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120s BC

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1st millennium BC
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This article concerns the period129 BC – 120 BC.

Events

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129 BC

This section istranscluded from129 BC.(edit |history)


By place

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The Roman Republic
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Syria
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China
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  • March:Chen Jiao is deposed as Empress after she asks a sorceress to curseEmperor Wu's favourite consort,Wei Zifu, this being regarded an act of heresy and treason. Wei Zifu is made the new Empress.[1]
  • Spring: theXiongnu raid Shanggu, killing officials and other inhabitants.[2]
  • Autumn: Emperor Wu launches his first offensive into the northern steppe against the Xiongnu and their allies. The invasion consists of four armies, each of 10,000 cavalrymen. Two of the four armies are defeated, namely those ofLi Guang andGongsun Ao, and only the army ofWei Qing achieves a victory. Although a modest success, Wei Qing's victory is the first Han success against the Xiongnu. Moreover, it is won atLongcheng, a sacred site far to the north, beyond theGobi Desert, where the Xiongnu offer sacrifices.[3]
  • Winter: the Xiongnu retaliate by crossing the border several times, especially ravaging Yuyang.[4]
  • The Han diplomatZhang Qian escapes Xiongnu custody and resumes his mission of forming an anti-Xiongnu alliance with the Yuezhi. He reaches the State ofDayuan in theFerghana Valley, whose trade with the Han had been prevented by the Xiongnu and who supply Zhang with guides. Zhang then travels to the states ofKangju,Greater Yuezhi andDaxia (Bactria). He also learns of theParthian Empire,Daqin, theCaspian Sea and the source of theYellow River.[5]

By topic

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Astronomy
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128 BC

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This section istranscluded from128 BC.(edit |history)

By place

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Roman Republic
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  • Cn. Octavius and T. Annius Rufus are this year's consuls
Bactria
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Parthia
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China
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  • In response toHan incursions, in 128 or 127 the Xiongnu invade northern China. They kill the governor of Liaoxi, defeat the governor of Yuyang, capture 2000 of the inhabitants of Liaoxi and Yuyang and defeat the Han general Han Anguo. Han Anguo and his cavalry force are surrounded in their camp but the arrival of relief forces coming from Yan causes the Xiongnu army to withdraw. The Xiongnu also invade Yanmen and kill or capture 1000 people.[6][7]
  • The Han generalWei Qing, with an army of 30,000 cavalrymen, defeats a Xiongnu army north of Yanmen. The Han general Li Xi attacks the Xiongnu further to the east, riding out of Dai Prefecture.[8]
  • Having spent a year inGreater Yuezhi, the Han diplomatZhang Qian begins his return journey to China, having failed to persuade Yuezhi's king to form an alliance against the Xiongnu. Passing by the Pamir, Kunlun, Altun and Qilian Mountains, he and his retinue are then captured by the Xiongnu and taken into custody.[9]

By topic

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Arts and sciences
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127 BC

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This section istranscluded from127 BC.(edit |history)

By place

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Parthia
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China
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  • January: EmperorWu of Han begins a policy of pressuring theclient kings of theHan dynasty into dividing their kingdoms. Previously, only the eldest son would inherit a kingdom. However, in an edict, Wu permits the kings ofLiang andChengyang to divide the land of their states and distribute the land to their younger brothers. Wu grants these brothers titles and promises to do the same if other kings grant land to younger brothers and younger sons. This precedent pressures other kings to do likewise, and Wu places the younger brothers and younger sons under the jurisdiction of the imperial prefectures.[10]
  • Wei Qing defeats a Xiongnu army near Gaoque. He then invades theOrdos Plateau, defeats theXiongnu and their Baiyang and Loufan allies in the battles of Puni and Fuli, and then defeats the main Xiongnu force. The conquered territory becomesShuofang Commandery. Wu orders the foundation of Shuofang City, and the system of defenses that had been built by theQin dynasty generalMeng Tian are repaired.[11]
  • The Han rationalize the northern frontier, abandoning the remote region of Zaoyang to the Xiongnu.[12]

126 BC

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This section istranscluded from126 BC.(edit |history)

By place

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Syria
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Xiongnu
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  • Winter 127/6: The Xiongnu ruler Junchen Chanyu dies, and his younger brother Yizhixie, the Luli King of the Left (East), overthrows Junchen's son Yudan and sets himself up as the new Chanyu. Yudan flees to the Han and dies a few months later.[13]
China
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  • Summer: In retaliation for theHan conquest of theOrdos Plateau in the previous year, theXiongnu invade the province of Dai, kill its governor, Gong You, and capture over 1000 of its inhabitants.
  • Autumn: The Xiongnu cross into Yanmen and kill or capture over 1000 of the inhabitants.[14][15]
  • Having used the Xiongnu civil war to escape his imprisonment, the diplomatZhang Qian returns to China and reports on the lands to the west.[16]
  • To avoid the Xiongnu andQiang of the north-west and west respectively, Emperor Wu begins a policy of exploring a possible route of contact withDaxia (Bactria) viaIndia, sending envoys to establish diplomatic relations with and movement through theDian Kingdom. Wu wishes to receive the submission of Daxia and other states in western Eurasia.[17]

125 BC

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This section istranscluded from125 BC.(edit |history)

By place

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Syria
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Roman Republic
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China
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  • In retaliation for theHan conquest of theOrdos Plateau two years prior, threeXiongnu forces raid the Prefectures of Dai, Dingxiang and Shang.
  • The Xiongnu Tuqi (Worthy Prince) of the Right (West), especially angry at the loss of the Ordos Plateau, invades the region and kills or carries off a large number of officials and other inhabitants.[20]

124 BC

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This section istranscluded from124 BC.(edit |history)

By place

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Roman Republic
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Parthia
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Egypt
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China
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  • Spring: TheHan generalWei Qing, with an army of 30,000 cavalry, proceeds from Gaoque intoXiongnu territory, and in a night attack surrounds theTuqi King of the Right in his camp. The Tuqi escapes, but numerous petty chiefs are captured in this and a second engagement.
  • Li Xi and Zhang Cigong invade Xiongnu territory from Youbeiping Prefecture but encounter no enemy forces.
  • EmperorWu of Han rewards Wei Qing by making him General-in-Chief.[21]
  • Autumn: The Xiongnu retaliate by invading the Prefecture of Dai, where they kill its chief commandant, Zhu Ying.[22]

123 BC

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This section istranscluded from123 BC.(edit |history)

By place

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Roman Republic
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China
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  • Spring: TheHan General-in-ChiefWei Qing launches two invasions of Xiongnu territory from Dingxiang, defeating two Xiongnu armies and killing or capturing several thousand of the enemy.
  • During the second expedition, the force under Su Jian andZhao Xin is surrounded and almost entirely destroyed by the army ofYizhixie Chanyu. Zhao Xin defects to the Chanyu.[23]
  • For these two campaigns,Emperor Wu of Han orders Wei Qing to make his eighteen-year-old nephewHuo Qubing the commander of a force of 800 cavalry. Raiding deep into enemy territory, Huo's force kills or captures a Xiongnu Prime Minister and a Household Administrator, kills the Marquis of Jiruo (an elder relative of Yizhixie Chanyu), and captures the Chanyu's uncle Luogubi.[24]
  • A conspiracy led byLiu An, king ofHuainan, is discovered. Liu An commits suicide, and his queen and crown prince are executed. Huainan becomes Jiujiang Prefecture.[25]

122 BC

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This section istranscluded from122 BC.(edit |history)

By place

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Roman Republic
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China
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121 BC

[edit]
This section istranscluded from121 BC.(edit |history)

By place

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Carians
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  • Kingdom of the Carians colonize eastern part of the ancient region the Yemen, and created the cities of Mylasa and Cnidus.
Phrygians
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  • Kingdom of the Phrygians after founding the city of Mydas in the current Cartagena in Colombia, enter deeper into the current region of Villavicenzo, in the state of Meta and created the city of Acmonia.
Roman Republic
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  • TheRoman Senate passes the motionsenatus consultum ultimum, which theconsulLucius Opimius interprets as giving him unlimited power to preserve theRepublic. He gathers an armed force of Senators and their supporters to confrontGaius Gracchus. A pitched battle is fought insideRome, resulting in the death of Gracchus and many of his followers.
  • A tribunal is established in Rome that executes 3,000 followers of Gracchus.
  • ConsulQuintus Fabius Maximus, allied with theAedui, defeats theArverni andAllobroges inTransalpine Gaul, thus establishing the province for Rome.
  • The finest vintage ofFalernian wine, known as the Opimian vintage, is bottled from vines grown on Mt Falernus between Latium and Campania.
China
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  • Spring - TheHan generalHuo Qubing attacks the Supu, vassals of theXiongnu, and kills their king. He then invades theHexi Corridor, where he fights a six-day running battle against a son ofYizhixie Chanyu. The Xiongnu are defeated, and the ruler of Lan and king Lu, both vassals of the Xiongnu, are killed in the fighting. Huo Qubing then attacks and defeats the Hunye, capturing the son of the Hunye king and his ministers and chief commandants.
  • Summer - Huo Qubing again invades the Hexi Corridor. In an engagement in theQilian Mountains, he captures the king of the Qiutu. In a second engagement, he then captures five vassal kings of the Xiongnu and a consort of the Chanyu, killing or capturing more than 30,000 Xiongnu soldiers.
  • GeneralsLi Guang andZhang Qian ride north from Youbeiping, but Zhang Qian, with the larger army, is slow to rendezvous with Li Guang. As a result, Li Guang loses more than half his army in battle against the Tuqi (Worthy Prince) of the Left (East).
  • Autumn - Yizhixie Chanyu plans on executing the Hunye andXiutu kings for their failures against Huo Qubing, but learning of this, the vassal kings inform the Han of their intention to surrender. EmperorWu of Han sends Huo Qubing across the Yellow River with an army to oversee their surrender. Some of the enemy troops and leaders then refuse to surrender, but Huo Qubing massacres 8000 of them as they attempt to flee. Huo Qubing receives the surrender of thirty-two Xiongnu vassals, and the Hunye king and other vassals are enfeoffed as marquises in China.
  • The rapid conquest of the Hexi Corridor provides the traditional western provinces of China with greater security. As a result, Emperor Wu halves the number of soldiers garrisoning the provinces ofLongxi,Beidi andShang.[27][28]

120 BC

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This section istranscluded from120 BC.(edit |history)

By place

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Europe
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China
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  • Retaliating against theHan conquest of theHexi Corridor in the previous year, theXiongnu invade the provinces of Youbeiping and Dingxiang, killing or capturing over 1000 inhabitants.[29]

Births

Transcluding articles:129 BC,128 BC,127 BC,126 BC,125 BC,124 BC,123 BC,122 BC,121 BC, and120 BC

128 BC

125 BC

121 BC

120 BC

Deaths

Transcluding articles:129 BC,128 BC,127 BC,126 BC,125 BC,124 BC,123 BC,122 BC,121 BC, and120 BC

129 BC

128 BC

127 BC

126 BC

125 BC

124 BC

  • Artabanus I of Parthia

123 BC

122 BC

  • Liu An, Chinese prince, geographer, and cartographer (b.179 BC)

121 BC

120 BC

References

[edit]
  1. ^Hung, Hing Ming (2020).The Magnificent Emperor Wu: China's Han Dynasty. Algora. p. 135.ISBN 978-1628944167.
  2. ^Hung, Hing Ming (2020).The Magnificent Emperor Wu: China's Han Dynasty. Algora. p. 133.ISBN 978-1628944167.
  3. ^Hung, Hing Ming (2020).The Magnificent Emperor Wu: China's Han Dynasty. Algora. pp. 133–135.ISBN 978-1628944167.
  4. ^Hung, Hing Ming (2020).The Magnificent Emperor Wu: China's Han Dynasty. Algora. p. 139.ISBN 978-1628944167.
  5. ^Hung, Hing Ming (2020).The Magnificent Emperor Wu: China's Han Dynasty. Algora. pp. 145–150.ISBN 978-1628944167.
  6. ^Hung, Hing Ming (2020).The Magnificent Emperor Wu: China's Han Dynasty. Algora. pp. 139–140.ISBN 978-1628944167.
  7. ^Qian, Sima.Records of the Grand Historian, Section: Xiongnu, Section: Wei Qing & Huo Qubing.
  8. ^Hung, Hing Ming (2020).The Magnificent Emperor Wu: China's Han Dynasty. Algora. p. 140.ISBN 978-1628944167.
  9. ^Hung, Hing Ming (2020).The Magnificent Emperor Wu: China's Han Dynasty. Algora. p. 146.ISBN 978-1628944167.
  10. ^Hung, Hing Ming (2020).The Magnificent Emperor Wu: China's Han Dynasty. Algora. pp. 138–139.ISBN 978-1628944167.
  11. ^Hung, Hing Ming (2020).The Magnificent Emperor Wu: China's Han Dynasty. Algora. pp. 140–141.ISBN 978-1628944167.
  12. ^Hung, Hing Ming (2020).The Magnificent Emperor Wu: China's Han Dynasty. Algora. p. 140.ISBN 978-1628944167.
  13. ^Qian, Sima.Records of the Grand Historian, Section: Xiongnu.
  14. ^Hung, Hing Ming (2020).The Magnificent Emperor Wu: China's Han Dynasty. p. 141.ISBN 978-1628944167.
  15. ^Qian, Sima.Records of the Grand Historian, Section: Xiongnu, Section: Wei Qing & Huo Qubing.
  16. ^Hung, Hing Ming (2020).The Magnificent Emperor Wu: China's Han Dynasty. p. 146.ISBN 978-1628944167.
  17. ^Hung, Hing Ming (2020).The Magnificent Emperor Wu: China's Han Dynasty. pp. 150–151.ISBN 978-1628944167.
  18. ^Salisbury, Joyce (2001).Encyclopedia of Women in the Ancient World. ABC-CLIO. p. 56.
  19. ^Stambaugh, John E. (1988).The Ancient Roman City. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 37.ISBN 0-8018-3574-7.
  20. ^Hung, Hing Ming (2020).The Magnificent Emperor Wu: China's Han Dynasty. pp. 141–142.ISBN 978-1628944167.
  21. ^Hung, Hing Ming (2020).The Magnificent Emperor Wu: China's Han Dynasty. Algora. pp. 142–143.ISBN 978-1628944167.
  22. ^Qian, Sima.Records of the Grand Historian, Section: Wei Qing & Huo Qubing.
  23. ^Hung, Hing Ming (2020).The Magnificent Emperor Wu: China's Han Dynasty. pp. 158–159.ISBN 978-1628944167.
  24. ^Hung, Hing Ming (2020).The Magnificent Emperor Wu: China's Han Dynasty. pp. 159–160.ISBN 978-1628944167.
  25. ^Hung, Hing Ming (2020).The Magnificent Emperor Wu: China's Han Dynasty. pp. 151–158.ISBN 978-1628944167.
  26. ^Hung, Hing Ming (2020).The Magnificent Emperor Wu: China's Han Dynasty. Algora. p. 224.ISBN 978-1628944167.
  27. ^Hung, Hing Ming (2020).The Magnificent Emperor Wu: China's Han Dynasty. Algora. pp. 159–163.ISBN 978-1628944167.
  28. ^Qian, Sima.Records of the Grand Historian, Section: Xiongnu, Section: Wei Qing & Huo Qubing.
  29. ^Qian, Sima.Records of the Grand Historian, Section: Xiongnu, Section: Wei Qing & Huo Qubing.
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