| 1510 flu pandemic | |
|---|---|
 The 1510 flu pandemic was the first to be chronicled across continents. | |
| Disease | Influenza |
| Virus strain | Unknown |
| Location | Asia, Africa, and Europe |
| Date | Early Summer to Fall of 1510 |
Deaths | Unknown, death rate ~1%[1] |
In 1510, an acuterespiratory disease emerged in Asia[2][1][3] before spreading throughNorth Africa andEurope during the first chronicled, inter-regionalflu pandemic generally recognized by medical historians and epidemiologists.[4][1][5][6][7][8][9] Influenza-like illnesses had been documented in Europe since at leastCharlemagne,[1] with 1357's outbreak the first to be calledinfluenza,[10][8] but the 1510 flu pandemic is the first to be pathologically described[11][12] following communication advances brought about by theprinting press. Flu became more widely referred to ascoqueluche andcoccolucio inFrance andSicily during this pandemic,[13][14] variations of which became the most popular names for flu inearly modern Europe.[1] The pandemic caused significant disruption in government, church, and society[15][3][6] with near-universal infection[16] and a mortality rate of around 1%.[1]
The 1510 flu is suspected of originating in East Asia,[1] possiblyChina.[2] Gregor Horst writes inOperum medicorum tombus primus (1661) that the disease came from Asia and spread along trade routes[1] before attacking the Middle East and North Africa. German medical writerJustus Hecker suggested the 1510 influenza most likely came from Asia because of the historical nature of other influenzas to originate there in more recent pandemics.[3]
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It is generally understood that the 1510 influenza had spread in Africa before Europe.[17][9] Influenza was likely widespread in North Africa before crossing continents through the Mediterranean, arriving inMalta[4][18] where British medical historianThomas Short believed that the "island ofMelite inAfrica" became the 1510 flu's springboard into Europe.[17][19]
Europe's internationally traveled cities and flu's highly contagious nature enabled its spread through European populations. The 1510 flu disrupted royal courts, church services, and social life across Europe. Contemporary chroniclers and those who have read their accounts observed how entire populations were attacked at once,[17][1] which is how the disease first received the nameinfluenza (from the belief that such outbreaks were caused by influences like stars or cold).[10]Turin professor Francisco Vallerioli (aka Valleriola) writes that the 1510 flu featured "Constriction of breathing, and beginning with a hoarseness of voice and... shivering. Not long after that there being a cooked humor which fills the lungs."[1] Physicians like Valleriola described the 1510 flu as more fatal to children[20] and those who were bled.[17] Lawyer Francesco Muralto noted that "the disease killed 10 people out of a thousand in one day," supporting a fatality rate of around 1%.[1]
The first cases of influenza began to appear inSicily around July[21] after the arrival of infected merchant ships fromMalta.[17][2][22] In Sicily it was commonly calledcoccolucio for the hood (resembling a coqueluchon - a kind of monk's cowl) the sick often wore over their heads.[23][24][17] Influenza quickly spread out along the Mediterranean coasts of Italy and southern France[21] via merchant ships leaving the island.
InEmilia-Romagna, Tommasino de' Bianchi recorded the recovery ofModena's first cases on 13 July 1510, writing that in the city "there appears an illness that lasts three days with a great fever, and headache and then they rise... but there remains a terrible cough that lasts maybe eight days, and then they recover."[1] This data would indicate that the first cases of flu, which has an incubation period of one to four days, began to fall ill in the Emilia-Romagna region around late June or early July.Pope Julius II attributed the outbreaks inRome and theHoly See to God's wrath.[1]
Flu spread over the Alps intoSwitzerland and theHoly Roman Empire. In Switzerland it is documented as being calleddas Gruppie by theMellingen chronicler Anton Tegenfeld,[25] the flu nickname then preferred by German-speaking Europeans. A respiratory illness seemed to have menaced the Canton of Aargua in June, with the population falling ill with sniffling, coughing, and fatigue.[26] German physicianAchilles Gasser recorded a deadly epidemic spreading over the Holy Roman Empire's upper kingdoms, branching into the cities and the "whole mankind:"Mira qua edam Epidemia mortales per urbes hanc totamque adeo superiorem Germaniam corripiebat, qua aegri IV vel V ad summum dies molestissimis destillationibus laborabant ac ration privati instar phrenicorum furebant, atque inde iterum convalescebant, paucissimis ad Gorcum demissis.[16]
André de Burgo's letters dated 24 August 1510 indicateMargaret of Austria had to intervene at a royal assembly between her father,Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, andLouis XII of France because the King of France was too sick with "coqueluche" to be spoken to.[27] Influenza spread out from the Holy Roman Empire towards Northern Europe, theBaltic states,[14] and west towardsFrance andEngland.[17]
Arriving aboard infected sailors from Sicily, influenza struck theKingdom of France through the ports ofMarseille andNice and spread through the international crowds of the shipyards. Merchants, pilgrims, and other travelers from the south and east spread the virus throughout the western Mediterranean in July.[26] It was referred to as "cephalie catarrhal" among French physicians, but more commonly just calledcoqueluche.[1][13][27][7][28][29] HistorianFrançois Eudes de Mézeray traced the etymology of "coqueluche" to an outbreak 1410s[30] during which sufferers wore hoods resembling coqueluchons, a kind of monk's cowl.[31] French surgeonAmbroise Paré described the outbreak as having been a "rheumatic affliction of the head...with constriction of the heart and lungs."[1] By August it had appeared inTours and after it had propagated itself throughout France over summer, sickening the entire country by September.[30] French poet and historian Jean Bouchet, employed by King Louis XII's Royal Court, wrote that the epidemic "appeared in the entire Kingdom of France, as much in the towns as in the countryside."[1]
Coqueluche filled up the hospitals in France.[32] King Louis XII's National Assembly ofBishops,Prelates, and universityprofessors scheduled for September 1510 was delayed because of the intensity of the flu inParis.[6]Jean Fernel (aka Fernelius), physician toHenry III of France, compares the 1557 influenza to the 1510 epidemic which attacked everyone with fever, a heaviness in their head, and profound coughing.[4] Up to 1000 Parisians per day were dying at the height of the "1510 peste."[33]Mézeray mentions that it disrupted judicial proceedings and colleges,[15][3] and that the 1510 flu was more widespread and deadly in France than in other countries.[34]
Cardinal Georges d'Amboise, a close friend and advisor to the King of France, is sometimes believed to have died of influenza since his health sharply declined after arriving in Lyons in May 1510.[35] The cardinal, also known as Monseigneur le Ledat, made his final testimony and recitedSacraments around 22 May[36] before he died on the 25th. His sudden decline in health and flu's arrival in Europe around early summer have created uncertainty as to whether he died of gout or influenza, but "coqueluche" is not mentioned in French royal correspondence that year until August.[27]
British medical historianCharles Creighton claimed there is one foreign account of the 1510 flu in England,[14] but did not elaborate.[14]Fernel andParé suggested that the 1510 influenza "spread to almost all countries of the world" (not concerning Spain's territories in the New World).[1] An epidemiological study of past influenza pandemics reviewing previous medical historians' data has found England was affected in 1510[37] and there were reports of symptoms like "gastrodynia" and noteworthy murrain among cattle.[38] The 1510 flu is also recorded to have reachedIreland.[39]
Influenza reached theIberian Peninsula early after Italy, due to the highly interconnected trade and pilgrimage routes between Spain, Portugal, and the Italian kingdoms. Cases began to appear in Portugal around the same time the disease entered the Holy Roman Empire.[17] Spanish cities were reportedly "dispopulated" by the 1510 flu.[9]
There are no records of influenza affecting theNew World in 1510,[40] even though Spain was sending fleets of ships across the Atlantic. The first recordedflu outbreak in the New World had afflicted the Isle of Santo Domingo (NowHaiti and theDominican Republic) in1493.[41]
Blistering on the back of the head and shoulders was one form of treatment prescribed in Europe for the flu.[1]Paré regarded the common treatments ofbloodletting andpurgation to be especially dangerous to 1510's flu patients.[1] Supraorbital pain and vision problems were symptoms[22] ofcoqueluche, so sufferers may have felt tempted to wear hoods due to light sensitivity.Short describes some medicinal treatments for the 1510 flu including "Bole Armoniac, oily lintus, pectoral troches, and decoctions."[17]
Justus Hecker and John Parkin presumed the 1510 influenza originated from East Asia because of the historical nature of other influenza pandemics to originate there,[3][42] while in 1661 Gregor Horst wrote that the 1510 flu spread along trade routes from East Asia to Africa before reaching Europe.[1] Influenza viruses sometimes leap from Asia's migratory water fowl after massive migrations congregate near water sources for humans and domesticated animals, in which cross-species infections triggerantigenic shift and create new strains of flu human beings have little immunity to.[43] European chroniclers noticed that the 1510 influenza did appear in North Africa before Europe, which has led some medical historians to suggest it may have developed there[39](parts ofNorth Africa also lie along migratory bird ways, specifically the east Africa-West Asia and Black Sea-Mediterranean routes, that make it vulnerable to spontaneous reassortment of pandemic flu viruses).[44]
The 1510 "coqueluche" has been recognized as influenza by modern epidemiologists[6][1] and medical historians.[14][45][46] Suggestions that the 1510coqueluche waswhooping cough have been doubted[47] because adult sufferers often experienced "precipitous"[1] symptoms described by contemporaries like Tommasino de Bianchi[1] or Valleriola as high fever for 3 days, headache, prostration, loss of sleep and appetite, delirium,[7] a cough most severe on the 5th to 10th days,[15][48] lung congestion,[1] and slow recovery beginning on the second week.[17][3] Adults with pertussis will usually cough for weeks before becoming gradually more ill then recovering over a period of months.[49][50] Thecoqueluche of 1510 is considered to be influenza by experts because of its sudden symptoms, explosive spread,[8] and timelines of sickness to recovery. The first outbreak of whooping cough to be agreed on by most medical historians isGuillaume de Baillou's description of an outbreak in Paris in1578.[47]