne de Montmorency,Constable of France (b.1493)
November 13 –Pedro de la Gasca, viceroy of Peru (b.1485)
November 19 –Takeda Yoshinobu, Japanese daimyō (b.1538)
date unknown
- Thomas Beccon, English Protestant reformer (b.1511)
- Péter Erdődy, ban of Croatia (b.1504)
- Shahghali, khan of Qasim (b.1505)
- Lawrence Sheriff, English gentleman and grocer to Elizabeth I (b.1510)
- Akagawa Motoyasu, Japanese samurai

1568

January 26 –Lady Catherine Grey, Countess of Hertford (b.1540)^[589]
February 15 –Hendrick van Brederode, Dutch reformer (b.1531)^[590]
March 19 –Elizabeth Seymour, Lady Cromwell, English noblewoman (b.c.1518)
March 20 (plague)
- Albert, Duke of Prussia (b.1490)^[591]
- Anna Marie of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duchess of Prussia (b.1532)^[592]
May 23 –Adolf of Nassau, Count of Nassau, Dutch soldier (b.1540)^[593]
April 7 –Onofrio Panvinio, Italian Augustinian historian (b.1529)^[594]
April 27 –Giovanni Michele Saraceni, Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1498)^[595]
May 6 –Bernardo Salviati, Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1508)^[596]
May 15 –Anna of Lorraine (b.1522)^[597]
May 23 –Jean de Ligne, Duke of Arenberg (b.1528)^[598]
June 3 –Andrés de Urdaneta, Spanish explorer (b.1508)^[599]
June 5
- Lamoral, Count of Egmont, Flemish statesman (b.1522)^[600]
- Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn (b. c.1524)^[601]
June 11 –Henry V, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Prince of Wolfenbüttel 1514–1568 (b.1489)^[602]
July 1 –Levinus Lemnius, Dutch writer (b.1505)^[603]
July 6 –Johannes Oporinus, Swiss printer (b.1507)^[604]
July 7 –William Turner, British ornithologist and botanist (b.1508)^[605]
July 24 –Carlos, Prince of Asturias, son ofPhilip II of Spain (b.1545)^[606]
August 15 –Stanislaus Kostka, Polish saint (b.1550)^[607]
August 21 –Jean Parisot de Valette, 49thGrandmaster of theKnights Hospitaller (b.1495)^[608]
August 23 –Thomas Wharton, 1st Baron Wharton (b.1495)^[609]
September 26 –Leonor de Cisneros, Spanish Protestant (b.1536)^[610]
September –Anna Pehrsönernas moder, influential Swedish courtier (b. year unknown)
September 22 –Jöran Persson, Swedish politician (b. c.1530) (executed)^[611]
October 3 –Elisabeth of Valois, Queen ofPhilip II of Spain (b.1545)^[612]
October 14 –Jacques Arcadelt, Flemish composer (b.1504)^[613]
October 19 –Joannes Aurifaber Vratislaviensis, German theologian (b.1517)^[614]
October 28 –Ashikaga Yoshihide, Japanese shōgun (b.1538)
November 6 –Anna of Brunswick-Lüneburg, duchess consort of Pomerania (b.1502)^[615]
November 9 –John Radcliffe, English politician (b.1539)^[616]
December 23 –Roger Ascham, tutor ofElizabeth I of England (b.1515)^[617]
December 24 –Henry V, Burgrave of Plauen (b.1533)^[618]
December 28 –Christoph, Duke of Württemberg (b.1515)^[619]
December 31 –Shimazu Tadayoshi, Japanese warlord (b.1493)
date unknown
- Garcia de Orta, Portuguese Jewish physician (b.1501)^[620]
- Dirk Philips, early Dutch Anabaptist writer and theologian (b.1504)^[621]
- Yan Song, Chinese prime minister (b.1481)
- Amato Lusitano, Portuguese physician (b.1511)^[622]

1569

January 15 –Catherine Carey lady-in-waiting toElizabeth I of England (b.1524)^[623]
January 20 –Myles Coverdale, English Bible translator (b. c.1488)^[624]
March 13 –Louis, Prince of Condé, French Protestant general (b.1530)^[187]
March 17 –Karl Christoph, Duke of Münsterberg (b.1545)^[625]
April 15 –Maha Chakkraphat, Siamese King of theAyutthaya Kingdom (b.1509)
May 10 –John of Ávila, Spanish mystic and saint (b.1500)^[626]
May 16 –Dirk Willems, Dutch Anabaptist martyr^[627]
May 17 –Georg, Count Palatine of Simmern-Sponheim (b.1518)^[628]
May 26 –Vidus Vidius, Italian surgeon and anatomist (b.1509)^[629]
May 27 –François de Coligny d'Andelot, French general (b.1521)^[630]
June 11 –Wolfgang, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (b.1526)^[631]
September 5
- Edmund Bonner, Bishop of London (b. c.1500)^[632]
- Bernardo Tasso, Italian courtier and poet (b.1493)^[633]
September 9 –Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Flemish painter^[634]
September 11 –Vincenza Armani, Italian actress (b.1530)^[635]
October 3 –Philibert, Margrave of Baden-Baden (b.1536)^[636]
October 9 –Vladimir of Staritsa, Russian prince (b.1533)^[637]
October 28 –Ludovica Torelli, Count of Guastalla (b.1500)^[638]
November 24 –Celio Secondo Curione, Italian humanist (b.1503)^[639]
November 29 –António Ferreira, Portuguese poet (b.1528)^[640]
December 10 –Paul Eber, German Lutheran theologian (b.1511)^[641]
December 15 –Ludowika Margaretha of Zweibrücken-Bitsch, spouse of Count Philip V of Hanau-Lichtenberg (b.1540)^[642]
December 23 –Philip II, Metropolitan of Moscow (b.1507)^[643]
date unknown
- Janet Beaton, Scottish noble (b.1519)
- Elin Andersdotter, Swedish lady-in-waiting and political conspirator^[644]
- Gracia Mendes Nasi, Ottoman businessperson and philanthropist (b.1510)^[645]
- Mahinthrathirat, Ayutthaya king (b.1539)

References

[edit]

^Huguenot Society of London (1965).Proceedings of the Huguenot Society of London. Huguenot Society of London. p. 633.
^"Juan de la Cerda y Silva".dbe.rah.es. Retrieved20 October 2023.
^Boisson, Didier; Daussy, Hugues (2006).Les Protestants dans la France moderne (in French). Belin. p. 117.ISBN 978-2-7011-3334-8. Retrieved20 October 2023.
^Pitts, Vincent J. (5 January 2009).Henri IV of France: His Reign and Age. JHU Press. p. 17.ISBN 978-0-8018-9027-7. Retrieved20 October 2023.
^Richards, John F. (1993).The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 14.ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2. Retrieved22 October 2023.
^Glete, Jan (4 January 2002).Warfare at Sea, 1500-1650: Maritime Conflicts and the Transformation of Europe. Routledge. p. 103.ISBN 978-1-134-61078-5. Retrieved20 October 2023.
^Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Kodansha. 1983. p. 83.ISBN 978-0-87011-626-1.
^Great Britain. Public Record Office (1966).Calendar of State Papers: Foreign Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth ... p. 174.
^"Records of the Parliaments of Scotland".www.rps.ac.uk. Retrieved21 October 2023.
^Burnet, George B. (1960).The holy communion in the reformed Church of Scotland, 1560-1960. Edinburgh, Oliver and Boyd. p. 1. Retrieved21 October 2023.
^The Observatory. London: Taylor and Francis. 1890. p. 397. Retrieved21 October 2023.
^Rudbeck, Ture Gustaf (1855).Försök till beskrifning öfver Sveriges städer i historiskt, topografiskt och statistiskt hänseende (in Swedish). Albert Bonniers förlag. p. 16. Retrieved21 October 2023.
^John Stow,The Chronicles of England from Brute unto this Present Year of 1580 (Henry Bynneman for Ralph Newbury, Cum Privilegio, London 1580),p. 1115 (Umich/eebo).
^William M. Metcalfe (1905).A History of the County of Renfrew from the Earliest Times. Alexander Gardener. p. 213.
^Symonds, H. (1916). "The mint of Queen Elizabeth and those who worked there".Spink and Son's Numismatic Circular.16:61–105.
^Isidore Silver (1961).Ronsard and the Hellenic Renaissance in France. Librairie Droz. p. 382.ISBN 978-2-600-03094-6.
^Metzger, Bruce M. (1960)."The Geneva Bible of 1560".Theology Today.17 (3):339–352.doi:10.1177/004057366001700308.S2CID 170946047. Retrieved22 October 2023.
^Bergin, Thomas G., ed. (1987).Encyclopedia of the Renaissance. Oxford; New York: New Market Books.
^Independent schools yearbook : 1997/98 boys' schools, girls' schools, co-educational schools & preparatory schools. London: A & C Black. 1997. p. 329.ISBN 978-0-7136-4752-5. Retrieved22 October 2023.
^"Our History".solsch.org.uk. Retrieved22 October 2023.
^Paludan, Ann (24 March 2009).Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-reign Record Of The Rulers Of Imperial China. WW Norton. p. 182.ISBN 978-0-500-28764-4. Retrieved22 October 2023.
^Narayan, S. S. (2009).Sea Pirates. Sumit Enterprises. p. 8.ISBN 978-81-8420-167-3. Retrieved22 October 2023.
^Bose, Mandakranta, ed. (2000).Faces of the Feminine in Ancient, Medieval, and Modern India. Oxford University Press. p. 205.ISBN 978-0-19-512229-9.
^Michael Questier,Dynastic Politics and the British Reformations, 1558-1630 (Oxford University Press, 2019) p.31
^Beatriz Pastor; Sergio Callau (1 January 2011).Lope de Aguirre y la rebelión de los marañones. Parkstone International. pp. 1524–1525.ISBN 978-84-9740-535-5.
^Smith, Vincent Arthur (1919).Akbar the Great Mogul, 1542-1605.
^"Himmelserscheinung über Nürnberg" [Celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg].NEBIS (in German). Zurich Library. April 14, 1561. (2 pages).
^.Roelker, Nancy (1996).One King, One Faith: The Parlement of Paris and the Religious Reformation of the Sixteenth Century. University of California Press. p. 251.ISBN 0520086260.
^Claudia Winn Sieber (1985).The Invention of a Capital: Philip II and the First Reform of Madrid. Johns Hopkins University. p. 59.
^Caroline Allen; Edward Earl of Wessex (1999).Edward Wessex's Crown and Country: A Personal Guide to Royal London. HarperCollins. p. 62.ISBN 978-0-00-414071-1.
^"BBC History Magazine vol 12 no 6 (June 2011), p13". Archived fromthe original on November 9, 2014. RetrievedNovember 9, 2014.
^ Early Voyages and Travels to Russia and Persia, by Anthony Jenkinson and Other Englishmen, With Some Account of the First Intercourse of the English with Russia and Central Asia by Way of the Caspian Sea, ed. by E. Delmar Morgan and C. H. Coote · Volume 1 (Burt Franklin, Publisher, 1886)("on the eight day of August then following I came to Vologda... I therewith departed toward the citie of Moscovia and came thither the twentieth day of the same moneth...") p.122
^A. R. MacDonald, 'The Triumph of Protestantism: the burgh council of Edinburgh and the entry of Mary Queen of Scots',Innes Review, 48:1 (Spring 1997), pp. 73-82.
^"Maybole" inOrdnance Gazetteer of Scotland: A Survey of Scottish Topography, Statistical, Biographical and Historical · Volume 5, ed. by Francis H. Groome (T. C. Jack, 1884) p.15
^Ken Yagita,Kitakyushu Sengoku History (Imai Shoten, 1999) p.67
^Thornton, John (2006): "Elite Women in the Kingdom of Kongo: Historical Perspectives on Women's Political Power", page 447.The Journal of African History, Vol. 47.
^"Timeline Of Merchant Taylors' Company".The Merchant Taylors' Company. Archived fromthe original on 10 June 2007. Retrieved5 February 2021.
^"All People That on Earth Do Dwell".The Cyber Hymnal. Archived fromthe original on July 3, 2011. Retrieved2012-06-05.
^Ringler, William A.; Flachmann, Michael, eds. (1988). "Preface".Beware the Cat. San Marino, CA:Huntington Library.
^Moody, T. W.; et al., eds. (1989).A New History of Ireland.8: A Chronology of Irish History. Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-821744-2.
^"Gorboduc, or the Tragedy of Ferrex and Porrox". Archived fromthe original on September 17, 2007. RetrievedNovember 14, 2007.
^^a ^b ^cIgnacio da Costa Quintella:Annaes da Marinha Portugueza (Typographia da Academia Real das Sciencias, 1839) pp.495-496
^^a ^bJohn Ardagh (1980).The Book of France. Chartwell Books. p. 67.ISBN 978-0-89009-366-5.
^Early Voyages and Travels to Russia and Persia, by Anthony Jenkinson and Other Englishmen, With Some Account of the First Intercourse of the English with Russia and Central Asia by Way of the Caspian Sea, ed. by E. Delmar Morgan and C. H. Coote · Volume 1 (Burt Franklin, Publisher, 1886)("the 15. day of March, the yeere aforesaid, I dined againe in his maiesties presence in company of an Ambassador of Persia and others... I departed from the citie of Mosco the 27 day of Aprill 1562, downe by the great river of Volga, in company of the said Ambassador of Persia." p.124
^Knecht, Robert J. (2007).The Valois: Kings of France 1328–1589 (2nd ed.). New York: Hambledon Continuum. p. 35.ISBN 978-1852855222.
^Comer Plummer:Siege of Mazagan, 1562 at militaryhistoryonline.com
^Benedict, Philip (2003).Rouen during the Wars of Religion. Cambridge University Press. p. 99.
^"Somerset, Thomas", inThe Catholic Encyclopedia (Robert Appleton Company, 1913)
^Joseph Bain,Calendar of State Papers, Scotland: 1547-1563, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), pp. 632, 637.
^Hmannan, Vol. 2 (2003) p.338): = 17 June 1562
^Midelfort, Erik (1972).Witch hunting in southwestern Germany, 1562-1684; the social and intellectual foundations. Stanford University Press. p. 88.ISBN 9780804708050.
^von Adelung, Friedrich (1846).Kritisch-literärische Übersicht der Reisenden in Russland bis 1700, deren Berichte bekannt sind (Critical-literary overview of known reports of travelers in Russia up to 1700) (in German). Saint Petersburg: Eggers. p. 231.
^^a ^bWilliams, Hywel (2005).Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 223–226.ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
^"The Shipwrecked Sailors", CostaTropical.net
^"Naufragio en La Herradura, 1560-1563" (Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval) pp.46-48
^Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992).The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 153–156.ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
^John Leonard Roberts (1999).Feuds, Forays, and Rebellions: History of the Highland Clans, 1475-1625. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 97–8.ISBN 978-0-7486-6244-9.
^Great Britain. Public Record Office (1966).Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth: Preserved in the State Paper Department of Her Majesty's Public Record Office. Kraus Reprint. p. 569.
^Evers, Vernd (2003).Architectural Theory: from the Renaissance to the present.Taschen. p. 845.ISBN 978-3-8228-1699-8.
^Vignola.Canon of the Five Orders of Architecture, translated with an introduction by Branko Mitrovic. New York: Acanthus Press, 1999). p. 17.ISBN 0-926494-16-3.
^Il progetto Mappa Storica, Intesa Sanpaolo
^James Bruce,Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile, vol. 4 (J. Ruthven, 1790) p.97
^Pankhurst, Richard (1967).The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles. Oxford University Press. p. 82.ISBN 978-0-608-11625-9. Retrieved28 October 2023.
^Sutherland, N. M. (June 1981)."The Assassination of François Duc de Guise, February 1563".The Historical Journal.24 (2):279–295.doi:10.1017/S0018246X00005471.ISSN 1469-5103.S2CID 159857086. Retrieved28 October 2023.
^Thompson, James Westfall (1909).The wars of religion in France, 1559-1576; the Huguenots, Catherine de Medici and Philip II. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 190–191. Retrieved28 October 2023.
^Roberts, Penny (2013)."Phases of Peace".Peace and Authority during the French Religious Wars c.1560–1600. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 29–50.doi:10.1057/9781137326751_3.ISBN 978-1-137-32675-1. Retrieved28 October 2023.
^Galland, J. A. (1898).Essai sur l'histoire du protestantisme à Caen et en Basse-Normandie de l'Edit de Nantes à la Révolution (1598-1791) (in French). Grassart. p. xxiv. Retrieved28 October 2023.
^N.A.M. Rodger,The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain, Volume 1:660 to 1649 (Penguin, 1997) p.198
^"The Monastery of El Escorial: all its history".Ingeo Expert. January 23, 2020. RetrievedDecember 5, 2022.
^Collenette, V. G. (1963).Elizabeth College. The Guernsey Press Co. p. 1. Retrieved28 October 2023.
^Lavery, Jason (25 October 2021). "Germany's Northern Challenge: The Holy Roman Empire and the Scandinavian Struggle for the Baltic 1563-1576".Germany's Northern Challenge. Brill. pp. 14–16.ISBN 978-90-04-47570-0. Retrieved28 October 2023.
^Lizanne Henderson,Witchcraft and Folk Belief in the Age of Enlightenment: Scotland, 1670-1740 (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016) p.329
^"The Witchcraft Act and its Impact in Scotland, 1563-1736". Historic Environment Scotland. 2022-06-10. Retrieved2023-12-26.
^"Elizabeth: July 1563, 21-31".www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved29 October 2023.
^Svenska slagfält (in Swedish). Wahlström & Widstrand. 2003. p. 103.ISBN 978-91-46-20225-7. Retrieved29 October 2023.
^Battle of Mared, 9 November 1563, by J. Rickard, HistoryofWar.org, July 24, 2007
^Jean Delumeau (1977).Catholicism Between Luther and Voltaire: A New View of the Counter-Reformation. Burns & Oates. p. 24.ISBN 978-0-664-21341-1.
^Giedre Mickunaite (1 January 2006).Making a Great Ruler: Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania. Central European University Press. p. 172.ISBN 978-963-7326-58-5.
^^a ^bG. E. Harvey,History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 (Frank Cass & Co. Ltd., 1925) pp.167-168
^Raúl Porras Barrenechea and Rubén Vargas Ugarte,Historia general de los Peruanos, Volume 2,El Perú Virreinal (Talleres Gráficos, 1977)
^Barros Arana, Diego (2000).Historia general de Chile (in Spanish). Santiago: Santiago de Chile University. pp. 256–257. Retrieved8 November 2023.
^Bernard Le Nail, L'almanach de la Bretagne ("The Almanac of Brittany") (Larousse, 2003)
^"Shipwreck of 16th-century Swedish vessel found in Baltic".Calgary Herald.Agence France-Presse. 20 August 2011. Retrieved20 August 2011.
^Rowland, Lawrence Sanders; Moore, Alexander; Rogers, George C.; Rogers Jr., George C.; Wise, Stephen R.; Spieler, Gerhard (1996).The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina: 1514-1861. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 26.ISBN 978-1-57003-090-1. Retrieved8 November 2023.
^Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava,Akbar the Great: Political History, 1542-1605 A.D. (Shiva Lal Agarwala, 1962) pp.357-364
^Sylvander, Gustaf Volmer (1872).Kalmar slotts och stads historia (in Swedish). Tryckt hos O. Westin. p. 104. Retrieved8 November 2023.
^Jenkinson, Anthony (1886).Early Voyages and Travels to Russia and Persia. B. Franklin. p. xliv. Retrieved8 November 2023.
^"Jenkinson, Anthony".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14736. Retrieved8 November 2023. (Subscription orUK public library membership required.)
^^a ^bMaha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 276–278
^Schreurs, Peter (2000).Caraga Antigua, 1521-1910: The Hispanization and Christianization of Agusan, Surigao, and East Davao. Republic of the Philippines, National Commission for Culture and the Arts, National Historical Institute. p. 69.ISBN 978-971-538-114-7. Retrieved9 November 2023.
^HALSTEAD, MURAT (1898).THE STORY OF THE PHILIPPINES. Our Possessions Publishing Company. p. 269. Retrieved9 November 2023.
^Isabel de Madariaga,Ivan the Terrible, First Tsar of Russia (Yale University Press, 2005) pp. 176–178
^James Thompson,The Wars of Religion in France 1559-1576: The Huguenots, Catherine de Medici and Philip II (Chicago University Press, 1909) pp.241-242
^Hart, Martin (1982) [c. 1973].Rats. Allison & Busby. p. 66.ISBN 0-85031-297-3.
^Kanem-Borno. Chelsea House Publishers. 1995. p. 33.ISBN 978-0-7910-3129-2. Retrieved9 November 2023.
^The Scottish Review. A. Gardner. 1891. p. 8. Retrieved9 November 2023.
^Madariaga, Isabel de (25 September 2006).Ivan the Terrible. Yale University Press. p. 175.ISBN 978-0-300-11973-2. Retrieved20 November 2023.
^L. P. Sharma (1987).History of Medieval India (1000-1740 A.D.). Konark Publishers. p. 266.ISBN 978-81-220-0042-9.
^Hermann Matthias Görgen (1981).Brazil: Impressions and Insight. Pinguin-Verlag. p. 31.ISBN 978-3-7016-2110-1.
^Cortes, Rosario Mendoza; Boncan, Celestina Puyal; Jose, Ricardo Trota (2000).The Filipino Saga: History as Social Change. New Day Publishers. p. 30.ISBN 978-971-10-1055-3. Retrieved20 November 2023.
^"HISTORY OF HINCHINGBROOKE SCHOOL & ALUMNI".www.hinchingbrookeschool.net. Retrieved23 November 2023.
^Mallia-Milanes, Victor (2015)."The Siege of Malta, 1565, revisited".Malta University Historical Society. Retrieved20 November 2023.
^Balbi, Francesco (2005).The Siege of Malta, 1565. Boydell Press. p. 45.ISBN 978-1-84383-140-2. Retrieved20 November 2023.
^Philippine Historical Review. International Association of Historians of Asia. 1971. p. 236. Retrieved21 November 2023.
^Joyce Ackroyd,Lessons from History: The Tokushi Yoron (University of Queensland Press, 1982) p.332
^Jenny Wormald,Mary, Queen of Scots: Politics, Passion and a Kingdom Lost (Tauris Parke, 2001), p. 153.
^Ewen, Alfred Harry; Carteret, Allan Roper De (1969).The Fief of Sark. Guernsey P. pp. 33, 35.ISBN 978-0-902550-00-1. Retrieved21 November 2023.
^"Sark marks 450 years of Royal Charter".BBC News. 6 August 2015. Retrieved21 November 2023.
^Actas del XIV Congreso de la Asociación Internacional de Hispanistas, New York, 16-21 de julio de 2001 (in Spanish). Asociación internacional de hispanistas. 2004. p. 432.ISBN 978-1-58871-049-9. Retrieved21 November 2023.
^Marley, David F. (12 September 2005).Historic Cities of the Americas. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 627.ISBN 978-1-57607-574-6. Retrieved21 November 2023.
^Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1984).The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571. American Philosophical Society. p. 874.ISBN 978-0-87169-162-0. Retrieved21 November 2023.
^Sergio Buonadonna,Rosso doge: I dogi della Repubblica di Genova dal 1339 al 1797
^Hesselink, Reinier H. (21 December 2015).The Dream of Christian Nagasaki: World Trade and the Clash of Cultures, 1560-1640. McFarland. p. 38.ISBN 978-0-7864-9961-8. Retrieved23 November 2023.
^Svenska Slagfält: "Axtorna 1565: En fråga om kavalleritaktik" (2003) pp. 69-76
^Vigano, Marino (2001). "Giovan Giacomo Paleari Fratino and the Tower at Mortella Point, Corsica (1563)".Fort.29.Fortress Study Group:41–57.
^Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: pp.285–286
^Georgieva, Valentina (1998).Historical dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. pp. 160–161.ISBN 978-0-8108-3336-4. Retrieved23 November 2023.
^Voice, Eric H. (January 1949)."The History of the Manufacture of Pencils".Transactions of the Newcomen Society.27 (1):131–141.doi:10.1179/tns.1949.012.ISSN 0372-0187. Retrieved23 November 2023.
^Petroski, Henry (10 November 1992).The Pencil: A History of Design and Circumstance. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 37, 46.ISBN 978-0-679-73415-4. Retrieved23 November 2023.
^Howse, William Henry (1945).Presteigne, Past and Present. Jakemans Limited. p. 33. Retrieved23 November 2023.
^Bingham, Derek (September 2009).The ECIS International Schools Directory 2009/10. John Catt Educational Ltd. p. 41.ISBN 978-1-904724-67-4. Retrieved23 November 2023.
^Houghton, R. R. (1965).Bungay Grammar School: 1656-1965. Bungay Grammar School. p. 1. Retrieved23 November 2023.
^Gregory Sobolewski (2001).Martin Luther, Roman Catholic Prophet. Marquette University Press. p. 96.ISBN 978-0-87462-649-0.
^De Lucca, Denis (2013)."The city-fortress of Valletta in the Baroque age".Baroque Routes Newsletter.9:8–17. Retrieved27 November 2023.
^Van der Horst(e), Peter (1676).Beschreibung von der Kunst der Schiffahrt – Zum andernmahl auffgeleget und mit einem Anhang vermehret, worin beschrieben wird der Anfang und Fortgang der Schiffahrt. 2nd ed. Lübeck: Schmalhertzens Erven. (PDF).
^Lem, Anton van der (15 March 2019).Revolt in the Netherlands: The Eighty Years War, 1568-1648. Reaktion Books. p. 57.ISBN 978-1-78914-088-0. Retrieved27 November 2023.
^Pettegree, Andrew (2000).The Reformation World. Psychology Press. p. 352.ISBN 978-0-415-16357-6. Retrieved27 November 2023.
^Les Lettres de pardon du voyage de Charles IX (1565-1566), ed. by (Société de l'Histoire de France, 2010)
^Turnbull, Stephen R (2003).The Ottoman Empire, 1326–1699. Osprey Publishing Ltd. p. 55.ISBN 978-0-415-96913-0.
^Rodrigo de Zayas,Les Morisques et le racisme d'état (La Différence, 1992) p. 230
^Wolfgang Trapp,Kleines Handbuch der Münzkunde und des Geldwesens in Deutschland (Reclam, 1999) p. 87.
^"Rosenberg (Familienartikel)", by Annemarie Enneper, inNeue Deutsche Biographie (in German) (Duncker & Humblot, 2005), vol. 22, pp. 57–58
^Christina J. Moose,Great Events from History: The Renaissance & Early Modern Era, 1454-1600, Volume 2 (Salem Press, 2005) p.701
^Cohen, Elizabeth S. (1998)."Seen and known: prostitutes in the cityscape of late-sixteenth-century Rome".Renaissance Studies.12 (3):392–409.ISSN 0269-1213.JSTOR 24412612. Retrieved29 November 2023.
^"Hieromartyr Philip, Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia", Orthodox Church in America
^László Kontler,Millennium in Central Europe: A History of Hungary (Atlantisz Publishing, 1999) p.148
^Ernst H. Kossman and Albert F. Mellink,Texts Concerning the Revolt of the Netherlands. Cambridge University Press, 1974) pp. 69-75
^Horváth, Jenő (1895).Magyar hadi krónika: a magyar nemzet ezeréves küzdelmeinek katonai története (in Hungarian). Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Hadtudományi Bizottsága. p. 87. Retrieved27 November 2023.
^Arnade, Peter J. (2008).Beggars, Iconoclasts, and Civic Patriots: the Political Culture of the Dutch Revolt. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 103–104.ISBN 978-0-8014-7496-5.
^^a ^bPap, Norbert (21 January 2019). "The Pilgrimage Town (Türbe Kasabası) of Sultan Süleyman at Szigetvár".The Battle for Central Europe. Brill. pp. 539–552.ISBN 978-90-04-39623-4. Retrieved27 November 2023.
^"SELİM II".TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved27 November 2023.
^Tucker, Spencer C. (15 February 2021).Great Sieges in World History: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 72.ISBN 978-1-4408-6803-0. Retrieved29 November 2023.
^Moln, Enikő; Basa, R (2010)."A Szigeti Veszedelem and the Turkish Wars".e-Journal of the American Hungarian Educators Association (3):1–17.ISSN 1936-8879. Retrieved29 November 2023.
^^a ^bEdward Shelton,The Book of Battles: or, Daring Deeds by Land and Sea (Houlston and Wright, 1867) pp.82-83
^Duczmal, Małgorzata (2012).Jogailaičiai (in Lithuanian). Translated by Birutė Mikalonienė; Vyturys Jarutis. Vilnius:Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. p. 319.ISBN 978-5-420-01703-6.
^Manuel García Puron,México y sus gobernantes (in Spanish)(Joaquín Porrua Publishing, 1984)
^"Funck, Johann", by Paul Tsackert inThe New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, ed. by Samuel Macauley Jackson (Funk and Wagnalls Co., 1909) pp.410-411
^Elizabeth I: Collected Works, ed. by Leah S. Marcus, Janel Mueller, and Mary Beth Rose, (University of Chicago Press, 2002), p.95
^"El Marviedi— Su Grandeza y Decadencia", inRevista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos (March–April, 1905) p.218
^Letters of Mary, Queen of Scots, ed. by Agnes Strickland (Henry Colburn, 1848) p.37.
^L. Carington Goodrich and Fang Chaoying,Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644 (Columbia University Press, 1976)
^Weir, Alison (2008) [2003].Mary, Queen of Scots and the Murder of Lord Darnley. London: Random House. p. 255.ISBN 978-0-09-952707-7.
^Julian Goodare, 'The Ainslie Bond',Kings, Lords and Men in Scotland and Britain, 1300-1625 (Edinburgh, 2014), pp. 15, 301-319.
^William Simpson (2001).The Reign of Elizabeth. Heinemann. p. 64.ISBN 978-0-435-32735-4.
^Jeremy Black (2002).European Warfare, 1494-1660. Psychology Press. p. 100.ISBN 978-0-415-27532-3.
^Antonio Jose Saraiva,The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians, 1536–1765 (Brill, 2001), pp. 345–347
^The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 2007, ed. by K.M. Brown, et al. (St Andrews University, 2007)
^Clark, Roger H.; Pause, Michael (2012).Precedents in architecture : analytic diagrams, formative ideas, and partis (4th ed.). Hoboken: Wiley.ISBN 9780470946749.
^Bertrand, Romain (2011).L'Histoire à parts égales. Paris: Seuil. p. 66.ISBN 978-2-02-105017-2.
^"Alvaro de Mendaña de Neira, 1542?–1595". Princeton University Library. Retrieved8 February 2013.
^"Solomon Islands".www.un.int. Retrieved8 December 2023.
^"What was the Inquisition?".History Is Now Magazine. February 5, 2019. Retrieved2024-02-16.
^Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1984).The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571. American Philosophical Society. p. 922.ISBN 978-0-87169-162-0. Retrieved5 December 2023.
^Cîmpeanu, Liviu (2021)."The Transylvanian-Saxon University at War: Trabanten in John Sigismund Szapolyai's Campaigns at the North-Western Borders of Transylvania (1561–1567)".Acta Musei Napocensis. Historica.58 (58):11–28.ISSN 1454-1521. Retrieved5 December 2023.
^Ram Vallabh Somani,History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. (Mateshwari, 1976)
^Mathur, R. S. (1985).Relations of Hadas with Mughal Emperors, 1568-1720 A.D. Deputy Publications. p. 53. Retrieved6 December 2023.
^James Wood,The King's Army: Warfare, Soldiers and Society during the Wars of Religion in France, 1562-1576 Cambridge University Press, 2002) p.215
^Baird, Henry Martyn (1880).History of the Rise of the Huguenots of France. Hodder and Stoughton. p. 231. Retrieved8 December 2023.
^Roberts, Penny (2013)."Phases of Peace".Peace and Authority during the French Religious Wars c.1560–1600. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 29–50.doi:10.1057/9781137326751_3.ISBN 978-1-137-32675-1. Retrieved5 December 2023.
^John Lothrop Motley,The Rise of the Dutch Republic: A History (Harper & Brothers, 1883) p.160
^Peter G. B. McNeill; Hector L. MacQueen (1996).Atlas of Scottish History to 1707. Scottish Medievalists and Department of Geography, University of Edinburgh. p. 134.ISBN 978-0-9503904-1-3.
^Holmes, P. J. (1987)."Mary Stewart in England".The Innes Review.38 (38):195–218.doi:10.3366/inr.1987.38.38.195. Retrieved2023-12-05.
^Marco van der Hoeven (1997).Exercise of Arms: Warfare in the Netherlands, 1568-1648. Brill. p. 57.ISBN 90-04-10727-4.
^Louis Verniers,Un millénaire d'histoire de Bruxelles. Des origines à 1830 (A. De Boeck, 1965) p.227
^Jaques, Tony (30 November 2006).Dictionary of Battles and Sieges [3 volumes]: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century [3 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 489.ISBN 978-0-313-02799-4. Retrieved6 December 2023.
^Figueroa, Macrina Rabadán (2006).Propios y extraños: la presencia de los extranjeros en la vida de la ciudad de México, 1821-1860 (in Spanish). Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos. p. 13.ISBN 978-970-701-761-0. Retrieved6 December 2023.
^Williamson, David (1988).Debrett's kings and queens of Europe. Exter: Webb & Bower. p. 124.ISBN 978-0-86350-194-4. Retrieved6 December 2023.
^Lovett, A. W. (1986).Early Habsburg Spain, 1517-1598. Oxford University Press. p. 160.ISBN 978-0-19-822139-5. Retrieved6 December 2023.
^Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. 2002. p. 55.ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5. Retrieved6 December 2023.
^Katsumi Kuroita, ed.,Public Court Appointments, Part 3, Vol. 55 (Kokushi Taikei Publishing Association, 1936)
^Trevor Nevitt Dupuy; Curt Johnson; David L. Bongard (1992).The Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography. HarperCollins. p. 800.ISBN 978-0-06-270015-5.
^Hmannan chronicle, Vol. 2, p.403)
^Thornton, John K. (2018). "Soyo and Kongo: The Undoing of the Kingdom's Centralization".The Kongo Kingdom: The Origins, Dynamics and Cosmopolitan Culture of an African Polity. Cambridge University Press. pp. 103–122.ISBN 978-1-108-47418-4. Retrieved8 December 2023.
^Polybius (1979).The Rise Of The Roman Empire. Penguin. p. 36.
^^a ^bPS, Ball (2018).Gambling in Elizabethan England : perspectives on England's 'Lotterie Generall' of 1567'Äö-69 (PhD thesis). University of Tasmania. pp. 6, 120. Retrieved13 December 2023.
^Maifreda, Germano (1 January 2014). "15 The Jews: Institutions, Economy, and Society".A Companion to Late Medieval and Early Modern Milan. Brill. pp. 380–405.ISBN 978-90-04-28412-8. Retrieved13 December 2023.
^^a ^bSt James Press; Anthony Levi; Retired Professor of French Anthony Levi (1992).Guide to French Literature: Beginnings to 1789. St. James Press. p. 725.ISBN 978-1-55862-159-6.
^Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 319
^^a ^bKurat, A. N. (1961)."The Turkish Expedition to Astrakhan' in 1569 and the Problem of the Don-Volga Canal".The Slavonic and East European Review.40 (94):7–23.ISSN 0037-6795.JSTOR 4205320. Retrieved13 December 2023.
^Malte-Brun, Victor Adolfe (1855).La France illustrée: geographie, histoire, administration et statistique (in French). G. Barba. p. 14. Retrieved13 December 2023.
^Kubijovyc, Volodymyr (1984).Encyclopedia of Ukraine. University of Toronto Press. p. 167. Retrieved13 December 2023.
^Dupuy, Richard Ernest; Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt (1993).The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 BC to the Present. HarperCollins. p. 522.ISBN 978-0-06-270056-8.
^Guizot, François (1874).L'histoire de France depuis les temps les plus revules jusqu'en 1789: recontee a mes petits-enfants (in French). Hachette. p. 323. Retrieved13 December 2023.
^"Teachings of the Popes and Councils on the Blessed Virgin Mary", University of Dayton Archived October 12, 2011, at theWayback Machine
^Douglas, James Dixon; Tenney, Merrill Chapin (1997).Diccionario Bíblico Mundo Hispano. Editorial Mundo Hispano. p. 145.
^"Sagradas Escrituras (1569) Bible, SEV".biblestudytools.com. Retrieved2013-07-08.
^Marshall, Peter (1 January 2017).Heretics and Believers: A History of the English Reformation. Yale University Press. p. 487.ISBN 978-0-300-17062-7. Retrieved16 December 2023.
^Fornvännen (in Swedish). Kungl. Vitterhets historie och antikvitets akademien. 1966. p. 33. Retrieved16 December 2023.
^Tapia, Atilio Sivirichi (1900).Historia del Perú y de América: virreinto y emancipación : de conformidad con el novisimo plan de estudios (in Spanish). Imprenta D. Miranda. p. 19. Retrieved16 December 2023.
^R. J. Knecht,The French Wars of Religion 1559-1598 (Longman, 1989) p.42
^Crane, Nicholas (2003).Mercator: the man who mapped the planet. London: Phoenix.ISBN 0-7538-1692-X.
^Frail, T. A."The Ancient Architecture of Fatehpur Sikri".Smithsonian Magazine.
^Benkert, Davina (11 March 2020).Ökonomien botanischen Wissens: Praktiken der Gelehrsamkeit in Basel um 1600 (in German). Schwabe Verlag (Basel). p. 62.ISBN 978-3-7965-4155-1. Retrieved23 October 2023.
^"Dentice, Scipione".Grove Music Online. Retrieved23 October 2023.
^Koopmans, Hanno Brand & Joop W. (22 March 2022).Willem Lodewijk: stadhouder en strateeg (1560-1620-2020) (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 11.ISBN 978-90-8704-872-3. Retrieved23 October 2023.
^Schaumburger Studien (in German). C. Bösendahl. 1963. p. 148.ISBN 978-3-88368-305-8. Retrieved23 October 2023.
^"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 20, 1589".cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved23 October 2023.
^Meyer-Ahrens, Conrad (1865).Wilhelm Fabry, genannt Fabricius von Hilden: eine historische Original-Skizze (in German). Hirschwald. p. 2. Retrieved23 October 2023.
^Tournoy, Gilbert; Papy, Jan; Landtsheer, Jeanine (1997).Lipsius en Leuven: catalogus van de tentoonstelling in de Centrale Bibliotheek te Leuven, 18 september-17 oktober 1997 (in Dutch). Leuven University Press. p. 119.ISBN 978-90-6186-836-1. Retrieved23 October 2023.
^Stephen, Leslie (1887).Dictionary of national biography. Oxford University Press. p. 68. Retrieved23 October 2023.
^Larrière, N. de (1783).Vie de messire Antoine Arnauld (in French). Sigismond d'Arnay. p. 377. Retrieved23 October 2023.
^"Elizabeth Bathory | Biography & Facts | Britannica".www.britannica.com. Retrieved21 May 2022.
^Julius Bodensieck (1965).N-Z. Augsburg. p. 1932.
^Phelps, William Lyon (1921).Essays on Modern Dramatists. Macmillan. p. 29.ISBN 978-0-8369-1476-4. Retrieved24 October 2023.
^Lehmann, Johann Georg (1867).Vollständige Geschichte des Herzogthums Zweibrücken und seiner Fürsten (in German). Kaiser. p. 474. Retrieved24 October 2023.
^"Cavendish, Thomas".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4942. Retrieved24 October 2023. (Subscription orUK public library membership required.)
^Hellinga, Gerben (2009).Leiders van de Gouden Eeuw (in Dutch). Walburg Pers. p. 127.ISBN 978-90-5730-623-5. Retrieved24 October 2023.
^Ledderhose, Karl Friedrich; Ledderhose, Carl Friedrich (1890).Aus dem Leben des Markgrafen Georg Friedrich von Baden (in German). C. Winter. p. 13. Retrieved24 October 2023.
^Zachmann, Rudolf (1912).Die Politik Kursachsens unter Christian I. 1586-1591 (in German). Franke. p. 3. Retrieved24 October 2023.
^Malvasia's Life of the Carracci: Commentary and Translation. Penn State Press. 2000. p. 245.ISBN 978-0-271-04437-8. Retrieved24 October 2023.
^Mikovec, Ferdinand Břetislav (1860).Alterthümer und Denkwürdigkeiten Böhmens: 1 (in German). Kober & Markgraf. p. 117. Retrieved25 October 2023.
^Rivista del sovrano militare Ordine di Malta (in Italian). Scuola tip. pontif. per i figli dei carcerati. 1941. p. 19. Retrieved25 October 2023.
^Wolf, Peter; Geschichte, Haus der Bayerischen (2003).Der Winterkönig, Friedrich von der Pfalz: Bayern und Europa im Zeitalter des Dreissigjährigen Krieges (in German). Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. p. 229.ISBN 978-3-8062-1810-7. Retrieved25 October 2023.
^Thomas, Antoine Léonard (1763).Éloge de Maximilien de Bethune, duc de Bethune, duc de Sully (in French). Regnard. p. 59. Retrieved25 October 2023.
^"SANDYS, Sir Samuel (1560-1623), of Ombersley, Worcs. | History of Parliament Online".www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved25 October 2023.
^Zeitschrift des Vereins für hessische Geschichte und Landeskunde (in German). Verein für Hessische Geschichte und Landeskunde. 1862. p. 46. Retrieved25 October 2023.
^Carter, Tim; Butt, John (22 December 2005).The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Music. Cambridge University Press. p. 335.ISBN 978-0-521-79273-8. Retrieved25 October 2023.
^Malcolm, Noel (1984).De Dominis, 1560-1624 : Venetian, Anglican, ecumenist, and relapsed heretic. London: Strickland & Scott Academic Publications. p. 7.ISBN 978-0-947891-00-8. Retrieved25 October 2023.
^Placzek, Adolf K. (1982).Macmillan Encyclopedia of Architects. Free Press. p. 533.ISBN 978-0-02-925000-6. Retrieved25 October 2023.
^対外関係史辞典 (in Japanese). 吉川弘文館. February 2009. p. 34.ISBN 978-4-642-01449-6. Retrieved26 October 2023.
^A. H. Dodd."Myddelton, of Gwaenynog, Denbigh, Chirk, and Ruthin, Denbighshire, London and Essex".Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. RetrievedMay 26, 2021.
^Friedrich Spee, Priester, Mahner und Poet (1591-1635): eine Ausstellung der Diözesan- und Dombibliothek Köln in Zusammenarbeit mit der Friedrich-Spee-Gesellschaft Düsseldorf, 11. Juni bis 9. Oktober 2008 (in German). Erzbischöfliche Diözesan- und Dombibliothek. 2008. p. 90.ISBN 978-3-939160-16-8. Retrieved26 October 2023.
^Podhorodecki, Leszek (1982).Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, 1560-1621 (in Polish). Wydawn. Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej. p. 13.ISBN 978-83-11-06707-3. Retrieved26 October 2023.
^Soukup, Rudolf Werner (2007).Chemie in Österreich: von den Anfängen bis zum Ende des 18 Jahrhunderts (in German). Böhlau Verlag Wien. p. 279.ISBN 978-3-205-77567-6. Retrieved26 October 2023.
^"Francis Bacon | Biography, Philosophy, & Facts".Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved31 March 2019.
^"Thomas Howard, 1st earl of Suffolk | English commander | Britannica".www.britannica.com. Retrieved31 May 2022.
^Mary Sidney Pembroke (comtesse de).); Mary Sidney Herbert Countess of Pembroke; Mary Sidney Herbert (1998).The Collected Works of Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke: Poems, translations, and correspondence. Clarendon Press. p. 3.ISBN 978-0-19-811280-8.
^"Charles Emmanuel I | duke of Savoy | Britannica".www.britannica.com. Retrieved10 March 2022.
^David Ewen (1963).Encyclopedia of the Opera. Hill and Wang. p. 432.
^Lope de Vega (21 January 1999).Three Major Plays. OUP Oxford. p. 11.ISBN 978-0-19-160536-9.
^Stedall, Robert (30 June 2022).Elizabeth I's Final Years: Her Favourites and Her Fighting Men. Pen and Sword History. p. xxxv.ISBN 978-1-3990-8318-8. Retrieved29 October 2023.
^Mitteilungen der Bayerischen Numismatischen Gesellschaft (in German). Kress & Hornung. 1885. p. 102. Retrieved29 October 2023.
^New Catholic Encyclopedia: Baa-Cam. Thomson/Gale. 2003. p. 191.ISBN 978-0-7876-4006-4. Retrieved29 October 2023.
^Röser-Israel, Lars (22 November 2021).Verteidigung der Wahrheit: Leonhard Hutter (1563–1616) als Universitätslehrer und Kontroverstheologe (in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 20.ISBN 978-3-11-075677-7. Retrieved31 October 2023.
^"SLINGSBY, William (1563-1634)".www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved31 October 2023.
^Nagtglas, Frederik (1890).Levensberichten van Zeeuwen: Zijnde een vervolg op P. de la Rue, Geletterd, staatkundig en heldhaftig Zeeland (in Dutch). J.C. & W. Altorffer. p. 277. Retrieved31 October 2023.
^"COKE, John (1563-1644)".www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved31 October 2023.
^Cokayne, George Edward (1900).Complete Baronetage: English baronetcies, 1611-1625 and Irish, 1618-1625. W. Pollard & Company, Limited. p. 89. Retrieved31 October 2023.
^Life and work of Guru Arjan : history, memory, and biography in the Sikh tradition. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. 2006. p. 64.ISBN 978-0-19-567921-2. Retrieved31 October 2023.
^Allgemeine Encyclopädie (in German). F. A. Brockhaus. 1850. p. 493. Retrieved31 October 2023.
^Haynes, Alan (1989).Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, 1563-1612: Servant of Two Sovereigns. P. Owen. p. 11.ISBN 978-0-7206-0716-1. Retrieved31 October 2023.
^Stephen, Leslie (1891).Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 244. Retrieved31 October 2023.
^Janson, E. M. C. M. (1972).Uit de geschiedenis van Wassenaar (in Dutch). Kruseman. p. 31.ISBN 978-90-233-0264-3. Retrieved31 October 2023.
^歷史月刊 (in Chinese). 歷史月刊雜誌社. 1988. p. 93. Retrieved1 November 2023.
^Kirchner, Ernst Daniel Martin (1867).Die Churfürstinnen und Königinnen auf dem Throne der Hohenzollern: Im Zusammenhange mit ihren Familien-u. Zeit-Verhältnissen;aus d. Quellen. ¬Die letzten acht Churfürstinnen, mit deren Bildnissen (in German). Wiegandt & Grieben. p. 40. Retrieved1 November 2023.
^Westfälische Lebensbilder (in German). Aschendorff. 1930. p. 1.ISBN 978-3-402-05951-7. Retrieved1 November 2023.
^"FREKE, Thomas (1563-1633".www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved1 November 2023.
^Wiarda, Tileman Dothias (1793).Ostfriesische Geschichte. 2. Aufl: Von 1540 bis 1611. 3 (in German). August Friedrich Winter. p. 308. Retrieved1 November 2023.
^Neues Archiv für Sächsische Geschichte und Altertumskunde (in German). Wilhelm Baensch. 1886. p. 156. Retrieved1 November 2023.
^Catholic Encyclopedia. Appleton. 1909. p. 218. Retrieved1 November 2023.
^Bulletin de la Société belge d'études géographiques: Tijdschrift van de Belgische Vereniging voor Aardrijkskundige studies (in French). Société belge d'études géographiques. 1964. p. 241. Retrieved1 November 2023.
^"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of January 19, 1626".cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved1 November 2023.
^Hammerbacher, G. A. (1867).Historische Beschreibung der Stadt Nürnberg: von ihrem Anfang bis auf unsere Zeit (in German). Stich. p. 490. Retrieved3 November 2023.
^Dönges, Carl (1909).Wilhelm der Schweiger und Nassau-Dillenburg: beiträge zu den beziehungen des Oraniers zu seinen stammlanden (in German). Weidenbach. p. 158. Retrieved3 November 2023.
^Pfister, Christian (1909).Histoire de Nancy (in French). Berger-Levrault. p. 252. Retrieved3 November 2023.
^Hay, Millicent V. (1984).The life of Robert Sidney, Earl of Leicester (1563-1626). Washington, D.C.: Folger Shakespeare Library. p. 15.ISBN 978-0-918016-70-6. Retrieved3 November 2023.
^Erörterungen auf dem Gebiete der sächsischen Münz- und Medaillen-Geschichte: bei Verzeichnung der Hofrath Engelhardt'schen Sammlung (in German). Erbstein. 1888. p. 95. Retrieved3 November 2023.
^Patrignani, Giuseppe Antonio (1730).Menologio Di Pie Memorie d'alcuni Religiosi Della Compagnia Di Gesu'.: che contiene Gennajo, Febbrajo, e Marzo. Tomo Primo (in Italian). Presso Niccolò Pezzana. p. 98. Retrieved3 November 2023.
^The Transactions of the East Riding Antiquarian Society. The Society. 1904. p. 91. Retrieved3 November 2023.
^Béthencourt, Francisco Fernández de (1900).Historia genealógica y heráldica de la monarquia española: casa real y grandes de España (in Spanish). tip. de E. Teodoro. p. 246. Retrieved3 November 2023.
^Falls, Cyril (1955).Mountjoy, Elizabethan General. Odhams Press. p. 21.ISBN 978-7-240-00943-7. Retrieved3 November 2023.
^Dunn, P. M. (1 March 2004)."Louise Bourgeois (1563–1636): royal midwife of France".Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition.89 (2):F185 –F187.doi:10.1136/adc.2003.037929.ISSN 1359-2998.PMC 1756029.PMID 14977911. Retrieved3 November 2023.
^David Mason Greene; Constance Green (1985).Greene's Biographical Encyclopedia of Composers. Reproducing Piano Roll Fnd. p. 87.ISBN 978-0-385-14278-6.
^Harold Bloom (1986).The New Moulton's Library of Literary Criticism: Elizabethan-Caroline. Chelsea House Publishers. p. 1184.ISBN 978-0-87754-781-5.
^"GENTILI, Scipione".Treccani (in Italian). Retrieved3 November 2023.
^Stras, Laurie (27 September 2018).Women and Music in Sixteenth-Century Ferrara. Cambridge University Press. p. 219.ISBN 978-1-107-15407-0. Retrieved3 November 2023.
^Roldán-Figueroa, Rady (22 June 2021).The Martyrs of Japan: Publication History and Catholic Missions in the Spanish World (Spain, New Spain, and the Philippines, 1597–1700) (21 ed.). BRILL.ISBN 978-90-04-45806-2. Retrieved3 November 2023.
^Lee, Hai-soon; Yi, Hye-sun (1 January 2005).The Poetic World of Classic Korean Women Writers. Ewha Womans University Press. p. 11.ISBN 978-89-7300-627-4. Retrieved3 November 2023.
^Brodowski, Samuel (1850).Żywoty hetmanów Królestwa Polskiego i Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego (in Polish). Czasopisma Wojskowe. p. 121. Retrieved3 November 2023.
^Szymanowski, Wojciech (1851).Dykcyonarz biograficzny powszechny, czyli Krótkie wspomnienia żywotów ludzi wsławionych cnotą, mądrością, przemysłem, męstwem, wynalazkami, błędami: Od początku świata do najnowszych czasów (in Polish). Glücksberg. p. 596. Retrieved3 November 2023.
^"NAUNTON, Robert (c.1563-1635)".historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved3 November 2023.
^Pedro Fernandez de Quiros (1563–1615). National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved3 November 2023.{{cite book}}:|website= ignored (help)
^Paniagua Pérez, Jesús (1996).Los inicios del monacato femenino en Quito: Mariana de Jesús. Universidad País Vasco.ISBN 9788475857299. Retrieved3 November 2023.
^Bartas, Guillaume de Salluste Du (1908).The Divine Weeks of Josuah Sylvester. H.M. Youmans. p. xi. Retrieved3 November 2023.
^Pirro, André (1898).Les organistes français du 17e siècle: Jean Titelouze, 1563-1633. Conférence prononcée dans la salle de la Société Saint-Jean, le 24 mars, 1898. Paris Schola cantorum. p. 4. Retrieved3 November 2023.
^文化財案内文案集. 文化財管理局文化財研究所. 1986. p. 227. Retrieved3 November 2023.
^Caillières, Jacques de (1728).Histoire du duc de Joyeuse ou le Courtisan predestiné (in French). Musier. p. 21. Retrieved1 November 2023.
^Rom Harré (1983).Great Scientific Experiments: Twenty Experiments that Changed Our View of the World. Oxford University Press. p. 68.ISBN 978-0-19-286036-1.
^Henderson, Philip (1974).Christopher Marlowe. Harvester Press. p. 2.ISBN 978-0-901759-14-6. Retrieved10 November 2023.
^Bibliothèque de la Compagnie de Jésus (in French). Picard. 1891. p. 1539. Retrieved10 November 2023.
^John Robert Christianson (2003).On Tycho's Island: Tycho Brahe, Science, and Culture in the Sixteenth Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 264.ISBN 978-0-521-00884-6.
^Vaterländisches Archiv für hannoverisch-braunschweigische Geschichte (in German). Herol und Wahlstab. 1835. p. 128. Retrieved10 November 2023.
^Publications of the Surtees Society. Surtees Society. 1915. p. 9. Retrieved10 November 2023.
^"Percy, Henry, ninth earl of Northumberland".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21939. Retrieved10 November 2023. (Subscription orUK public library membership required.)
^Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1907. p. 348. Retrieved10 November 2023.
^Samuel Schoenbaum; Distinguished Professor of Renaissance Literature and Director Center for Renaissance and Baroque Studies S Schoenbaum (1987).William Shakespeare: A Compact Documentary Life. Oxford University Press. p. 24.ISBN 978-0-19-505161-2.
^"Hay, Francis, ninth earl of Erroll".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12715. Retrieved10 November 2023. (Subscription orUK public library membership required.)
^Lazzari, Alfonso (1952).Le ultime tre duchesse di Ferrara e la corte estense ai tempi di Torquato Tasso (in Italian). Società Tipografica Editrice Rodigina. p. 225. Retrieved10 November 2023.
^Die schweizerische Malerei im XVI. Jahrhundert diesseits der Alpen und unter Berücksichtigung der Glasmalerei, des Formschnittes und des Kupferstiches (in German). Sauerländer. 1893. p. 237. Retrieved10 November 2023.
^Beck, August (1858).Johann Friedrich der Mittlere, Herzog zu Sachsen. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des sechszehnten Jahrhunderts (in German). Weimar: Hermann Bohlau. p. 465. Retrieved11 November 2023.
^"Cort Aslakssøn".Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). 27 April 2023. Retrieved11 November 2023.
^Leisner-Jensen, Mogens (1995).Da Holberg blev poët: tre studier i vittighedsværkernes oprindelse (in Danish). Odense Universitetsforlag. p. 101.ISBN 978-87-7838-109-5. Retrieved11 November 2023.
^"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 18, 1587".cardinals.fiu.edu.
^Mathew, David (1955).Scotland Under Charles I. Eyre & Spottiswoode. p. 88.ISBN 978-7-470-00028-0. Retrieved11 November 2023.
^Bascetta, Carlo (1978).Sport e giuochi: trattati e scritti dal XV al XVIII secolo (in Italian). Il Polifilo. p. 326. Retrieved11 November 2023.
^The Herald of Asia: A Review of Life and Progress in the Orient. 1916. p. 88.
^Hofberg, Herman; Heurlin, Frithiof; Millqvist, Viktor; Rubenson, Olof (1906)."4. Brahe, Magnus (Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon)".runeberg.org (in Swedish).
^Hamberger, Julius Wilhelm; Michaelis, August Benedikt (1785).Einleitung zu einer volständigen Geschichte der Chur- und Fürstlichen Häuser in Teutschland (in German). Meyer. p. 391. Retrieved11 November 2023.
^Arndt, Georg (1910).Zur heimatkunde von Halberstadt ... (in German). Verlag von J. Schimmelburg (W. Kramer). p. 41. Retrieved11 November 2023.
^Lukas, Viktor (1986).Reclams Orgelmusikführer (in German). Reclam. p. 30.ISBN 978-3-15-008880-7. Retrieved11 November 2023.
^Marín, Francisco Rodríguez (1923).Francisco Pacheco maestro de Velázquez: conferencia leída el día 29 de marzo de 1922 en la Sala de Velázquez del Museo del Prado (in Spanish). Revista de Archivos, bibliotecas y museos. p. 12. Retrieved13 November 2023.
^McKeen, David (1986).A Memory of Honour: The Life of William Brooke, Lord Cobham. Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik, Universität Salzburg. p. 152. Retrieved13 November 2023.
^Bigourdan, Guillaume (1918).Histoire de l'astronomie d'observation et des observatoires en France (in French). Gauthier-Villars et cie. p. 50. Retrieved13 November 2023.
^Buxtorf-Falkeisen, Karl (1860).Johannes Buxtorf Vater: Prof. ling. hebr. 1564-1629, erkannt aus seinem Briefwechsel (in German). Bahnmaier's Buchhandlung (C. Detloff). p. 6. Retrieved13 November 2023.
^Jonckbloet, Willem Jozef Andries (1864).Gedenkboek der Hoogeschool te Groningen, ter gelegenheid van haar vijfde halve eeuwfeest, op last van den Akademischen Senaat (in Dutch). J.B. Wolters. p. 11. Retrieved13 November 2023.
^Rosendahl, Erich (1927).Geschichte Niedersachsens im Spiegel der Reichsgeschichte (in German). Helwing. p. 258. Retrieved13 November 2023.
^Chang, Kang-i Sun; Saussy, Haun; Kwong, Charles Yim-tze (1999).Women Writers of Traditional China: An Anthology of Poetry and Criticism. Stanford University Press. p. 227.ISBN 978-0-8047-3231-4. Retrieved13 November 2023.
^Buckley, Edmund; Hoppin, James Mason; Churchill, Alfred Vance (1907).The Fine Arts: A University Course in Sculpture, Painting, Architecture and Decoration in Their History, Development and Principles. National Art Society. p. 419. Retrieved13 November 2023.
^Read, Charles (1858).Journal de son voyage à la cour de Henri IV en 1607 et sa biographie. Paris: Society for the History of Protestant France. p. 2. Retrieved13 November 2023.
^Francek, Jindřich (1994).Kryštof Harant z Polžic a Bezdružic (in Czech). Obecní uřad. p. 9. Retrieved13 November 2023.
^Bell, Aubrey Fitz Gerald (1922).Portuguese Literature. Clarendon Press. p. 205.ISBN 978-0-7426-4418-2. Retrieved13 November 2023.
^"SHIRLEY, Thomas II (1564-c.1630), of Wiston, Suss.; later of the I.o.W. | History of Parliament Online".www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved13 November 2023.
^Martínez, Diana Olivares (1 January 2010)."Iconografía de la Beata Mariana de Jesús".Anales de Historia del Arte:239–255.ISSN 0214-6452. Retrieved23 November 2023.
^Hof, W. J. Op 't (31 December 2019).The Ice Broken: Puritan Influences on the Netherlands in the Seventeenth Century. Summum Academic. p. 201.ISBN 978-94-92701-20-6. Retrieved23 November 2023.
^Altemoller, W. (1915).Sammlung der bedeutendsten pädagogischen schriftenaus alter und neuer zeit: mit biographien, erläuterungen und erklärenden anmerkungen (in German). Ferdinand Schoningh. p. 260. Retrieved24 November 2023.
^Chilvers, Ian (2015).The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists. Oxford University Press. p. 325.ISBN 978-0-19-953294-0. Retrieved24 November 2023.
^Prado, Museo del (1999).Boletín del Museo del Prado (in Spanish). El Museo. p. 57. Retrieved24 November 2023.
^"TANFIELD, Sir FRANCIS – Volume I (1000-1700) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography".www.biographi.ca. Retrieved25 November 2023.
^Shakespeare Quarterly. Folger Shakespeare Library. 1993. p. 66. Retrieved24 November 2023.
^Sadie, Julie Anne; Samuel, Rhian (1995).The Norton/Grove Dictionary of Women Composers. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 319.ISBN 978-0-393-03487-5. Retrieved24 November 2023.
^Allgemeine deutsche biographie (in German). Duncker und Humblot. 1884. p. 568. Retrieved24 November 2023.
^"Valckenburch, Margaretha van (1565-1650)".resources.huygens.knaw.nl. Retrieved24 November 2023.
^Buoncristiani, Virgilio (1986).Agostino Ciampelli a Palazzo Corsi (in Italian). Banca commerciale italiana. p. 11. Retrieved24 November 2023.
^"Eduard Fortunat - Deutsche Biographie".www.deutsche-biographie.de (in German). Retrieved24 November 2023.
^Aleksandr Mikhaĭlovich Prokhorov (1973).Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Macmillan. p. 402.
^Insdorf, Cecile (1977).Montaigne and Feminism. U.N.C. Department of Romance Languages. p. 65.ISBN 978-0-8078-9194-0. Retrieved24 November 2023.
^Montor, Artaud de (1855).Storia dei sommi romani pontefici (in Italian). Presso la Società editrice. p. 1477. Retrieved24 November 2023.
^Stintzing, Roderich (1880).Geschichte der deutschen Rechtswissenschaft: Abth. Bis zum Jahre 1650. 1880 (in German). R. Oldenbourg. p. 723. Retrieved24 November 2023.
^Paul E. J. Hammer; Paul E. J.. Hammer (24 June 1999).The Polarisation of Elizabethan Politics: The Political Career of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, 1585-1597. Cambridge University Press. p. 13.ISBN 978-0-521-43485-0.
^Lundström, Herman (1893).Laurentius Paulinus Gothus: hans lif och verksamhet. (1565-1646) I. II. (1565-1637) (in Swedish). Almquist och Wiksells boktryckeri. p. 7. Retrieved24 November 2023.
^Janssen, Hendrik Quirinus (1868).De kerkhervorming in Vlaanderen, historisch geschetst meest haar onuitgegeven besdheiden (in Dutch). J.W. & C.F. Swaan. p. 185. Retrieved24 November 2023.
^"Caulfeild, Toby, first Baron Caulfeild of Charlemont".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4906. Retrieved24 November 2023. (Subscription orUK public library membership required.)
^"Riza".Grove Art Online. Retrieved25 November 2023.
^Weber, Francis J. (1891).Popular History of Music from the Earliest Times. Simpkin. p. 262. Retrieved25 November 2023.
^LLC, Book Builders (14 May 2014).Encyclopedia of British Writers, 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries. Infobase Publishing. p. 108.ISBN 978-1-4381-0869-8. Retrieved25 November 2023.
^Witcombe, Christopher L. C. E. (2004).Copyright in the Renaissance: Prints and the Privilegio in Sixteenth-Century Venice and Rome. BRILL. pp. 211–.ISBN 978-90-04-13748-6. Retrieved18 January 2013.
^Fellowes, Edmund H. (1921).The English Madrigal Composers. Clarendon Press. p. 225. Retrieved25 November 2023.
^Haslewood, Joseph (1815).Ancient Critical Essays Upon English Poets and Poësy. Harding and Wright. p. iv. Retrieved25 November 2023.
^Montserrat, Jiménez Sureda (10 September 2021).Manual d'història de la dona (in Catalan). Servei de Publicacions de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. p. 319.ISBN 978-84-490-9422-4. Retrieved25 November 2023.
^Hook, Walter Farquhar (1852).An Ecclesiastical Biography: Containing the Lives of Ancient Fathers and Modern Divines, Interspersed with Notices of Heretics and Schismatics, Forming a Brief History of the Church in Every Age. F. and J. Rivington. p. 456. Retrieved25 November 2023.
^Stephen, Leslie (1900).Dictionary of National Biography. Macmillan. p. 116. Retrieved25 November 2023.
^"Lobo, Duarte".Grove Music Online. Retrieved25 November 2023.
^Seibt, Wilhelm (1885).Helldunkel: Adam Elsheimer ́s Leben und Wirken (in German). Keller. p. 7. Retrieved29 November 2023.
^Wurzbach, Constantin (1860).Biographisches Lexikon des Kaisertums Österreich. Universitätsbibliothek Graz. p. 154. Retrieved2 December 2023.
^Broglie, Emmanuel de (1903).La bienheureuse Marie de l'Incarnation: Madame Acarie (1566-1618) (in French). V. Lecoffre. p. 6. Retrieved29 November 2023.
^Szydło, Zbigniew (November 1993)."The Alchemy of Michael Sendivogius: His Central Nitre Theory".Ambix.40 (3):129–146.doi:10.1179/amb.1993.40.3.129.ISSN 0002-6980. Retrieved2 December 2023.
^Rendina, Claudio (1984).I dogi: storia e segreti (in Italian). Newton Compton. p. 362. Retrieved29 November 2023.
^Whitlock, Baird W. (1982).John Hoskyns, Serjeant-at-law. University Press of America. p. 5.ISBN 978-0-8191-2147-9. Retrieved29 November 2023.
^Watkins, Glenn (1991).Gesualdo: The Man and His Music. Clarendon Press. p. 296.ISBN 978-0-19-816216-2. Retrieved29 November 2023.
^"Swieten, Bartholda van (1566-1647)".resources.huygens.knaw.nl. Retrieved29 November 2023.
^Sultana, Professor Dr Summer; Sharif, Muhammad Amin (2019)."The Role of Turkish Women in the Politics of Ottoman Empire".Pakistan Journal of International Affairs.2 (2).doi:10.52337/pjia.v2i2.60.ISSN 2664-360X.S2CID 237961866. Retrieved29 November 2023.
^"James I and VI".BBC History. Retrieved2 April 2018.
^Grolier Incorporated (2001).The Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Incorporated. p. 799.ISBN 978-0-7172-0134-1.
^Meyers Konversations-Lexikon: Eine Encyklopädie des allgemeinen Wissens (in German). Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts. 1876. p. 560. Retrieved29 November 2023.
^Bravo, María Antonia Bel (1 September 2011).Mujer y cambio social en la Edad Moderna (in Spanish). Encuentro. p. 223.ISBN 978-84-9920-638-7. Retrieved29 November 2023.
^"Scultetus, Abraham".www.deutsche-biographie.de (in German). Retrieved2 December 2023.
^"Alleyn, Edward".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/398. Retrieved2 December 2023. (Subscription orUK public library membership required.)
^"Boyle, Richard".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/3133. Retrieved2 December 2023. (Subscription orUK public library membership required.)
^Förhandlingar och uppsatser (in Swedish). Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. 1888. p. 200. Retrieved2 December 2023.
^Gouellain, Gustave; Cochet, Jean Benoît Désiré (1863).Revue de la Normandie (in French). E. Cagniard. p. 91. Retrieved2 December 2023.
^Allgemeiner Harz-Berg-Kalender (in German). E. Piepersche. p. 80. Retrieved2 December 2023.
^"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of January 11, 1621".cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved2 December 2023.
^Shakespeare Quarterly. Folger Shakespeare Library. 1950. p. 7. Retrieved2 December 2023.
^"BRACCIOLINI, Francesco - Treccani".Treccani (in Italian). Retrieved2 December 2023.
^Mortanges, Willem Theodoor Pahud de; Graafland, Jacob Petrus Hooft (1886).Historisch overzicht van de drie gebeurtenissen voorgesteld in de Maskerade, bij gelegenheid van het 250-jarig bestaan der Utrechtsche Academie (in Dutch). Beijers en Van Boekhoven. p. 28. Retrieved2 December 2023.
^Randel, Don Michael (1996).The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music. Harvard University Press. p. 135.ISBN 978-0-674-37299-3. Retrieved2 December 2023.
^Kachlik, David; Vichnar, David; Kachlikova, Dana; Musil, Vladimir; Szabo, Kristian; Stingl, Josef (August 2013)."The life and work of Jan Jesensky (1566–1621), the physician of a dying time".Journal of Medical Biography.21 (3):153–163.doi:10.1177/0967772013479736.ISSN 0967-7720.PMID 24585763.S2CID 206608579.
^"CERONE, Domenico Pietro".Treccani (in Italian). Retrieved2 December 2023.
^Kratochvílová, Martina (2017)."Ryantová, Marie: Polyxena z Lobkovic. Obdivovaná i nenáviděná první dáma království. Nakladatelství Vyšehrad, Praha 2016"(PDF).Historica Olomucensia.52:329–333. Retrieved2 December 2023.
^"Baglione, Giovanni".Grove Art Online. Retrieved2 December 2023.
^Sadie, Julie Anne; Samuel, Rhian (1995).The Norton/Grove Dictionary of Women Composers. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 380.ISBN 978-0-393-03487-5. Retrieved2 December 2023.
^"Sempill, James".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25073. Retrieved2 December 2023. (Subscription orUK public library membership required.)
^"Caterina Scappi and her revolutionary hospital for women who were incurable". Times of Malta. 23 August 2015. Retrieved2 December 2023.
^Bezzina, Frank; Camilleri, Emanuel; Marmarà, Vincent (2021)."Historical Background of the Maltese Public Service Administration and Management (The Beginning)".Public Service Reforms in a Small Island State. Public Administration, Governance and Globalization. Vol. 22. Springer International Publishing. pp. 3–40.doi:10.1007/978-3-030-74357-4_1.ISBN 978-3-030-74356-7. Retrieved2 December 2023.{{cite book}}:|journal= ignored (help)
^"Thomas Campion | English poet and musician".Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved20 April 2021.
^Nicholl, Charles.A Cup of News: The Life of Thomas Nashe. Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1984. Page 11.
^Wetzer, H. J. (1864).Dictionnaire encyclopédique de la théologie catholique (in French). Gaume. p. 367. Retrieved8 December 2023.
^Pharmazeutische Zeitung, vereinigt mit Apotheker-Zeitung (in German). Govi-Verlag Pharmazeutischer Verlag GmbH. 1957. p. 1326. Retrieved8 December 2023.
^Das Reformationszeitalter (in German). Dresden: LS Ehlermann. 1886. p. 142. Retrieved8 December 2023.
^Irodalomtörténeti közlemények (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. 1977. p. 494. Retrieved8 December 2023.
^Germa, Bernard (1904).L'Astrée d'Honoré d'Urfé: sa composition - son influence (in French). E. Privat. p. 13. Retrieved8 December 2023.
^"LUIGI Gonzaga, santo - Treccani".Treccani (in Italian). Retrieved8 December 2023.
^Díaz, José Hernández; Montañés, Juan Martínez (1987).Juan Martínez Montañés (1568-1649) (in Spanish). Ediciones Guadalquivir. p. 21.ISBN 978-84-86080-04-4. Retrieved8 December 2023.
^Johannes Polyander: een dienaar van kerk en universiteit (in Dutch). BRILL. 24 December 2018. p. 8.ISBN 978-90-04-38189-6. Retrieved8 December 2023.
^Sharp, Robert Farquharson (1904).A Dictionary of English Authors, Biographical and Bibliographical. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner. p. 305.ISBN 978-0-87821-045-9. Retrieved8 December 2023.
^"URBANO VIII".Treccani (in Italian). Retrieved8 December 2023.
^McKeen, David (1986).A Memory of Honour: The Life of William Brooke, Lord Cobham. Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik, Universität Salzburg. p. 162. Retrieved8 December 2023.
^Hansen, Johann Friedrich (1770).Vollständigere Staatsbeschreibung des Herzogthums Schleswig (in German). Korte. p. 192. Retrieved8 December 2023.
^Anales de la Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía (in Spanish). RAMHG. p. 152. Retrieved8 December 2023.
^Deinet, Klaus (15 July 2020).Christian I. von Anhalt-Bernburg (1568-1630): Eine Biographie des Scheiterns (in German). Kohlhammer Verlag. p. 17.ISBN 978-3-17-038317-3. Retrieved8 December 2023.
^Norrman, David Emanuel (1978).Sigismund Vasa och hans regering i Polen (1587-1632) (in Swedish). Norstedt. p. 23.ISBN 978-91-1-783362-6. Retrieved10 December 2023.
^Miscellanea di storia italiana (in Italian). Bocca. 1869. p. 326. Retrieved10 December 2023.
^Allgemeine deutsche Biographie ...: Senckenberg (in German). Duncker & Humblot. 1892. p. 689. Retrieved10 December 2023.
^Hofberg, Herman (1906).Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon (in Swedish). Albert Bonniers. p. 89. Retrieved10 December 2023.
^Zeitschrift des Harz-Vereins für Geschichte und Altertumskunde (in German). Harzverein. 1889. p. 233. Retrieved10 December 2023.
^Simplicien, Paul Lucas (1749).L'Etat de la France... Des troupes de la Maison du Roi... (in French). chez d'Houry fils. p. 512. Retrieved10 December 2023.
^Unger, Melvin P. (14 August 2023).Historical Dictionary of Choral Music. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 32.ISBN 978-1-5381-2434-5. Retrieved10 December 2023.
^Germana Ernst (16 March 2010).Tommaso Campanella: The Book and the Body of Nature. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 2.ISBN 978-90-481-3126-6.
^"Marino Ghetaldi - Biography".Maths History. Retrieved10 December 2023.
^"WALLOP, Henry (1568-1642), of Farleigh Wallop, Hants. | History of Parliament Online".www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved10 December 2023.
^Rowe, Joshua Brooking (1906).A History of the Borough of Plympton Erle: The Castle and Manor of Plympton, and of the Ecclesiastical Parish of Plympton St. Thomas, in the County of Devon. J.G. Commin. pp. 232–233.
^Leibrock-Plehn, Larissa (1992).Hexenkräuter oder Arznei: die Abtreibungsmittel im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert (in German). Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft. p. 107.ISBN 978-3-8047-1200-3. Retrieved10 December 2023.
^Young, James (1866).Life of John Welsh, Minister of Ayr: Including Illustrations of the Contemporary Ecclesiastical History of Scotland and France. J. Maclaren. p. 9. Retrieved10 December 2023.
^Cokayne, George Edward (1913).The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom: Canonteign to Cutts. St. Catherine Press, Limited. p. 198. Retrieved10 December 2023.
^Cayne, Bernard S. (1981).The Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier. p. 634.ISBN 978-0-7172-0112-9. Retrieved10 December 2023.
^"Markham, Gervase".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/18065. Retrieved10 December 2023. (Subscription orUK public library membership required.)
^McMahon, Keith (2014)."The Potent Eunuch: The Story of Wei Zhongxian".Journal of Chinese Literature and Culture.1 (1–2):1–28.doi:10.1215/23290048-2749359.S2CID 162821741. Retrieved10 December 2023.
^Machielsen, Jan (1 January 2013). "Heretical Saints and Textual Discernment: The Polemical Origins of the Acta Sanctorum (1643–1940)".Angels of Light? Sanctity and the Discernment of Spirits in the Early Modern Period. Brill. pp. 103–141.ISBN 978-90-04-23370-6. Retrieved18 December 2023.
^"Massari, Lucio".Benezit Dictionary of Artists. Retrieved18 December 2023.
^Der Globusfreund: wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift für Globen- und Instrumentenkunde. Coronelli-Weltbund der Globusfreunde. 2007. p. 86. Retrieved18 December 2023.
^Serie cronologica dei vescovi di Parma con alcuni cenni sui principali avvenimenti civili del canonico dottor D. Gio. M. Allodi (in Italian). P. Fiaccadori. 1856. p. 107. Retrieved18 December 2023.
^"SUCKLING, John (1569-1627), of St. Andrew's, Norwich, Norf.; Dorset Court, Fleet Street, London; Barsham, Suff. and Goodfathers, Twickenham, Mdx. | History of Parliament Online".www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved20 December 2023.
^Bornewasser, Hans A. (1985).Nassau und Oranien: Statthalter und Könige der Niederlande (in German). Muster-Schmidt. p. 83.ISBN 978-3-7881-1739-9. Retrieved18 December 2023.
^Honan, Park (29 October 1998).Shakespeare: A Life. Clarendon Press. p. 41.ISBN 978-0-19-811792-6. Retrieved18 December 2023.
^Pawlisch, Hans S. (18 July 2002).Sir John Davies and the Conquest of Ireland: A Study in Legal Imperialism. Cambridge University Press. p. 15.ISBN 978-0-521-52657-9. Retrieved18 December 2023.
^Béthencourt, Francisco Fernández de (1904).Historia genealógica y heráldica de la monarquia española: casa real y grandes de España (in Spanish). Establecimiento Tipográfico de Enrique Teodoro. p. 264. Retrieved18 December 2023.
^Schattkowsky, Martina (2003).Witwenschaft in der frühen Neuzeit: fürstliche und adlige Witwen zwischen Fremd- und Selbstbestimmung (in German). Leipziger Universitätsverlag. p. 205.ISBN 978-3-936522-79-2. Retrieved18 December 2023.
^Köttelwesch, Sabine (2004).Geliebte, Gemahlinnen und Mätressen: zehn Frauenschicksale aus dem Umfeld des Kasseler Fürstenhofes (in German). Verein für Hessische Geschichte und Landeskunde e.V. 1834 Kassel, Zweigverein Hofgeismar. p. 35. Retrieved18 December 2023.
^"Richardson, Thomas".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/23584. Retrieved18 December 2023. (Subscription orUK public library membership required.)
^Mellby, Carl August (1901).Conrad Vorstius: ein Vorkämpfer religiöser Duldung am Anfang des 17. Jahrhunderts (in German). O. Schmidt. p. 32. Retrieved18 December 2023.
^Haupt, Herbert (1983).Fürst Karl I. von Liechtenstein: Obersthofmeister Kaiser Rudolfs II. und Vizekönig von Böhmen : Hofstaat und Sammeltätigkeit, Edition der Quellen aus dem liechtensteinischen Hausarchiv (in German). Böhlau. p. 12.ISBN 978-3-205-06271-4. Retrieved18 December 2023.
^Nagendra Kr Singh (2001).Encyclopaedia of Muslim Biography: I-M. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. p. 118.ISBN 978-81-7648-233-2.
^Lee, Sidney (1892).DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY. London: Smith, Elder, & Co. p. 408. Retrieved19 December 2023.
^Fischer, Adolf (1868).Geschichte des Hauses Hohenlohe (in German). Blum & Vogel'sche Buchdruckerei. p. 188. Retrieved19 December 2023.
^Lukášek, Josef (1913).Jáchym Ondřej hrabě Šlik (in Czech). Nákl. V. Horák. p. 4.
^Fürst Ernst, Graf von Holstein-Schaumburg, 1569-1622: Archivalienausstellung des Niedersächsischen Staatsarchivs in Bückeburg (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 1969. p. 5. Retrieved19 December 2023.
^"Percy [alias Fisher], John".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/9499. Retrieved18 December 2023. (Subscription orUK public library membership required.)
^Vergé-Franceschi, Michel (1990).Les officiers généraux de la marine royale, 1715-1774: Les parisiens. La cour (in French). Librairie de l'Inde. p. 2074.ISBN 978-2-905455-04-8. Retrieved19 December 2023.
^Culcasi, Carlo (1932).G. B. Marino (1569-1625) (in Italian). G.B. Paravia. p. 5. Retrieved19 December 2023.
^Communications numismatiques (in Swedish). Föreningen. 1937. p. 13. Retrieved19 December 2023.
^Söhner, Felicitas (2011).Vom Lauinger Stadtphysikus zum kaiserlichen Leibarzt: Der Alchimist Martin Ruland der Jüngere (in German). GRIN Verlag. p. 2.ISBN 978-3-656-03775-0. Retrieved19 December 2023.
^"Sartorius [Schneider, Schneickher], Paul".Grove Music Online. Retrieved20 December 2023.
^"BARBERINI, Antonio".Treccani (in Italian). Retrieved20 December 2023.
^"Ashley, Sir Francis".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/70459. Retrieved20 December 2023. (Subscription orUK public library membership required.)
^Arnold, Corliss Richard (1 January 1995).Organ Literature: Biographical Catalog. Scarecrow Press. p. 375.ISBN 978-1-4616-7025-4. Retrieved20 December 2023.
^Bibliothèque de la Compagnie de Jésus: nouvelle édition (in French). Oscar Schepens. 1894. p. 614. Retrieved20 December 2023.
^Documenti di filologia (in Italian). Riccardo Ricciardi. 1972. p. 121. Retrieved20 December 2023.
^Weiger, John G. (1958)."Another Look at the Biography of Guillen de Castro".Bulletin of the Comediantes.10 (1):3–5.doi:10.1353/boc.1958.0004.ISSN 1944-0928.S2CID 191576269. Retrieved20 December 2023.
^Southey, Robert (1840).The British Admirals: With an Introductory View of the Naval History of England. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman. p. 66. Retrieved20 December 2023.
^Zirpolo, Lilian H. (19 August 2016).Historical Dictionary of Renaissance Art. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 400.ISBN 978-1-4422-6467-0. Retrieved20 December 2023.
^Papinot, Edmond (1909).Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan: With 300 Illustrations, 18 Appendixes and Several Maps. Librairie Sansaisha. p. 752. Retrieved20 December 2023.
^Bibliothèque d'humanisme et Renaissance: Travaux et documents. Librairie Droz. 1979. p. 345.
^Ramet, Sabrina P. (22 June 2017).The Catholic Church in Polish History: From 966 to the Present. Springer. p. 28.ISBN 978-1-137-40281-3. Retrieved26 October 2023.
^Wong, Young-tsu (5 August 2017).China's Conquest of Taiwan in the Seventeenth Century: Victory at Full Moon. Springer. p. 20.ISBN 978-981-10-2248-7. Retrieved26 October 2023.
^Derek Parker (2003).Cellini: Artist, Genius, Fugitive. Sutton. p. 213.ISBN 978-0-7509-2957-8.
^Wehrmann, Martin August Ludwig (1904).Geschichte von Pommern (in German). F.A. Perthes. p. 58. Retrieved27 October 2023.
^"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of May 21, 1535".cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved27 October 2023.
^"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 16, 1545".cardinals.fiu.edu.
^Mircea Eliade (1987).The Encyclopedia of Religion. Macmillan. p. 349.ISBN 978-0-02-909800-4.
^"Marie de Guise: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland".www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk. Retrieved20 April 2020.
^今川義元の群像 (in Japanese). 歴史研究会. p. 51. Retrieved27 October 2023.^{[unreliable source?]}
^Kallio-Seppä, Titta; Lipkin, Sanna; Väre, Tiina; Moilanen, Ulla (12 August 2022).Unusual Death and Memorialization: Burial, Space, and Memory in the Post-Medieval North. Berghahn Books. p. 196.ISBN 978-1-80073-603-0. Retrieved27 October 2023.
^Watkins, Sarah-Beth (11 December 2020).The Death of Amy Robsart: An Elizabethan Mystery. John Hunt Publishing. p. 1.ISBN 978-1-78904-483-6. Retrieved27 October 2023.
^Häberlein, Mark (2006).Die Fugger: Geschichte einer Augsburger Familie (1367-1650) (in German). W. Kohlhammer Verlag. p. 92.ISBN 978-3-17-018472-5. Retrieved27 October 2023.
^Scholastic Library Publishing (2006).Encyclopedia Americana. Scholastic Library Pub. p. 625.ISBN 978-0-7172-0139-6.
^Díaz, Gonzalo Díaz (1980).Hombres y documentos de la filosofía española (in Spanish). CSIC Press. p. 106.ISBN 978-84-00-05543-1. Retrieved27 October 2023.
^Klippel, Ge Heimr (1853).Deutsche Lebens- u. Charakterbilder aus den drei letzten Jahrhunderten (in German). Geisler. p. 149. Retrieved27 October 2023.
^Jane Turner (2000).Encyclopedia of Italian Renaissance & Mannerist Art. Grove's Dictionaries. p. 472.ISBN 978-1-884446-02-3.
^Heffter, Moritz W. (1844).Erinnerung an Georg Sabinus, den trefflichen Dichter, akademischen Lehrer und Diplomaten, den Mitstifter der Universität zu Königsberg in Preussen: zur dritten Jubelfeier der Albertina (in German). Weigel. p. 76. Retrieved27 October 2023.
^John Leon Lievsay (1977).Studies in the Continental Background of Renaissance English Literature: Essays Presented to John L. Lievsay. Duke University Press. p. 138.ISBN 978-0-8223-0388-6.
^Jahrbuch der Kunsthistorischen Sammlung des Allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses (in German). A. Schroll & Company. 1894. p. 165. Retrieved27 October 2023.
^Kaufman, Michael (1993).The Woman in Jewish Law and Tradition. J. Aronson. p. 87.ISBN 978-0-87668-346-0. Retrieved27 October 2023.
^Vella, Horatio C. R. (2003)."Jean Quintin'sInsulae Melitae Descriptio (1536) : an anniversary and a discussion on its sources"(PDF).Humanitas: Journal of the Faculty of Arts.2.University of Malta:155–171. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 19 September 2020.
^Elsie Anne McKee (1999).Katharina Schütz Zell the Life and Thought of a Sixteenth-century Reformer. Vol. 1. Brill. pp. 222–226.
^Medical Journal. NOLIT Publishing House. 1963. p. 55.
^——— (1967).Peter Martyr in Italy: An Anatomy of Apostasy. Oxford: Clarendon.OCLC 849189667.
^HOFFMEISTER, Jacob Christoph Carl (1874).Historisch-genealogisches Handbuch über alle Linien des hohen Regentenhauses Hessen, etc (in German). Marburg: Oscar Ehrhardt's University Bookstore. p. 26. Retrieved4 November 2023.
^Saheed A. Adejumobi (2007).The History of Ethiopia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 178.ISBN 978-0-313-32273-0.
^Russlands, Gesellschaft für Geschichte und Altertumskunde der Ostseeprovinzen (1892).Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft für Geschichte und Altertumskunde der Ostseeprovinzen Russlands (in German). Druck von W. F. Häcker. p. 12. Retrieved4 November 2023.
^LIBERGE, Marin (1846).Le Siège de Poitiers; suivi de la bataille de Moncontour et du siège de Saint-Jean d'Angély. Nouvelle édition, annotée par H. Beauchet-Filleau (in French). Letang. p. 214. Retrieved4 November 2023.
^"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of May 3, 1527".cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved4 November 2023.
^"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of February 26, 1561".cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved4 November 2023.
^"Brooke, Arthur".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/3494. Retrieved4 November 2023. (Subscription orUK public library membership required.)
^Eggeling, Georg (1899).Tonkünstler-Lexikon (in German). C.F. Vieweg. p. 92. Retrieved4 November 2023.
^Oeynhausen, Julius Graf von (1870).Geschichte des Geschlechts von Oeynhausen: aus gedruckten und ungedruckten Quellen (in German). Schöningh. p. 169. Retrieved4 November 2023.
^"Stafford, Henry".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26205. Retrieved4 November 2023. (Subscription orUK public library membership required.)
^Kaunas, Domas; Koženiauskienė, Regina (1998).Martynas Mažvydas and Old Lithuania: Collection of Papers. Pradai. p. 133.ISBN 978-9986-943-14-3. Retrieved4 November 2023.
^Gammon, Samuel Rhea (1973).Statesman and schemer ; William, First Lord Paget, Tudor Minister. Hamden: Archon Books. p. 249.ISBN 978-0-208-01405-4. Retrieved5 November 2023.
^Соборы русской церкви: материалы IX Российской научной конференции посвященной Памяти святителя Макария (in Russian). Можайск-Терра. 2002. p. 22.ISBN 978-5-7542-0107-1. Retrieved5 November 2023.
^"Bartolomé de Escobedo".dbe.rah.es. Retrieved5 November 2023.
^Nettlau, Max (1925).Der Vorfrühling der Anarchie: ihre historische Entwicklung von den Anfängen bis zum Jahre 1864 (in German). Der Syndikalist. p. 40. Retrieved5 November 2023.
^Dellsperger, Rudolf; Freudenberger, Rudolf; Weber, Wolfgang E. J. (25 September 2017).Wolfgang Musculus (1497–1563) und die oberdeutsche Reformation (in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 23.ISBN 978-3-05-007447-4. Retrieved5 November 2023.
^"Manners, Henry, second earl of Rutland".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/17995. Retrieved5 November 2023. (Subscription orUK public library membership required.)
^"KITCHIN, ANTHONY (alias Dunstan before his consecration), 1477 - 1563; bishop of Llandaff, 1545-63 | Dictionary of Welsh Biography".biography.wales. Retrieved5 November 2023.
^"John Bale | English bishop and author".Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved28 April 2019.
^Un brief et vray récit de la prinse de Térouane et Hedin (in French). Fr.-J. Olivier. 1872. p. xvii. Retrieved5 November 2023.
^Jones, Iorwerth (December 1983)."Sebastien Castellion Apostle of Religious Liberty".The Expository Times.95 (3):72–76.doi:10.1177/001452468309500303.ISSN 0014-5246.S2CID 171017370. Retrieved5 November 2023.
^Theobald, Leonhard (1908).Das Leben und Wirken des Tendenzdramatikers der Reformationszeit Thomas Naogeorgus seit seiner Flucht aus Sachsen (in German). M. Heinsius nachfolger. p. 103. Retrieved5 November 2023.
^Correspondance politique de Odet de Selve, ambassadeur de France en Angleterre (1546-1549);. Paris: F. Alcan. 1888. p. xx. Retrieved5 November 2023.
^"JHoward, Thomas, fourth duke of Norfolk".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13941. Retrieved15 November 2023. (Subscription orUK public library membership required.)
^Linda Murray (1980).Michelangelo. Oxford University Press. p. 7.ISBN 978-0-19-520163-5.
^Lebreton, Théodore Éloi (1861).Biographie normande: recueil de notices biographiques et bibliographiques (in French). A. Le Brument. p. 104. Retrieved15 November 2023.
^Saez Garcia, M. Angeles (2018).Creure, Somiar, Llutiar: Barcelona en Femini I L'Aventura Espiritual D'Isabel De Josa(PDF) (PhD thesis). Autonomous University of Barcelona. p. 364. Retrieved19 November 2023.
^Yavuz, Hulusi (1987)."SADRIAZAM LÜTFi PAŞA ve OSMANLI HILAFETİC".Marmara University Journal of the Faculty of Theology.5: 43. Retrieved15 November 2023.
^Delaunay, Dr (1925)."L'AVENTUREUSE EXISTENCE DE PIERRE BELON DU MANS (6 e article)".Revue du Seizième siècle.12:78–97.ISSN 0151-1823.JSTOR 41851771. Retrieved15 November 2023.
^"Ein Sonnenuhr-Kruzifix von Georg Hartmann (1489-1564) aus Nürnberg"(PDF).www.ta-dip.de. Retrieved15 November 2023.
^"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 22, 1536".cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved15 November 2023.
^Thomas F. Torrance (19 December 1996).Theology in Reconstruction. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 76.ISBN 978-1-72520-786-8.
^Delaborde, Jules (1876).Éléonore de Roye, princesse de Condé, 1535-1564. Paris: Sandoz et Fischbacher. p. 265. Retrieved15 November 2023.
^"Ferdinand I | Holy Roman emperor".Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved30 June 2020.
^Pereyra, Carlos (1924).Historia de América española (in Spanish). Saturnino Calleja. p. 440. Retrieved15 November 2023.
^"三好長慶(みよしながよし)とは？意味や使い方".コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved15 November 2023.
^Schukraft, Harald (1989).Die Grablegen des Hauses Württemberg (in German). Theiss. p. 47.ISBN 978-3-8062-0582-4. Retrieved15 November 2023.
^Unger, Melvin P. (14 August 2023).Historical Dictionary of Choral Music. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 300.ISBN 978-1-5381-2434-5. Retrieved15 November 2023.
^"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 18, 1534".cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved15 November 2023.
^John M S Pearce (24 April 2003).Fragments Of Neurological History. World Scientific. p. 7.ISBN 978-1-78326-110-9.
^Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexicon (in German). Gleditsch. 1784. p. 175. Retrieved15 November 2023.
^Ehmann, Johannes (1 October 2018).Geschichte der Evangelischen Kirche in Baden: Band 1: Reformatorische Bewegungen im Südwesten des Reichs (1518–1557): Von Luthers Heidelberger Disputation bis zum Augsburger Frieden und seinen Nachwirkungen (in German). Evangelische Verlagsanstalt. p. 142.ISBN 978-3-374-05575-3. Retrieved15 November 2023.
^Campbell, Gordon (9 November 2006).The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts: Two-volume Set. Oxford University Press. p. 426.ISBN 978-0-19-518948-3. Retrieved19 November 2023.
^Tippur, Raghavendra Narayanarao (24 July 2022).Hymns of Purandharadasa. T.N.Raghavendra. p. 4. Retrieved19 November 2023.
^Markatos, Konstantinos; Chytas, Demetrios; Korres, Demetrios; Laios, Konstantinos; Androutsos, Georgios; Chronopoulos, Efstathios (1 April 2017)."Charles Estienne (1504–1564): His Life, Work, and Contribution to Anatomy and the First Description of the Canal in the Spinal Cord".World Neurosurgery.100:186–189.doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2016.12.126.ISSN 1878-8750.PMID 28065877. Retrieved19 November 2023.
^Shemek, Deanna (1998).Ladies Errant: Wayward Women and Social Order in Early Modern Italy. Duke University Press. p. 158.ISBN 978-0-8223-2167-5. Retrieved19 November 2023.
^Mulhauser, Ruth E. (1977).Maurice Scève. Boston: Twayne Publishers. p. 36.ISBN 978-0-8057-6264-8. Retrieved19 November 2023.
^Bonfill, Melchor (1852).Verdadero retrato al daguerreotipo de la Compañía de Jesus: escrito en impugnacion de un pretendido Retrato al daguerreotipo de los jesuitas (in Spanish). Imprenta de Pons y Ca. p. 188. Retrieved26 November 2023.
^"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 19, 1544".cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved26 November 2023.
^Hartmann, Franz (1907).Geschichte der Stadt Münsterberg in Schlesien von ihrer Gründung bis zur Gegenwart (in German). Münsterberger zeitung. p. 132. Retrieved26 November 2023.
^Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, etc (in German). Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1875. p. 336. Retrieved26 November 2023.
^Mori, Emilio Cotarelo y (1901).Lope de Rueda y el teatro español de su tiempo (in Spanish). La Revista española. p. 39. Retrieved26 November 2023.
^Clay, John William (1913).The Extinct and Dormant Peerages of the Northern Counties of England. J. Nisbet & Company, Limited. p. 158. Retrieved26 November 2023.
^Petter, Franz (1857).Dalmatien in seinen verschiedenen (in German). Gotha,J. Perthes. p. 251. Retrieved26 November 2023.
^Pressel, Theodor (1862).Nicolaus von Amsdorf: nach gleichzeitigen Quellen (in German). Friderichs. p. 158. Retrieved26 November 2023.
^Krasinski, Valerian (1903).Zarys dziejów powstania i upadku reformacji w Polsce hr. Walerjana Krasińskiego (in Polish). Wydawnictwa Artystyczne i Filmowe. p. 190. Retrieved26 November 2023.
^A New and General Biographical Dictionary: Containing an Historical and Critical Account of the Lives and Writings of the Most Eminent Persons in Every Nation. T. Osborne, J. Whiston and B. White, W. Strahan, T. Payne, W. Owen, and W. Johnston [and 7 others]. 1762. p. 233. Retrieved26 November 2023.
^東大寺大仏殿の戦い. 歴史研究会. p. 62. Retrieved26 November 2023.^{[unreliable source?]}
^Mayr, Michael (1894).Wolfgang Lazius als Geschichtschreiber Österreichs: Ein Beitrag zur Historiographie des 16. Jahrhunderts. Mit Nachträgen zur Biographie (in German). Wagner. p. 64. Retrieved26 November 2023.
^Mercieca, Simon; Cassar, Frans X. (2015).Besieged : Malta 1565. Malta Libraries and Heritage Malta Publication. pp. 39–46.ISBN 978-99932-57-31-8. Retrieved26 November 2023.
^"Jacques Buus".www.mgg-online.com. Retrieved26 November 2023.
^"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of March 15, 1557".cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved27 November 2023.
^Nordisk Familjebok Konversationslexikon Och Realencyklopedi (in Swedish). Expeditionen af Nordisk familjebok. 1919. p. 831. Retrieved27 November 2023.
^Guillaume Farel - 1489-1565- Biographie Nouvelle (in French). Slatkine. 1978. p. 723. Retrieved27 November 2023.
^Unger, Melvin P. (17 June 2010).Historical Dictionary of Choral Music. Scarecrow Press. p. 376.ISBN 978-0-8108-7392-6. Retrieved27 November 2023.
^La Riforma in Italia nel secolo XVI (in Italian). Unione Tipografico-Editrice. 1856. p. 163. Retrieved27 November 2023.
^"Lodovico Ferrari - Biography".Maths History. Retrieved27 November 2023.
^Volz, Hans (1971).Die Lutherpredigten des Johannes Mathesius: kritische untersuchungen zur geschichtsschreibung im Zeitalter der reformation (in German). Johnson. p. 6. Retrieved27 November 2023.
^Lestringant, Frank (1999).Le Huguenot et le sauvage: l'Amérique et la controverse coloniale en France, au temps des guerres de religion (1555-1589) (in French). Klincksieck. p. 152.ISBN 978-2-252-03279-4. Retrieved27 November 2023.
^North Country Wills: Being Abstracts of Wills Relating to the Counties of York, Nottingham, Northumberland, Cumberland, and Westmorland, at Somerset House and Lambeth Palace 1383. Andrews & Company. 1912. p. 44. Retrieved27 November 2023.
^Sehling, Emil (1902).Die evangelischen Kirchenordnungen des XVI. Jahrhunderts: -2. Bd. Sachsen und Thüringen, nebst angrenzenden Gebieten (in German). O.R. Reisland. p. 60. Retrieved27 November 2023.
^Cuaz, Ernest (1892).Histoire du château de Pont-d'Ain (in French). Mougin-Rusand. p. 200. Retrieved27 November 2023.
^"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 16, 1545".cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved27 November 2023.
^Kramer, Georg Friedrich (1831).Handbuch für den Oberdonau-Kreis: bearbeitet nach den offiziellen Hilfsquellen (in German). Kramer. p. 15. Retrieved27 November 2023.
^Dardess, John W. (25 September 2013).A Political Life in Ming China: A Grand Secretary and His Times. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 144.ISBN 978-1-4422-2378-3. Retrieved27 November 2023.
^"Pius IV | pope".Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved23 November 2020.
^Klein, Diethard H. (1983).Schleswig-Holsteinisches Hausbuch: gute alte Zeit zwischen Nord- und Ostsee in Bildern und Geschichten, Gedichten und Berichten (in German). Rombach. p. 409.ISBN 978-3-7930-0746-3. Retrieved27 November 2023.
^Barton, William M. (2022)."Gessner, Conrad".Encyclopedia of Renaissance Philosophy. Springer International Publishing. pp. 1371–1374.doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14169-5_1097.ISBN 978-3-319-14168-8. Retrieved27 November 2023.
^Bryan, Michael (1886).Dictionary of Painters and Engravers: Biographical and Critical. G. Bell and sons. p. 117. Retrieved27 November 2023.
^Амирханов, Хусаин (15 May 2022).Таварих-е Булгарийа (Булгарские хроники) (in Russian). Litres. p. 88.ISBN 978-5-04-001376-0. Retrieved27 November 2023.
^Załęski, Stanisław (1900).Jezuici w Polsce (in Polish). Drukiem i nakładem, drukarni ludowej. p. 169. Retrieved27 November 2023.
^"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of February 26, 1561".cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved3 December 2023.
^Blois, Georges de (1875).Louis de Blois, un bénédictin au XVIème siècle (in French). Palmé. p. 2. Retrieved3 December 2023.
^Luïscius, A. G. (1726).Het algemeen historisch, geographisch en genealogisch woordenboek, vervattende de geheele wereldlyke geschiedenis, ... van deze laatsten gevoegt een naamlyst van derzelver uitgegevene werken (in Dutch). Husson. p. 231. Retrieved3 December 2023.
^Paul James; Peter Russell (1986).At Her Majesty's Service. J. Curley & Associates. p. 76.ISBN 978-1-55504-287-5.
^Allgemeine deutsche Biographie (in German). Duncker & Humblot. 1898. p. 68. Retrieved3 December 2023.
^"Cabezón, Antonio de".Grove Music Online. Retrieved3 December 2023.
^WISSGRILL, Franz Carl (1800).Schauplatz des landsässigen Nieder-Oesterreichischen Adels von Herren- und Ritterstande, von dem XI Jahrhundert an, bis auf jetzige Zeiten (in German). Christian Fridich Wapplets. p. 253. Retrieved3 December 2023.
^Jehanne d'Orliac (1931).The Moon Mistress: Diane de Poitiers. Harrap. p. 310.
^Bever, Adolphe van (1923).Les poètes du terroir du XVe siècle au XXe siècle: textes choisis, accompagnés de notices (in French). Delagrave. p. 266. Retrieved3 December 2023.
^Brinkhus, Gerd; Pachnicke, Claudine (2001).Leonhart Fuchs (1501-1566): Mediziner und Botaniker (in German). Kulturamt. p. 23.ISBN 978-3-910090-43-9. Retrieved3 December 2023.
^Reading, Mario (2006).Nostradamus: The Complete Prophecies for the Future. Watkins Media Limited. p. 16.ISBN 978-1-84293-180-6. Retrieved3 December 2023.
^Wagner, John A.; Ph.D, Susan Walters Schmid (9 December 2011).Encyclopedia of Tudor England. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 600.ISBN 978-1-59884-299-9. Retrieved3 December 2023.
^Fernández, Isacio Pérez (1984).Fray Bartolomé de las Casas: brevísima relación de su vida, diseño de su personalidad, síntesis de su doctrina (in Spanish). Editorial San Esteban. p. 21.ISBN 978-84-7188-151-9. Retrieved3 December 2023.
^Damkaer, David M. (2002).The Copepodologist's Cabinet: A Biographical and Bibliographical History. American Philosophical Society. p. 15.ISBN 978-0-87169-240-5. Retrieved3 December 2023.
^Braunschweigisches Magazin (in German). J. Zwissler. 1899. p. 201. Retrieved3 December 2023.
^Ricerche di storia dell'arte (in Italian). Bulzoni. 1986. p. 44. Retrieved3 December 2023.
^Falguera, Cristina de la Cruz de Arteaga y (1940).La Casa del Infantado: cabeza de los Mendoza (in Spanish). Duque del Infantado. p. 420. Retrieved3 December 2023.
^Dietsch, Julius Erdmann Christoph (1856).Die christlichen Weihestätten in und bei der Stadt Hof: geschichtliche Darstellung der allda befindlichen Kirchen, Kapellen und Friedhöfe (in German). Riegel & Wießner. p. 45. Retrieved3 December 2023.
^Tadisi, Jacopo Antonio (1788).Vita di monsignor Marco Girolamo Vida nobile cremonese, vescovo d'Alba, descritta da Jacopo Antonio Tadisi . (in Italian). Vincenzo Antoine. p. 39. Retrieved3 December 2023.
^Staley, Edgcumbe (1910).The dogaressas of Venice: The wifes of the doges. London: T. W. Laurie. p. 264. Retrieved3 December 2023.
^Dingel, Irene (17 April 2023).Der Osiandrische Streit (1550–1570) (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 59.ISBN 978-3-647-50014-0. Retrieved3 December 2023.
^Evans, Robert; Humphreys, Maggie (1 January 1997).Dictionary of Composers for the Church in Great Britain and Ireland. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 101.ISBN 978-1-4411-3796-8. Retrieved3 December 2023.
^Monti, Achille (1882).Scritti in prosa ed in versi (in Italian). I. Galeati. p. 120. Retrieved3 December 2023.
^Jenny, Beat Rudolf (1959).Graf Froben Christoph von Zimmern, 1519-1566: Geschichtschreiber, Erzähler, Dynast (in German). Konstanz. p. 1. Retrieved3 December 2023.
^"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 19, 1544".cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved3 December 2023.
^Barthélemy, L[ouis] (1889).Histoire d'Aubagne, chef-lieu de Baronnie: depuis son origine jusq'en 1789 (in French). Barlatier et Barthelet. p. 47. Retrieved3 December 2023.
^Archivio storico italiano (in Italian). Leo S. Olschki. 1892. p. 265. Retrieved3 December 2023.
^Izbicki, Thomas (2022)."Charles Dumoulin's Annotations in a Lyon Edition of the Decretum".Bulletin of Medieval Canon Law.39 (1):179–187.doi:10.1353/bmc.2022.0006.ISSN 2372-2509.S2CID 257785323.
^"O'Donnell, Calvagh, lord of Tyrconnell".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20550. Retrieved3 December 2023. (Subscription orUK public library membership required.)
^O'Malley, Charles Donald (1955).Jacopo Aconcio (in Italian). Ed. di Storia e Letteratura. p. 51. Retrieved3 December 2023.
^Živojin Boškov (1971). Živan Milisavac (ed.).Jugoslovenski književni leksikon [Yugoslav Literary Lexicon] (in Serbo-Croatian).Novi Sad (SAP Vojvodina,SR Serbia):Matica srpska. p. 106.
^Robert Stedall (26 July 2012).The Challenge to the Crown: Volume I: The Struggle for Influence in the Reign of Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1567. Book Guild Publishing. p. 157.ISBN 978-1-84624-646-3.
^Brink, Jan ten (1882).De eerste jaren der Nederlandsche revolutie (1555-1568) (in Dutch). Elsevier. p. 208. Retrieved11 December 2023.
^Hartmann, Stefan (2008).Herzog Albrecht von Preussen und Livland (1565-1570): Regesten aus dem Herzoglichen Briefarchiv (in German). Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. p. 145.ISBN 978-3-412-20176-0. Retrieved11 December 2023.
^Hale, Sarah Josepha Buell (1857).A Cyclopædia of Female Biography ... [A revised abridgement, with additions, of "Woman's Record".] Edited by H.G. Adams. London: Groombridge & Sons. p. 44. Retrieved11 December 2023.
^Beausar, Nicolaas Godfried (1852).Nederland (in Dutch). Verkonteren. p. 64. Retrieved11 December 2023.
^"PANVINIO, Onofrio - Treccani".Treccani (in Italian). Retrieved11 December 2023.
^"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of November 20, 1551".cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved11 December 2023.
^"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of February 26, 1561".cardinals.fiu.edu.
^Histoire de Lorraine (in French). Chez A. Leseure. 1757. p. cxcix. Retrieved11 December 2023.
^Aa, A. J. van der (1841).Geschied- en Aadrijkskundige Beschrijving van het Koningrijk der Nederlanden en het Groothertogdom. Luxemburg (in Dutch). J. Noorduyn and Son. p. 308. Retrieved11 December 2023.
^Duro, Cesáreo Fernández (1896).Armada española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y de León (in Spanish). Sucesores de Rivadeneyra. p. 249. Retrieved11 December 2023.
^Fagel, Raymond (1 October 2021).Protagonists of War: Spanish Army Commanders and the Revolt in the Low Countries. Leuven University Press. p. 52.ISBN 978-94-6270-287-5. Retrieved11 December 2023.
^"Horn".dutchrevolt.leiden.edu. Retrieved11 December 2023.
^Kleines Conversations-Lexikon (in German). Herder. 1855. p. 264. Retrieved11 December 2023.
^Nagtglas, F. (1869).Levinus Lemnius en Zierikzee in de eerste helft der zestiende eeuw (in Dutch). Altorffer. p. 15. Retrieved11 December 2023.
^Geschichte der Wissenschaften in Deutschland: Neuere Zeit (in German). R. Oldenbourg. 1883. p. 158. Retrieved11 December 2023.
^"Turner, William".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/27874. Retrieved11 December 2023. (Subscription orUK public library membership required.)
^Sarmiento, Francisco Javier Puerto (2022).El Príncipe Don Carlos de Austria: Un hombre desesperado. Historia y Leyenda (in Spanish). Editorial Sanz Y Torres S.l. p. 216.ISBN 978-84-18316-64-7. Retrieved11 December 2023.
^Podręczna encyklopedya kościelna (in Polish). Skład głowny w Księgarni Gebethnera i S ka. 1913. p. 75. Retrieved12 December 2023.
^Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1984).The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571. American Philosophical Society. p. 936.ISBN 978-0-87169-162-0. Retrieved12 December 2023.
^"Wharton, Thomas, first Baron Wharton".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/29172. Retrieved12 December 2023. (Subscription orUK public library membership required.)
^Acuña, Manuela Josefa Reynoso (1963).Algunos aspectos de la reforma cristiana en España, en el siglo XVI (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. p. 60. Retrieved12 December 2023.
^"Jöran Persson - Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon".sok.riksarkivet.se. Retrieved12 December 2023.
^St James Press; Anthony Levi; Retired Professor of French Anthony Levi (1992).Guide to French Literature: Beginnings to 1789. St. James Press. p. 372.ISBN 978-1-55862-159-6.
^Unger, Melvin P. (14 August 2023).Historical Dictionary of Choral Music. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 18.ISBN 978-1-5381-2434-5. Retrieved12 December 2023.
^Freytag, Hermann (1903).Die Preussen auf der Universität Wittenberg und die nichtpreussischen Schüler Wittenbergs in Preussen von 1502 bis 1602 (in German). Duncker & Humblot. p. 91. Retrieved12 December 2023.
^Braunschweigisches Magazin (in German). J. Zwissler. 1899. p. 70. Retrieved12 December 2023.
^"RADCLIFFE, Sir John (1539-68), of Old Cleeve, Som. | History of Parliament Online".www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved12 December 2023.
^Nicholas, Lucy R.; Law, Ceri (23 November 2020).Roger Ascham and His Sixteenth-Century World. BRILL. p. 296.ISBN 978-90-04-38228-2. Retrieved12 December 2023.
^Mitteilungen des Altertumsvereins zu Plauen: Jahresschrift (in German). Neupert. 1885. p. 55. Retrieved12 December 2023.
^Vochezer, Joseph (1907).Geschichte des fürstlichen Hauses Waldburg in Schwaben (in German). Kösel. p. 462. Retrieved12 December 2023.
^Medicine and the Inquisition in the Early Modern World. BRILL. 1 July 2019. p. 102.ISBN 978-90-04-38646-4. Retrieved12 December 2023.
^Krahn, Cornelius (6 December 2012).Dutch Anabaptism: Origin, Spread, Life and Thought (1450–1600). Springer. p. 230.ISBN 978-94-015-0609-0. Retrieved12 December 2023.
^Bibliography of the History of Medicine. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine. 1964. p. 12. Retrieved12 December 2023.
^Mayhew, Mickey (21 September 2022).Imprisoning Mary Queen of Scots: The Men Who Kept the Stuart Queen. Pen and Sword History. p. 28.ISBN 978-1-3990-1102-0. Retrieved20 December 2023.
^James Frederic Mozley (1953).Coverdale and His Bibles. Lutterworth Press. p. 27.
^Morgenbesser, Michael (1892).Michael Morgenbessers Geschichte von Schlesien (in German). Max. p. 188. Retrieved20 December 2023.
^Lopez, Anselmo Arenas (1918).El beato Juan de Avila, apóstol de las Andalucías, era natural de Molina de Aragón: no de Almodóvar (in Spanish). Impr. Hijos de F. Vives Mora. p. 71. Retrieved20 December 2023.
^Ceuninck, Aloysius de (1876).Historische tafereelen uit de XVIe eeuw (in Dutch). Van Hecke. p. 104. Retrieved20 December 2023.
^Bayerische Zeitung: 1866 (in German). Wolf. 1866. p. 145. Retrieved20 December 2023.
^Bahşi, İlhan (1 May 2020)."Life of Guido Guidi (Vidus Vidius), who named the Vidian canal".Child's Nervous System.36 (5):881–884.doi:10.1007/s00381-018-3930-7.ISSN 1433-0350.PMID 30066162. Retrieved20 December 2023.
^Chronologie historique militaire (in French). Chez Claude Herissant. 1761. p. 546. Retrieved20 December 2023.
^Neues Archiv für die Geschichte der Stadt Heidelberg und der rheinischen Pfalz (in German). G. Koester. 1907. p. 143. Retrieved20 December 2023.
^Parmiter, Geoffrey de C. (April 1972)."Bishop Bonner and the Oath".British Catholic History.11 (5):215–236.doi:10.1017/S0034193200033100.ISSN 0034-1932.S2CID 191843272. Retrieved20 December 2023.
^Grendler, Paul F. (1999).Encyclopedia of the Renaissance: Shakespeare-Zwingli. Scribner's. p. 113.ISBN 978-0-684-80513-9. Retrieved20 December 2023.
^John Oliver Hand; Martha Wolff; Washington National Gallery of Art (1986).Early Netherlandish Painting. Cambridge University Press. p. 27.ISBN 978-0-89468-093-9.
^La Commedia dell'Arte e la societa' Barocca: pt.1 La fascinazione del teatro. pt.2 La professione del teatro (in Italian). Bulzoni. 1969. p. 28.ISBN 978-88-7119-201-7. Retrieved20 December 2023.
^Riezler, Sigmund (1899).Gescichte Baierns: Bd. Von 1508 bis 1597. 1899 (in German). F. A. Perthes. p. 604. Retrieved20 December 2023.
^Madariaga, Isabel de (25 September 2006).Ivan the Terrible. Yale University Press. p. 240.ISBN 978-0-300-11973-2. Retrieved20 December 2023.
^Staurenghi, Cesare (1916).L'Ospedale maggiore di Milano e i suoi antichi sepolcri: particolarmente il foppone ora detto la rotonda cronistoria Milanese dei secoli XV-XX (in Italian). Ulrico Hoepli. p. 144. Retrieved22 December 2023.
^Kutter, Markus (1955).Celio Secondo Curione (in German). Helbing & Lichtenhahn. p. 9. Retrieved22 December 2023.
^Roig, Adrien (1983).O teatro clássico em Portugal no século XVI (in Brazilian Portuguese). Instituto de Cultura e Língua Portuguesa, Ministério da Educação. p. 39. Retrieved22 December 2023.
^Sixt, Christian Heinrich (1843).Dr. Paul Eber, der Schüler, Freund und Amtsgenosse der Reformatoren (in German). Heidelberg: Karl Winter University Bookstore. p. 214. Retrieved22 December 2023.
^Lehmann, Johann Georg Lehmann (1863).Urkundliche Geschichte der Grafschaft Hanau-Lichtenberg: Geschichte der Dynasten von Ochsenstein, der Grafen von Zweibrücken-Bitsch und der Grafen von Hanau-Lichtenberg (in German). Druck und Verlag von J. Schneider. p. 472. Retrieved22 December 2023.
^Богуславский, Владимир Вольфович (2001).Славянская энциклопедия: Киевская Русь-Московия (in Russian). ОЛМА Медиа Групп. p. 605.ISBN 978-5-224-02251-9. Retrieved22 December 2023.
^Arnell, Sture (1951).Karin Månsdotter: tolv kapitel om en drottning och hennes tid (in Swedish). Wahlström & Widstrand. p. 113. Retrieved22 December 2023.
^Miović, Vesna; Seferović, Relja (18 September 2014)."Gracia Mendes in Dubrovnik".Dubrovnik Annals (18):65–94.doi:10.21857/ydkx2c3xg9.ISSN 1331-3878. Retrieved22 December 2023.

Authority control databases: Artists	KulturNav

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1560s&oldid=1259221549"

Category:

1560s

Hidden categories:

[8]ページ先頭