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1264

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Calendar year
Years
Millennium
2nd millennium
Centuries
Decades
Years
1264 by topic
Leaders
Birth and death categories
Births –Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments –Disestablishments
Art and literature
1264 in poetry
1264 in variouscalendars
Gregorian calendar1264
MCCLXIV
Ab urbe condita2017
Armenian calendar713
ԹՎ ՉԺԳ
Assyrian calendar6014
Balinese saka calendar1185–1186
Bengali calendar670–671
Berber calendar2214
English Regnal year48 Hen. 3 – 49 Hen. 3
Buddhist calendar1808
Burmese calendar626
Byzantine calendar6772–6773
Chinese calendar癸亥年 (Water Pig)
3961 or 3754
    — to —
甲子年 (Wood Rat)
3962 or 3755
Coptic calendar980–981
Discordian calendar2430
Ethiopian calendar1256–1257
Hebrew calendar5024–5025
Hindu calendars
 -Vikram Samvat1320–1321
 -Shaka Samvat1185–1186
 -Kali Yuga4364–4365
Holocene calendar11264
Igbo calendar264–265
Iranian calendar642–643
Islamic calendar662–663
Japanese calendarKōchō 4 /Bun'ei 1
(文永元年)
Javanese calendar1174–1175
Julian calendar1264
MCCLXIV
Korean calendar3597
Minguo calendar648 beforeROC
民前648年
Nanakshahi calendar−204
Thai solar calendar1806–1807
Tibetan calendarཆུ་མོ་ཕག་ལོ་
(female Water-Boar)
1390 or 1009 or 237
    — to —
ཤིང་ཕོ་བྱི་བ་ལོ་
(male Wood-Rat)
1391 or 1010 or 238
Monument of theBattle of Lewes

Year1264 (MCCLXIV) was aleap year starting on Tuesday of theJulian calendar.

Events

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By place

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Byzantine Empire

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  • Spring –Battle of Makryplagi:Constantine Palaiologos (half-brother of Michael VIII) resumes operations against thePrincipality of Achaea. He advances up in northernElis, and sets up his camp at a location called "St. Nicholas of Mesiskli". PrinceWilliam of Villehardouin with his own troops marches to meet him and arrays his men ready for battle. The Byzantine vanguard underMichael Kantakouzenos, ride forth from the Byzantine lines, but the force is ambushed and Michael is killed by the Achaeans. Constantine retreats and goes on to lay siege to the fortress ofNikli. There, Turkish mercenaries (some 1,000 horsemen), confront him and demand that he pay them their arrears of 6 months. Constantine refuses, whereupon the Turkish troops desert to William. He decides to raise the siege and departs forConstantinople. He leavesAlexios Philes with a force and marches towardsMessenia, where he occupies the passes, situated nearGardiki Castle. William, reinforced by the Turkish contingent, marches to Messenia to attack the Byzantines, despite their holding strong positions on the high ground. The first two attacks are beaten off, but during the third attack, the Byzantines flee in panic. Alexios, along with many Greek nobles, is captured.[1]

Europe

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British Isles

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  • January 23 – KingLouis IX of France ("the Saint") issues theMise of Amiens, a settlement between KingHenry III of England and his rebellious barons underSimon de Montfort, heavily favouring the former – which leads to theSecond Barons' War.[9] AtAmiens, Henry accuses the barons of destroying his castles and laying waste to royal lands. For this he demands a compensation of some £300,000 and 200,000 marks, which is defended by Louis.[10]
  • April 5 –Battle of Northampton: English forces underRoger Mortimer, advance over the water meadows south ofNorthampton to attack its main gate with engines. Meanwhile, another party rides clockwise along the built-up area's western perimeter, looking for an easier entrance. While the townsmen entrust to hold up the initial attack, the outflanking detachment founds a breach in the garden wall ofSt. Andrew's Priory, at the north of the town.Simon de Montfort the Younger (son of Simon de Montfort) reacts to the break-in – riding upon his horse with his squire, and some followers to contest the breach. But Simon is captured and throws the defenders into disarray. Simon de Montfort mounts a rearguard to relieve his son, but onApril 6 the castle falls.[11]
  • April 17–19 – English rebels under Simon de Montfort besetRochester from two directions in a pincer movement from north and south. The garrison sortie burns the suburbs to deprive the rebels of cover. Initial assaults on the bridge the next morning are repulsed byRoger de Leybourne. In the evening, however, supported by archers shooting across the river, Simon launches an amphibious assault, wind and current carrying hisfireship across to set fire to the bridge defenses. The rebels capture the castle's outer bailey and the garrison retires inside the keep onApril 19. Meanwhile, rebels underGilbert de Clare ("the Red Earl") occupy the cathedral. The siege then boggs down, Simon receives reports of a relief force and orders to withdraw onApril 26.[12]
  • April – Gilbert de Clare leads a massacre of the Jews atCanterbury, during the outbreak of theSecond Barons' War.[13] In the meantime, another of de Montfort's followers,John FitzJohn, leads a massacre against the Jews inLondon.[14] The Jewish communities of Northampton,Winchester,Cambridge, andLincoln are looted. Thearchæ (official chest of records) is destroyed or deposited at the headquarters of de Montfort's supporters atEly.[15]
  • May 14 –Battle of Lewes: English rebels led by Simon de Montfort defeat Henry III and PrinceEdward ("the Lord Edward"), atLewes. Henry leaves the safety ofLewes Castle andSt. Pancras Priory, to engage the rebels. Edward routes part of the rebel army (some 5,000 men) with a cavalry charge, but during the battle de Montfort's forces capture both Henry and Edward, making Simon the "uncrowned king ofEngland" for 15 months.[16]
  • May – Simon de Montfort marches on London but the drawbridge onLondon Bridge has been raised by theLord Mayor. Simon has the support of the Londoners, who manage to lower the bridge allowing him into the city. Henry III is forced to pardon the rebel nobles and reinstates theProvisions of Oxford. With Henry's power diminished, Simon announces that all debts owed to the Jews would be canceled.[17]
  • June – Simon de Montfort summonsParliament in London to confirm new constitutional arrangements. Two knights are summoned for each county, and are allowed to comment on general matters of state – the first time this has occurred. InFrance, QueenEleanor of Provence, wife of Henry III, makes plans for an invasion of England with the support of Louis IX OF France.[18]
  • June – The Lord Edward is held captive atWallingford Castle, but after an escape attempt he is moved toKenilworth Castle.
  • June 18 – TheParliament of Ireland meets atCastledermot inCounty Kildare, the first definitely known meeting of thisIrishlegislature.
  • December 24 – The titleBaron de Ros, the oldest held peerage title, is created bywrit of summons during the reign of Henry III.

Mongol Empire

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Asia

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  • February – The Japanese eraKōchō ends and theBun'ei era begins during the reign of the 14-year-old EmperorKameyama (until1275).

By topic

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Education

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Religion

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Births

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Deaths

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References

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  1. ^Bartusis, Mark C. (1997).The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204–1453, p. 50. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.ISBN 0-8122-1620-2.
  2. ^Doubleday, Simon R. (2015).The Wise King: A Christian Prince, Muslim Spain, and the Birth of the Renaissance, p. 110. Basic Books.ISBN 978-0-465-07391-7.
  3. ^O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011).The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 36. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.ISBN 978-0-8122-4302-4.
  4. ^Stanton, Charles D. (2015).Medieval Maritime Warfare, p. 164. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword.ISBN 978-1-4738-5643-1.
  5. ^Doubleday, Simon R. (2015).The Wise King: A Christian Prince, Muslim Spain, and the Birth of the Renaissance, p. 121. Basic Books.ISBN 978-0-465-07391-7.
  6. ^Harvey, L. P. (1992).Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500, p. 54. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.ISBN 978-0-226-31962-9.
  7. ^Szũcs, Jenõ (2002).Az utolsó Árpádok, p. 172. [The Last Árpáds] (in Hungarian). Osiris Kiadó.ISBN 963-389-271-6.
  8. ^Zsoldos, Attila (2007).Családi ügy: IV. Béla és István ifjabb király viszálya az 1260-as években[A family affair: The Conflict between Béla IV and Junior King Stephen in the 1260s] (in Hungarian). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. pp. 140–141.ISBN 978-963-9627-15-4.
  9. ^Williams, Hywel (2005).Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 161.ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  10. ^Treharne, R. F.; Sanders, I. J. (1973).Documents of the Baronial Movement of Reform and Rebellion, 1258–1267, pp. 253–57.ISBN 0-19-822222-X.
  11. ^Richard Brooks (2015). Osprey:Lewes and Evesham 1264–65, p. 26.ISBN 978-1-4728-1150-9.
  12. ^Richard Brooks (2015). Osprey:Lewes and Evesham 1264–65, pp. 32–33.ISBN 978-1-4728-1150-9.
  13. ^Huscroft, Richard (2006).Expulsion: England's Jewish Solution. Stroud: Tempus. p. 105.ISBN 9780752437293.
  14. ^Fogle, Lauren (2019).The King's Converts. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. p. 40.ISBN 9781498589215.
  15. ^Jacobs, Joseph (1903). "England". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.).The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 161–174.
  16. ^Maurice Keen (1999).Medieval Warfare: A History, p. 309. OUP Oxford.ISBN 978-0-19-164738-3.
  17. ^Jobson, Adrian (2012).The First English Revolution: Simon de Montfort, Henry III and the Barons' War, p. 132. London, UK: Bloomsbury.ISBN 978-1-84725-226-5.
  18. ^Jobson, Adrian (2012).The First English Revolution: Simon de Montfort, Henry III and the Barons' War, pp. 136–137. London, UK: Bloomsbury.ISBN 978-1-84725-226-5.
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