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1221

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Calendar year
Millennium:2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1221 by topic
Leaders
Birth and death categories
Births –Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments –Disestablishments
Art and literature
1221 in poetry
1221 in variouscalendars
Gregorian calendar1221
MCCXXI
Ab urbe condita1974
Armenian calendar670
ԹՎ ՈՀ
Assyrian calendar5971
Balinese saka calendar1142–1143
Bengali calendar627–628
Berber calendar2171
English Regnal year5 Hen. 3 – 6 Hen. 3
Buddhist calendar1765
Burmese calendar583
Byzantine calendar6729–6730
Chinese calendar庚辰年 (Metal Dragon)
3918 or 3711
    — to —
辛巳年 (Metal Snake)
3919 or 3712
Coptic calendar937–938
Discordian calendar2387
Ethiopian calendar1213–1214
Hebrew calendar4981–4982
Hindu calendars
 -Vikram Samvat1277–1278
 -Shaka Samvat1142–1143
 -Kali Yuga4321–4322
Holocene calendar11221
Igbo calendar221–222
Iranian calendar599–600
Islamic calendar617–618
Japanese calendarJōkyū 3
(承久３年)
Javanese calendar1129–1130
Julian calendar1221
MCCXXI
Korean calendar3554
Minguo calendar691 beforeROC
民前691年
Nanakshahi calendar−247
Thai solar calendar1763–1764
Tibetan calendar阳金龙年
(male Iron-Dragon)
1347 or 966 or 194
    — to —
阴金蛇年
(female Iron-Snake)
1348 or 967 or 195
Jalal al-Din Mangburni (left) crosses theIndus River and escapesGenghis Khan.

Year1221 (MCCXXI) was acommon year starting on Friday of theJulian calendar.

Events

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By place

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Byzantine Empire

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Fifth Crusade

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  • June – SultanAl-Kamil again offers peace terms to CardinalPelagius with the cession ofJerusalem and allPalestine apart fromOultrejordain, together with a 30 years' truce and money compensation for the dismantling of Jerusalem. Meanwhile, a German contingent underLouis I of Bavaria arrives atDamietta, with orders from Frederick II not to launch an attack onCairo until the emperor's arrival. Louis and Pelagius decide to advance intoEgypt towardsMansoura, where Al-Kamil has built a fortress to protect Cairo. The Crusaders assemble their armies and tents are set up just up theNile, onJune 29.[2]
  • July 4 – Pelagius orders a three-days fast in preparation for the advance. KingJohn I of Jerusalem arrives at Damietta to rejoin the Crusade at the command of Honorius III. The Crusader force moves towardsSheremsah, halfway betweenFaraskur and Mansoura on the east bank of the Nile, occupying the city onJuly 12. Sources tell of 630 ships of various sizes, 5,000 knights, 4,000 archers, and 40,000 men. A horde of pilgrims march with the army. They are ordered to keep close to the river, to supply the Crusaders with water. Pelagius plans a new offensive and leaves a large garrison at Damietta.[3]
  • July 24 – Pelagius moves the Crusader forces nearAshmun al-Rumman, on the opposite bank from Mansoura. Queen-RegentAlice of Cyprus and leaders of the military orders warn Pelagius of a large Muslim army being formed inSyria. Meanwhile, the Egyptian army under Al-Kamil crosses the Nile nearLake Manzaleh and establishes themselves between the Crusader camp and Damietta. In the Ushmum canal at Sheremsah, Al-Kamil's ships sail down the Nile and block the Crusaders' line of communications to Damietta. In August, Pelagius orders a retreat, but the route is cut off by Egyptians.[4]
  • August 26–28 –Battle of Mansoura: The Crusader army led by Pelagius and John I of Jerusalem is defeated by the Egyptian forces at Mansoura. John and the military orders fight a last stand on the river banks of the Nile. He beats off a Nubian assault (supported by elite Turkish cavalry) and drives them back, but only after thousands of soldiers have perished. The remaining Crusaders are surrounded by Al-Kamil's forces and begin a desperate retreat to Damietta. The city is well-garrisoned and supplied with arms; a naval squadron underHenry, Count of Malta ("Enrico Pescatore") defends the harbour against the Egyptians.[5] The Crusaders retreat under cover of darkness. Many of the soldiers cannot bear to abandon their stores of wine, and drink them all rather than leave them. TheTeutonic Knights set fire to the stores that they cannot carry, thus informing the Egyptians that they are abandoning their positions. In the meantime, Al-Kamil orders opening of the sluices along the right bank of the Nile, flooding the area. Pelagius on his ship is carried by the floodwaters past the blockading Egyptian fleet. Other ships, carrying the medical supplies of the army and much of its food, escape, but many are captured.[6]
  • August 28 – Pelagius sues for peace and sends an envoy to Al-Kamil. The terms of surrender are accepted, which includes the retreat from Damietta – leaving Egypt with the remnants of the Crusader army and an 8-year truce. After prisoners are exchanged, Al-Kamil enters Damietta onSeptember 8. TheFifth Crusade ends with nothing gained for the West, with much lost, men, resources and reputations. The Crusaders blame Frederick II for not being there. Pelagius is accused of ineffectual leadership and a misguided view, which has led to rejecting the sultan's peace offerings.[7]

Mongol Empire

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  • Spring –Genghis Khan orders an armed reconnaissance expedition into theCaucasus (consisting ofGeorgia andArmenia) under the command ofSubutai andJebe ("the Arrow"). The Mongols defeat two Georgian armies aroundTbilisi, but lack the will or equipment to besiege the capital city. During the fighting, KingGeorge IV of Georgia himself is severely wounded and his elite knights are massacred. The Mongols then return toAzerbaijan andPersia, and burn and pillage a few more cities.[8]
  • February – The cities ofMerv (perhaps the world's largest up to this date),Herat andNishapur which have peacefully surrendered rise up in arms. Genghis Khan sends his sonTolui to spend an extra month to subdue the revolts. Contemporary scholars report over a million people are systematically killed in agenocide.[9]
  • September –Battle of Parwan: SultanJalal al-Din Mangburni recruits an army of Turkic and Afghan warriors numbering some 60,000 men. As soon as news of this reaches Genghis Khan he sends a Mongol army of 30,000 men, led by his stepbrotherShikhikhutug. Meanwhile, Jalal al-Din moves toParwan (modernAfghanistan), where the two armies meet in a narrow valley. Jalal al-Din takes the initiative, ordering his right-wing of Turks to dismount and engage in a skirmish. On the third day, the Mongols are finally defeated by the Khwarezmian forces and are forced to retreat. Shikhikhutug is driven off in defeat, losing over half his army.[10]
  • October – The Mongol army raids Georgia for the second time, and Subutai and Jebe allow their forces to pass through theCaucasus Mountains.[8]
  • November 24 –Battle of the Indus: Left with some 20,000 men, Jalal al-Din Mangburni has headed for theIndus River where Genghis catches up with him. In a desperate battle the Khwarezmain forces are destroyed, completing theMongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire, while Jalal al-Din flees across the river and escapes intoIndia.[9]

Europe

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Britain

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Asia

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Mesoamerica

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Births

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Deaths

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References

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  1. ^George Akropolites (2007).The History, p. 160. Trans.Ruth Macrides. New York: Oxford University Press.
  2. ^Steven Runciman (1952).A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 140.ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  3. ^Steven Runciman (1952).A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 140–141.ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  4. ^Steven Runciman (1952).A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 141.ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  5. ^Maalouf, Amin (2006).The Crusades through Arab Eyes, pp. 225–226. Saqi Books.ISBN 978-0-863-56023-1.
  6. ^Steven Runciman (1952).A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 141–142.ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  7. ^Steven Runciman (1952).A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 142–143.ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  8. ^abSteven Runciman (1952).A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 207.ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  9. ^abSteven Runciman (1952).A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 205–206.ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  10. ^Tanner, Stephen (2009).Afghanistan - A Military History from Alexander the Great to the War against the Taliban, p. 94. Da Capo Press.
  11. ^Agnes Mure MacKenzie (1957).The Foundations of Scotland, p. 251.
  12. ^Perkins, George W. (August 1998)."Mourning Attire".The Clear Mirror: A Chronicle of the Japanese Court During the Kamakura Period (1185-1333). Stanford University Press. p. 59.ISBN 0804763887.
  13. ^Richard Bodley Scott; Graham Briggs; Rudy Scott Nelson (2009).Blood and Gold: The Americas at War. Osprey Publishing. p. 35.ISBN 978-1846036910. Archived fromthe original on December 27, 2014. RetrievedDecember 27, 2014.
  14. ^Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1883).The native races. 1882-86. British Columbia: History Company.
  15. ^V.A. Kuchkin (1986).О дате рождения Александра Невского [About the Birthdate of Alexander Nevsky].Вопросы истории [Questions of History] (in Russian) (2):174–176. Archived fromthe original on February 22, 2015.
  16. ^Rayborn, Tim (October 9, 2014). "Popular Religion, Heresy and Mendicancy".Against the Friars: Antifraternalism in Medieval France and England. McFarland. p. 17.ISBN 978-0786468317.
  17. ^Francisco Márquez Villanueva; Carlos Alberto Vega (1990).Alfonso X of Castile, the learned king, 1221-1284: an international symposium, Harvard University, 17 November 1984. Dept. of Romance Languages and Literatures of Harvard University. p. 165.ISBN 0940940434.
  18. ^M. Walsh, ed. (1991).Butler's Lives of the Saints. New York: HarperCollins. p. 216.ISBN 9780060692995.
  19. ^Perkins, Charles Callahan (1864). "The Arca Di S. Domenico.".Tuscan sculptors: their lives, works and times, Volume 1. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green. p. 19.Saint Dominic 1221 August 6.
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