10-pounder Parrott rifle
10-pounder Parrott rifle representing 1st Lt.Charles E. Hazlett's5th U.S. Artillery, Battery D onLittle Round Top.
Type	Rifled cannon
Place of origin	United States
Service history
In service	1861–1865
Used by	United States Confederate States
Wars	American Civil War
Production history
Designer	Robert Parker Parrott
Designed	1859–1860
Manufacturer	West Point Foundry
Unit cost	$180
Produced	1861–1865
No. built	United States: 2.9-inch: 228–255 United States: 3.0-inch: 279 Confederate States: 80+
Variants	United States: 2.9-inch (1861–1862) United States: 3.0-inch (1864–1865)
Specifications
Mass	890 lb (403.7 kg)
Length	74 in (1.88 m)
Crew	9
Shell weight	9.5 lb (4.3 kg) shell 1.0 lb (0.5 kg) charge
Caliber	2.9 in (74 mm) 3.0 in (76 mm)
Barrels	1
Action	Muzzle loading
Carriage	900 lb (408 kg)
Muzzle velocity	1,230 ft/s (375 m/s)
Effective firing range	1,850 yd (1,690 m) at 5°

The10-pounder Parrott rifle, Model 1861 was amuzzle-loading rifledcannon made ofwrought iron-reinforcedcast iron. One of a line ofParrott rifles, the 10-pounder was capable of firingshell,shrapnel shell (case shot),canister shot, orsolid shot. It was adopted by theUnited States Army in 1861 and often used infield artillery units during theAmerican Civil War. Midway through the war, the Federal government discontinued the nominally 10 lb (4.5 kg), 2.9 in (74 mm) projectile version in favor of a 3.0 in (76 mm) version. Despite the reinforcing band, the guns occasionally burst without warning, which endangered the gun crews. TheConfederate States of America manufactured a number of successful copies of the gun.

All cannons need to be strong enough to withstand the explosion which reduces theirgunpowder charge to propellant gas.Bronzesmoothbore cannons were in need of a larger powder charge because there waswindage – or space – between the shot and the barrel. Windage caused the propellant gases from the explosion to leak out, but it also reduced the stress on the gun barrel. With rifled cannon, the ammunition was designed to expand the shell so that there was no windage between the projectile and the gun barrel. This meant that a smaller gunpowder charge could hurl a rifled projectile farther, but it also meant that the gun barrel was subjected to greater stress.^[1] Bronze cannons rarely burst because the metal was moreductile. Cast iron was stronger than bronze, but it was also morebrittle. This made cast-iron guns more prone to burst at the breech or muzzle.^[2]

In 1836, whenRobert Parker Parrott was anordnance officer in the U.S. Army, he resigned to take a job with theWest Point Foundry inCold Spring, New York. A few years before the American Civil War, gun manufacturers wrestled with problem of rifling cannons. Bronze was too soft of a metal for rifling, while cast iron was hard enough but too brittle. Parrott attempted to solve this dilemma by inventing a cast-iron rifled cannon that had a wrought-iron reinforcing band wrapped around thefiring chamber end of the gun.^[3] Initial banded guns were not rotated when manufactured, so gravity acted on the bands as they cooled, making an uneven fit. Parrott solved the problem by rotating the gun during the cooling process while cold water was poured down the barrel, heat-shrinking the reinforcement band in place. The gun was first developed in 1860.^[4] Parrott later remarked, "I do not profess to think that they are the best gun in the world, but I think they were the best practical thing that could be got at the time".^[5]

In addition to reinforcing band failure, the gun would also burst unpredictably at themuzzle,^[6] or near the trunnions. The Parrott field guns were simple for the gun crews to operate and the guns were usable even if part of the muzzle was blown off.^[5] Another great advantage of the 10-pounder Parrott was its low average cost of $180 per gun barrel. Compared to this, the bronze12-pounder Napoleon cost $550 and the3-inch Ordnance rifle cost $350 per gun.^[7] On 23 May 1861, the US government accepted the first ten 10-pounder Parrott rifles. The West Point Foundry helped the Federal war effort to such a degree that a joke made the rounds that the U.S. national emblem should be changed from an eagle to a parrot.^[3] The20-pounder Parrott rifle (with banded breech) was also employed in field artillery units, but the 10-pounder Parrott was far more commonly used.^[8]

The West Point Foundry manufactured between 228 and 255 2.9-inch 10-pounder Parrott rifles, Model 1861 through the end of 1862. Because theOrdnance Department thoroughly trusted Robert Parrott, he acted as both gun manufacturer and the inspecting ordnance officer, a unique arrangement. The gun barrels weighed between 884 lb (401 kg) and 917 lb (416 kg). The rifling consisted of three equally-widelands and grooves.^[3] At first the guns were equipped with a tall, thin front sight at the muzzle and a pendulum hausse rear sight on the breech. The front sight was easily damaged, so this arrangement was soon replaced by a front sight on top of the right rimbase (adjacent to thetrunnion) and a brass Parrott tangent sight mounted on the right side of the wrought iron band at a two o'clock orientation.^[9] On 24 September 1863, the Ordnance Board recommended that production of the 2.9-inch Parrott be halted and that existing guns be re-bored to 3-inch caliber. This decision may have been influenced by gun jams caused by accidentally loading the 2.9-inch Parrott with 3-inch ammunition. Between November 1864 and June 1865, 119 2.9-inch Parrott rifles were converted to 3-inch caliber, though none have survived. The West Point Foundry halted production of 2.9-inch Parrott rifles on 13 April 1863 and the 3-inch versions did not appear until 12 February 1864. Altogether, 279 of the new 3-inch Parrott rifles, Model 1863 were manufactured until 4 September 1865.^[10]

In 1860, the West Point Foundry sold a Parrott rifle to the state ofVirginia. The artillery piece was put through trials byThomas J. Jackson, a little-knownVirginia Military Institute professor who later became famous as a Confederate general known as "Stonewall Jackson". Impressed by its range and accuracy, Jackson gave it a glowing report, leading Virginia to order 12 more. These guns were probably of 2.9-inch caliber, but this is not certain. In any case, one of these Parrott rifles performed admirably at theBattle of Big Bethel on 10 June 1861.^[9] With the outbreak of war, theTredegar Iron Works began manufacturing a copy of the 2.9-inch Parrott rifle for the Confederacy. Tredegar produced 80 2.9-inch Parrott rifles from 18 November 1861 to 20 February 1865.^[11] Other Confederate gun founders manufactured the Parrott rifles including A. B. Reading & Brother ofVicksburg, Mississippi, Street, Hungerford & Jackson ofMemphis, Tennessee, and Bujac and Bennett ofNew Orleans. Five guns survived, but no manufacturer can be positively identified from their markings.^[10]

The 10-pounder Parrott rifle was a muzzle-loader.^[12] It had a bore (caliber) with a diameter of 2.9 in (74 mm) and fired a projectile weighing 9.5 lb (4.3 kg). Its gun barrel was 74 in (188 cm) long and weighed about 890 lb (403.7 kg). The gunpowder charge weighed 1.0 lb (0.5 kg) and fired the projectile with a muzzle velocity of 1,230 ft/s (375 m/s) to a distance of between 1,850 yd (1,692 m)^[13] and 1,900 yd (1,737 m)^[14] The 10-pounder Parrott was manufactured with a right-hand gaining twist (increasing toward the muzzle).^[3] The twist rate was one turn in 16 ft (4.9 m).^[15] A smoothbore cannon's projectile typically retained only one-third of its muzzle velocity at 1,500 yd (1,372 m) and its round shot could be seen in the air. Meanwhile, a rifled projectile generally retained two-thirds of its initial velocity at 1,500 yds. and remained invisible in flight. However, a rifled projectile could become visible if the shell began to tumble out of control. Tumbling occurred when the shell failed to take the grooves inside the gun barrel or when the spin wore off in flight.^[16] The unusual 2.9-inch caliber was the same as that of a smoothbore3-pounder gun, which fired around shot with a diameter of 2.9 inches.^[17] Rifled projectiles were heavier than smoothbore shot because they were elongated on both ends, tapered for aerodynamics on one end and shaped like ashell on the other to maximize the projectile's exposure to the grooves.^[18]

The 10-pounder Parrott rifle was mounted on the standardgun carriage for theM1841 6-pounder field gun. Because its projectile weighed more than a 6-pound round shot, the rifle's greater recoil could damage the gun carriage.^[19] The 6-pounder carriage weighed 900 lb (408 kg).^[20] The 10-pounder Parrott rifle fired case shot (shrapnel), common shell, and canister shot. The use of bolts (solid shot) was rare and it was generally not provided in the ammunition chests. Firing shell without the fuse would accomplish the same result as firing a solid shot from a rifled gun.^[21] Parrott ammunition was designed to be used. In an emergency, 3-inch Parrott rifles could also fire Hotchkiss and Schenkl ammunition. However, experience showed that Parrott projectiles worked best in Parrott rifles while Hotchkiss and Schenkl projectiles were most effective when fired from the 3-inch Ordnance rifle. That was because the 10-pounder Parrott rifling had 3 grooves while the 3-inch Ordnance rifling had 7 grooves. In particular, the Parrott rifle's gaining twist caused the Hotchkiss projectile's softsabot to be torn off.^[22] One weakness of Parrott ammunition was the sabot's position at the projectile's base. This meant that the final impulse on the shell as it left the gun was on its base, potentially causing the shell to wobble.^[23]

For two reasons, canister shot fired from rifled guns was less effective than canister fired from a 12-pounder Napoleon or aM1841 12-pounder howitzer. First, the rifled gun's 2.9-inch or 3-inch bore was narrower than the 12-pounder's 4.62 in (117 mm) bore and could hurl fewer canister balls. Second, the barrel's rifling caused the canister to be blasted in an irregular pattern. Union GeneralHenry Jackson Hunt believed that the range of canister fired from rifled guns was only half the 400 yd (366 m) effective range of canister fired from the 12-pounder Napoleon.^[24]

Federal batteries were organized with six guns of identical type early in the conflict.^[25] Each 6-gun battery required fourteen 6-horse teams and seven spare horses.^[26] The teams towed the six artillery pieces andlimbers, six caissons, one battery wagon, and one travelingforge. Each caisson carried two ammunition chests and the limber carried one additional ammunition chest.^[27] The 10-pounder Parrott rifle carried 50 rounds in each ammunition chest.^[28] A memo from November 1863 specified that rifled guns should have 25 shells, 20 shrapnel (case shot), and 5 canister rounds in each ammunition chest. In March 1865, a memo recommended that each chest carry 30 shells, 15 shrapnel, and 5 canister rounds for rifled guns of the horse artillery.^[21] The gun required a crew consisting of 1sergeant, 2corporals, and 6 gunners, while 6 drivers managed the horses.^[29]

Captain Richard Waterman ofBattery C, 1st Rhode Island Light Artillery, believed that the 10-pounder Parrott rifle was more accurate than the 3-inch Ordnance rifle at 900–1,500 yd (823–1,372 m) range. Union GeneralQuincy Adams Gillmore liked the Parrott rifles, noting that untrained artillery crews could easily learn how to operate them. Confederate officerEdward Porter Alexander wanted to get rid of his 10-pounder Parrott rifles and replace them withM1841 24-pounder howitzers.^[6] One artillery officer reported that the Parrott percussion shells performed very well with only two shells failing to explode out of about 30.^[30]

In theFirst Battle of Kernstown on 23 March 1862, the Union troops temporarily under the command ofNathan Kimball included4th U.S. Artillery, Battery E (Clark's) armed with six 10-pounder Parrott rifles.^[31] At theBattle of Antietam on 17 September 1862, the number of 10-pounder Parrott rifles was 57 for the UnionArmy of the Potomac and at least 43 for the ConfederateArmy of Northern Virginia.^[32] Union 10-pounder Parrott rifles were almost all massed in four or six gun batteries.^[33] Meanwhile, the Confederates distributed theirs by ones, twos, or threes in mixed batteries.^[34] The six-gun Union batteries includedBattery B, 1st New York Light Artillery (Pettit's),Battery A, 1st Rhode Island Light Artillery (Tompkins's),Battery A, 1st New Jersey Light Artillery (Hexamer's), andBattery D, 1st Pennsylvania Light Artillery (Durell's).^[35] McCarthy's Richmond Virginia battery consisted of two 10-pounder Parrott rifles and two 6-pounder field guns.^[36]

At theSecond Battle of Corinth on 3–4 October 1862,Battery H, 1st Missouri Light Artillery was armed with a mix of 10-pounder Parrott rifles and 24-pounder howitzers.^[37] In 1862 alone, the US government ordered 270,699 Parrott projectiles. This included ammunition for Parrott rifles other than the 10-pounder.^[38] On 2 July 1863 during theBattle of Gettysburg, the six 10-pounder Parrott rifles of the5th U.S. Artillery, Battery D commanded by CaptainCharles E. Hazlett took position on Little Round Top. When GeneralGouverneur K. Warren pointed out that the guns would not be able to fire on their attackers, Hazlett replied, "The sound of my guns will be encouraging to our troops."^[39] The Parrott rifles were not used again after the end of the war.^[5] In October 1865, the Chief of Ordnance stated that the frequent bursting of Parrott rifles lowered confidence in the weapon and that the Ordnance department would look for a more reliable weapon.^[40]

Citations

• Coggins, Jack (1983).Arms and Equipment of the Civil War. New York, N.Y.: Fairfax Press.ISBN 0-517-402351.
• Cole, Philip M. (2002).Civil War Artillery at Gettysburg. New York, N.Y.: Da Capo Press.ISBN 0-306-81145-6.
• Cozzens, Peter (1997).The Darkest Days of the War: The Battles of Iuka and Corinth. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press.ISBN 0-8078-5783-1.
• Cozzens, Peter (2008).Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press.ISBN 978-0-8078-3200-4.
• Hazlett, James C.; Olmstead, Edwin; Parks, M. Hume (2004).Field Artillery Weapons of the American Civil War. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press.ISBN 0-252-07210-3.
• Johnson, Curt; Anderson, Richard C. Jr. (1995).Artillery Hell: The Employment of Artillery at Antietam. College Station, Tex.: Texas A&M University Press.ISBN 0-89096-623-0.
• Katcher, Philip (2001).American Civil War Artillery 1861-1865: Field & Heavy Artillery. Osceola, Wis.: Osprey.ISBN 1-84176-451-5.
• Ripley, Warren (1984).Artillery and Ammunition of the Civil War. Charleston, S.C.: The Battery Press.OCLC 12668104.
• Trudeau, Noah Andre (2002).Gettysburg: A Testing of Courage. New York, N.Y.: HarperCollins.ISBN 0-06-019363-8.

• Downey, Brian (2019)."The Weapons of Antietam". Antietam on the Web.
• Morgan, James (2002)."Green Ones and Black Ones: The Most Common Field Pieces of the Civil War". civilwarhome.com.

• American Civil War artillery

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