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Thislist of Internet top-level domains (TLD) containstop-level domains, which are those domains in theDNS root zone of theDomain Name System of theInternet. A list of the top-level domains by theInternet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is maintained at the Root Zone Database.[1] IANA also oversees the approval process for newproposed top-level domains forICANN. As of April 2021[update], their root domain contains 1502 top-level domains.[2][3] As of March 2021[update], the IANA root database includes 1589 TLDs. That also includes 68 that are not assigned (revoked), 8 that are retired and 11test domains.[1] Those are not represented in IANA's listing[2] and are not in root.zone file (root.zone file also includes oneroot domain).[4]
IANA distinguishes the following groups of top-level domains:[5]
Seven generic top-level domains were created early in the development of the Internet, and predate the creation ofICANN in 1998.
| Name | Entity | Administrator[6] | Notes | IDN | DNSSEC | SLD | IPv6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .com | commercial | Verisign | This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Though originally intended for use by for-profit business entities, for a number of reasons it became the main TLD for domain names and is currently used by all types of entities including nonprofits, schools, and private individuals. Domain name registrations may be successfully challenged if the holder cannot prove an outside relation justifying reservation of the name,[7] to prevent "squatting". It was originally administered by theUnited States Department of Defense. | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| .org | organization | Public Interest Registry | This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Originally created as a miscellaneous category as stated in RFC 920 (October 1984) "...any other domains meeting the second level requirements," and clarified in RFC 1591 (March 1994), "This domain is intended as the miscellaneous TLD for organizations that didn't fit anywhere else. Some non-government organizations may fit here."[8][9] While mainly non-profits have used this domain, it was never restricted from miscellaneous use. | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| .net | network | Verisign | This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. According to RFC 1591 (March 1994) "This domain is intended to hold only the computers of network providers."[9] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| .int | international | Internet Assigned Numbers Authority | The .int TLD is strictly limited to organizations, offices, and programs endorsed by a treaty between two or more nations. However, a fewgrandfathered domains do not meet these criteria. | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| .edu | education | Educause (viaVerisign) | The .edu TLD is limited to specifichigher educational institutions such as, but not limited to, trade schools and universities. In the U.S., its use was restricted in 2001 to post-secondary institutions accredited by an agency on the list ofnationally recognized accrediting agencies. This domain is therefore almost exclusively used by colleges and universities. Some institutions, such as theExploratorium, that do not meet the current registration criteria have grandfathered domain names. | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| .gov | U.S. national and state government agencies | Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (viaVerisign) | The .gov TLD is limited to United States governmental entities and agencies as well as qualifying state, county and local municipal government agencies, and tribal governments. | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| .mil | U.S. military | United States Department of Defense | The .mil TLD is limited to divisions, services and agencies of the United States Department of Defense. | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Infrastructure | Entity | Notes | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| .arpa | "Address and Routing Parameter Area" | Originally assigned to theAdvanced Research Projects Agency in the early days on the Internet, .arpa is now exclusively used as anInternet infrastructure TLD. | No | Yes |
As of 20 May 2017, there were 255country-code top-level domains, purely in the Latin alphabet, using two-character codes. As of June 2022[update], the number was 316, with the addition of internationalized domains.[1]
Internationalized domain names have been proposed forJapan andLibya.
| Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .academy | Schools, military academies, online learning websites, PTAs and student portals, or any site created to be educational on a particular topic. | — | Identity Digital[ID 1] | Yes | Yes |
| .accountant | Certified Public Accountants, tax advisors, corporate accountants, personal and business accountants, and professional CPA organizations. | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[10] | Unknown | Yes |
| .accountants | Accountants and accounting firms. | — | Identity Digital[ID 2] | Yes | Yes |
| .active | Reserved forActive Network. | The Active Network | Unknown | ||
| .actor | Aspiring actors and their agents, theaters and movie studios, entertainment outlets, streaming video sites, movie review sites, and celebrity gossip sites. | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
| .ads | advertising | Reserved forGoogle AdSense. | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[11] | Yes | |
| .adult | Sites providing sexually explicit content, such as pornography. | — | ICM Registry | Yes | Yes |
| .aero | Air-transport industry. | Must verify eligibility for registration; only those in various categories of air-travel-related entities may register. | SITA | No | Yes |
| .africa | African and pan-African topics,African Union | — | ZA Central Registry | Unknown | Yes |
| .agency | Marketing and advertising agencies, PR or communications agencies, design firms, talent agencies, travel agencies, and other related agencies. | — | Identity Digital[ID 3] | Yes[12] | Yes |
| .airforce | Military recruiters, flight training schools, supply companies, military aircraft suppliers and repair companies, and Air Force members and veterans. | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
| .amazon | Reserved forAmazon. | Amazon Registry Services, Inc. | Yes | ||
| .amex | Reserved forAmerican Express. | Yes | |||
| .analytics | Reserved forSAS Institute. | Campus IP LLC[11] | Yes | ||
| .apartments | Property (apartment) managers, condominium/apartment developers, college websites/centers, and city guides and community centers. | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .app | Apps.[13] | — | Charleston Road Registry Inc.(Google)[n 2] | Yes | Yes |
| .apple | Apple.[14] | Reserved for Apple.[15] | Apple | Unknown | Yes |
| .archi | architects and architect firms[16] | Restricted to individuals and organizations that can verify participation in architecture industry.[17] | STARTING DOT LIMITED | Unknown | Yes |
| .army | Military recruiter, army supply stores, military training schools, army members and veterans | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
| .art | artists, museums, art galleries, dealers, service providers and contractors | — | UK Creative Ideas | Yes | Yes |
| .arte | Reserved forArte | Yes | |||
| .associates | Accountants, law firms, consulting firms, real estate agencies, health & medical groups | — | Identity Digital[ID 4] | Yes | Yes |
| .attorney | Independent attorneys and law firms of any size, legal services entities, elected officials and judges, professional organizations, law students | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
| .auction | Auction houses & online auctions, car and truck auction, B2B commodity auctions, charity auctions for non-profits and schools, buyer and seller communities | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
| .audible | Reserved forAudible | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .audio | stereo/sound systems, music | — | Uniregistry | Yes[18] | Yes |
| .author | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .auto | vehicles | — | XYZ.com[11] | Yes | |
| .autos | vehicles | — | XYZ.com | Unknown | Yes |
| .aws | Reserved forAmazon Web Services | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes |
| Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .baby | For selling baby-related products | — | XYZ.com[11] | Yes | Yes |
| .band | Music venues, ticket sale/resale sites, music band & musician sites, school band sites, music review sites | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
| .bank | banks | Restricted to banks and savings associations | fTLD Registry Services, LLC | Unknown | Yes |
| .bar | Bars and related industry | — | Punto 2012 | Yes | Yes |
| .barefoot | Reserved for Gallo Vineyards Inc. | Gallo Vineyards, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .bargains | Online retailers, large and small, "sale" sections on retail websites, discount & overstock sites, bargain hunters, frugal-living bloggers | — | Identity Digital[ID 5] | Yes | Yes |
| .baseball | baseball | Reserved for MLB | MLB Advanced Media DH, LLC[11] | Yes | |
| .basketball | basketball | Reserved for FIBA | Fédération Internationale de Basketball (FIBA)[11] | Yes | |
| .beauty | beauty | — | XYZ.com[11] | Yes | Yes |
| .beer | breweries and beer aficionados | — | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Unknown | Yes |
| .best | those who are interested in the best | — | BestTLD Pty Ltd | Unknown | Yes |
| .bestbuy | Reserved forBest Buy | BBY Solutions, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .bet | gambling | — | Identity Digital plc[11] | Yes | Yes |
| .bible | — | American Bible Society[11] | Yes | Yes | |
| .bid | auctions | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[10] | Yes | Yes |
| .bike | Bicycle & motorcycle enthusiasts, bike retailers & gear shops, bike repair shops, biking event organizers, bike or motorcycle clubs | — | Identity Digital[ID 6] | Yes[19] | Yes |
| .bingo | Bingo halls, casinos, online & casual gaming sites, travel agencies | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .bio | Organic agriculture[20] | Open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register; however, registrants who are "producers, transformers and retailers, or otherwise involved in the field of agriculture, food and farming" must comply with the Principles of Organic Agriculture.[21][22] | Identity Digital[23] | Unknown | Yes |
| .biz | business | Open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register; however, registrations may be challenged later if they are not held by commercial entities in accordance with the domain's charter. This TLD was created to provide relief for the .com TLD, where many names have already been taken. | NeuStar | Yes[12] | Yes |
| .black | those who like the color black[24] | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .blackfriday | Black Friday, retail | — | Uniregistry | Yes[18] | Yes |
| .blockbuster | Reserved forBlockbuster LLC | Dish DBS Corporation[11] | Yes | ||
| .blog | Blogs | — | Automattic[25] | [12] | Yes |
| .blue | those who like the color blue[26] | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .boo | — | — | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] | Yes | Yes |
| .book | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .boots | Reserved forBoots Company Ltd | THE BOOTS COMPANY PLC[11] | |||
| .boston | websites related to the city of Boston, Massachusetts USA | — | Boston TLD Management, LLC[11] | Unknown | Yes |
| .bot | Previously restricted to online "bots" using approved frameworks (Amazon Lex, Dialogflow, Gupshup, Microsoft Bot Framework, and Pandorabots)[27] and now has no restrictions.[28] | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .boutique | Specialty online retailers, vintage shops, designers, artists and artisans, craftspeople | — | Identity Digital[ID 7] | Yes | Yes |
| .box | individuals and businesses, in order to promote personal cloud storage | — | NS1 Limited | Yes | Yes |
| .broadway | Broadway theatre | Reserved for members ofthe Broadway League | Celebrate Broadway, Inc.[11] | Yes | |
| .broker | — | DOTBROKER REGISTRY LTD[11] | Yes | ||
| .build | construction industry | — | Plan Bee LLC | Yes | Yes |
| .builders | Contractors, subcontractors, commercial/residential architects, interior designers | — | Identity Digital[ID 8] | Yes | Yes |
| .business | Creative businesses & agencies, freelancers & independent consultants, any other business looking to differentiate from the competition | — | Identity Digital[ID 9] | Yes | Yes |
| .buy | sales | — | Amazon Registry Services, INC[11] | Yes | |
| .buzz | marketing and social networking | — | DOTSTRATEGY | Yes | Yes |
| Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .cab | Airline & travel-related products or services, city guides & tourist attractions, transportation businesses, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging, tourist attractions | — | Identity Digital[ID 10] | Yes | Yes |
| .cafe | Cafes, restaurants, delis, cafeterias, coffee shops & coffee stands, student lounges, mobile food/beverage vendors, cooking schools | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .call | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .cam | Cameras, photography, broadcasting, film-making and livestreaming. | — | CAM Connecting SarL[29] | Yes | Yes |
| .camera | Professional photographers, camera and equipment retailers, photo studios & photography schools, wedding and specialty photographers, anyone who wants to share photos online | — | Identity Digital[ID 11] | Yes | Yes |
| .camp | Camping/RV sites, travel writers & bloggers, outdoor adventure companies, summer camps for kids, hotels, hostels, lodges, bed & breakfast lodging | — | Identity Digital[ID 12] | Yes | Yes |
| .cancerresearch | Organizations, research institutes and individuals interested in ending cancer through research[30] | — | Australian Cancer Research Foundation | Unknown | |
| .capital | Mortgage companies, financial services professionals, investment services, venture capital investors | — | Identity Digital[ID 13] | Yes | Yes |
| .car | vehicles | — | XYZ.COM LLC[11] | Yes | |
| .cards | Occasion shoppers (holiday, birthday, bereavement), occasion-related websites, gift buyers, corporate HR departments | — | Identity Digital[ID 14] | Yes | Yes |
| .care | Surgeons, primary/secondary care physicians, insurance providers, hospitals & clinics, medical, dental, or vision specialists, service based products or services | — | Identity Digital[ID 15] | Yes | Yes |
| .career | jobs and job-searching | — | dotCareer LLC | Yes | Yes |
| .careers | Career services (coaching, resume writing), job sites & recruiters, business coaches, staffing firms, HR department of any business | — | Identity Digital[ID 16] | Yes | Yes |
| .cars | Automotive | — | Uniregistry | Yes | Yes |
| .casa | Spanish word forhouse, targeted for real estate and other house and home related companies | — | Minds + Machines Group Limited | ||
| .case | Reserved forCNH Industrial | CNH Industrial N.V.[11] | Yes | ||
| .cash | Pawn shops and consignment shops, currency exchanges, other cash-based businesses, check cashing services | — | Identity Digital[ID 17] | Yes | Yes |
| .casino | Casino & online gaming sites, travel agencies, local tourist sites, hotel booking sites | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .catering | Caterers & personal chefs, specialty food vendors, wedding planners & event planners, event spaces, wholesale suppliers | — | Identity Digital[ID 18] | Yes | Yes |
| .catholic | Catholicism | — | Dicastery for Communication[11] | Yes | |
| .center | Community centers, business centers, shopping centers, tourist sites/city centers, tutoring & learning centers | — | Identity Digital[ID 19] | Yes | Yes |
| .cern | CERN | CERN | CERN | Unknown | Yes |
| .ceo | CEOs | —[31] | CEOTLD Pty Ltd | Unknown | Yes |
| .cfd | clothing fashion design | — | ShortDot SA[11] | Yes | |
| .channel | — | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] | Yes[12] | Yes | |
| .chat | Online chat rooms, dating, political, religious, sports, human interest, & hobbyist forums, companies with live chat help desks, chatbot technology companies | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .charity | — | Public Interest Registry | Yes | Yes | |
| .cheap | Online retailers, discount sites, overstock sites, businesses who sell bulk products at discounted prices, bargain hunters & frugal-living bloggers | — | Identity Digital[ID 20] | Yes | Yes |
| .christmas | Christmas | — | Uniregistry | Yes[18] | Yes |
| .church | Churches, youth organizations, spiritual communities, religion-based organizations, anyone who publishes spiritual or religious content | — | Identity Digital[ID 21] | Yes | Yes |
| .circle | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .city | City resource sites for locals and travelers, travel writers & bloggers, local reviews websites, tourist attractions, transportation businesses | — | Identity Digital[ID 22] | Yes | Yes |
| .claims | Insurance adjusters & claims representatives, insurance claims departments (auto, medical, homeowners), customer service departments of insurance companies, law firms | — | Identity Digital[ID 23] | Yes | Yes |
| .cleaning | Contractors, commercial/home cleaning services, auto detailing/cleaning services | — | Identity Digital[ID 24] | Yes | Yes |
| .click | — | Uniregistry | Yes[18] | Yes | |
| .clinic | Healthcare clinics, medical or healthcare specialists, sports clinics, urgent care clinics | — | Identity Digital[ID 25] | Yes | Yes |
| .clothing | Online retailers, department stores, designers | — | Identity Digital[ID 26] | Yes | Yes |
| .cloud | Companies involved incloud computing | — | Aruba S.p.A. | Yes | |
| .club | groups, organizations, assemblies, communities, general | —[32] | .CLUB DOMAINS | Yes[33] | Yes |
| .coach | Athletic organizations, personal trainers & coaches, business, life, & health coaches, school & community club coaches or tutors, affordable travel, airline, train, car, or other transportation companies | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .codes | Software and web developers, IT companies, technology R&D companies, coding enthusiasts, coding classes & camps | — | Identity Digital[ID 27] | Yes | Yes |
| .coffee | Coffee shops, roasters, wholesalers & suppliers, machine & equipment suppliers and stands | — | Identity Digital[ID 28] | Yes | Yes |
| .college | Educational | — | XYZ.com | Yes | Yes |
| .community | City guides & community centers, online communities, neighborhood associations, churches, mosques, temples, and other spiritual communities, local writers & bloggers | — | Identity Digital[ID 29] | Yes | Yes |
| .company | Small, medium, or large businesses, business that want to demonstrate authority in their field, makers, artisans, anyone who sells a niche product | — | Identity Digital[ID 30] | Yes | Yes |
| .compare | Reserved for Gocompare.com Limited | iSelect Ltd[11] | Yes | ||
| .computer | Computer manufacturers, computer repair services, computer resellers, computer training & education programs, tech companies | — | Identity Digital[ID 31] | Yes | Yes |
| .condos | Real estate brokers/agents, property (condominium) managers, mortgage companies, condominium/apartment developers, condominium associations | — | Identity Digital[ID 32] | Yes | Yes |
| .construction | Contractors, commercial/residential architects, wholesale and retail construction suppliers | — | Identity Digital[ID 33] | Yes | Yes |
| .consulting | Consulting firms, independent consultants, specialty services, businesses that offer expert training | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
| .contact | — | Top Level Spectrum, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .contractors | Construction-related businesses, contractors, subcontractors, independent contractors with unique skills and expertise, unions or other organizations promoting their people and skills | — | Identity Digital[ID 34] | Yes | Yes |
| .cooking | sharing recipes | — | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Yes | Yes |
| .cool | Fashion magazines & blogs, meme aggregators, trend tracking sites, online merchants, fun publications & sites | — | Identity Digital[ID 35] | Yes | Yes |
| .coop | cooperatives | The .coop TLD is limited to cooperatives as defined by theRochdale Principles. | DotCooperation | No | Yes |
| .country | general | — | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Yes | Yes |
| .coupon | discounts and rebates | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | |
| .coupons | Coupon pages, coupon sites, discount sites, coupon-themed blogs, bargain hunters | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .courses | education | — | Open Universities Australia Pty Ltd[11] | Yes | |
| .cpa | accountants and accounting firms | Restricted to licensedCPAs and CPA firms | American Institute of Certified Public Accountants | Unknown | Yes |
| .credit | Credit card companies, lenders, credit unions, collection agencies, credit counselors & financial planners | — | Identity Digital[ID 36] | Yes | Yes |
| .creditcard | Credit card companies, store/retailer credit card sites, credit counselors & financial planners, credit card processing services | — | Identity Digital[ID 37] | Yes | Yes |
| .cruise | Cruise lines, cruise-related products or services, travel agencies & vacation services, private charter boats | — | Viking River Cruises (Bermuda) Ltd.[11] | Yes | |
| .cricket | cricket | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[10] | Unknown | Yes |
| .cruises | cruise businesses and travel | — | Identity Digital[ID 38] | Yes | Yes |
| .cyou | For any individual or business that shares the ethical values of diversity, inclusivity, and independence[34] | — | Shortdot SA[35] | Yes |
| Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .dad | fathers | — | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] | Unknown | Yes |
| .dance | Dance studios & instructors, nightclubs & music venues, dance teams & troupes, dance shoe, clothing & equipment manufacturers, fans of dance & live performances | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
| .data | — | Dish DBS Corporation[11] | Yes | ||
| .date | online dating | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[10] | Unknown | Yes |
| .dating | Dating & matchmaker sites, travel sites & city guides, singles meetup groups, traditional “classified” sites, event businesses | — | Identity Digital[ID 39] | Yes | Yes |
| .day | general | — | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] | Unknown | Yes |
| .deal | sales | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | |
| .deals | Discount sites, bargain hunters, coupon sites, coupon pages. coupon-themed guides, directories and blogs | — | Identity Digital[ID 40] | Yes | Yes |
| .degree | Brick-and-mortar schools & universities, online universities, other learning courses, other educational resources | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
| .delivery | Consumer delivery services, commercial shipping services, transportation services, messenger services, any business that ships their products | — | Identity Digital[ID 41] | Yes | Yes |
| .democrat | Political candidates, lobbyists, political parties, fundraising organizations | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
| .dental | Dentists, endodontists, orthodontists, retailers selling oral health supplies, wholesale suppliers for dental care | — | Identity Digital[ID 42] | Yes | Yes |
| .dentist | Dentists, endodontists, orthodontists, retailers selling oral health supplies, wholesale suppliers for dental care | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
| .design | graphic art and fashion | — | Top Level Design | Yes | Yes |
| .dev | software development | — | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google) | Unknown | Yes |
| .diamonds | Jewelers, diamond wholesalers and retailers, jewelry appraisers and buyers, pawn shops | — | Identity Digital[ID 43] | Yes | Yes |
| .diet | dieting and dietary | — | Uniregistry | Yes[18] | Yes |
| .digital | Advertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, media buying/production companies (digital & traditional), online event, meetup & gaming sites, technology companies, e-commerce sites | — | Identity Digital[ID 44] | Yes | Yes |
| .direct | Direct-to-consumer stores, bargain hunters, transportation services, messenger services, delivery & shipping services | — | Identity Digital[ID 45] | Yes | Yes |
| .directory | Listings organizations, name, phone & address directories, online business directories, clubs, groups, & other organizations directories | — | Identity Digital[ID 46] | Yes | Yes |
| .discount | Discount sites, bargain hunters, coupon sites, coupon pages, coupon-themed blogs | — | Identity Digital[ID 47] | Yes | Yes |
| .diy | do-it-yourself | — | Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.[11] | Yes | |
| .docs | Technical Documentation | — | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[11] | Yes | |
| .doctor | Doctors, any business with “doctor” in the name, other health care providers, PhD experts in any field | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .dog | Dog breeders, dog walking, grooming & sitting businesses, veterinarians, animal shelters & adoption centers, pet stores & suppliers | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .domains | Any web-based service, network consultants, domain brokers, resellers and registrars, home-related products and services | — | Identity Digital[ID 48] | Yes | Yes |
| .dot | — | Dish DBS Corporation[11] | Yes | ||
| .download | technology | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[10] | Unknown | Yes |
| .drive | Reserved forGoogle Drive | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[11] | Yes |
| Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .earth | Individuals or businesses with a worldwide focus | — | Interlink Co., Ltd.[11] | Yes | |
| .eat | restaurants andfoodies | — | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] | Unknown | Yes |
| .eco | Sustainability minded companies, non-profits and professionals.[36] | Open to anyone pledging a commitment to sustainability action.[37] | Big Room Inc.[38] | No | Yes |
| .education | Colleges & universities, public schools, PTAs & other school groups, education research organizations, any organization focused on educating its audience | — | Identity Digital[ID 49] | Yes | Yes |
| Advertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, email marketing experts, CRM and marketing technology specialists, anyone who wants a memorable email address | — | Identity Digital[ID 50] | Yes | Yes | |
| .energy | Electrical, mechanical, chemical, nuclear & thermal energy producers, solar, wind, hydro, bio & other sustainable alternative energy producers, battery manufacturers & oil industry R&D, energy conservation organizations, energy food & drink manufacturers | — | Identity Digital[ID 51] | Yes | Yes |
| .engineer | Computer and software engineering companies, civil, electrical, mechanical, and architectural engineering companies, environmental, chemical, geotechnical, and bio engineering companies, engineer training or educational institutions, railroad engineers | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
| .engineering | Computer and software engineering companies, civil, electrical, mechanical, and architectural engineering companies, environmental, chemical, geotechnical, and bio engineering companies, engineer training or educational institutions, railroad engineers | — | Identity Digital[ID 52] | Yes | Yes |
| .edeka | edeka firms | — | EDEKA Verband kaufmännischer Genossenschaften e.V. | Yes | Yes |
| .entertainment | Ticket outlets, travel sites & local tourist sites, performance halls, theaters, & music venues, anyone in the entertainment industry, celebrity news sites | — | Identity Digital | Yes | |
| .enterprises | Entrepreneurs, startups, parent & holding companies, enterprise SaaS solutions & tech services | — | Identity Digital[ID 53] | Yes | Yes |
| .equipment | Home improvement stores, construction equipment rentals, construction equipment sales, sporting goods stores | — | Identity Digital[ID 54] | Yes | Yes |
| .esq | lawyers, law firms, legal professionals | To be restricted to verified lawyers and attorneys[39] | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] | Unknown | Yes |
| .estate | Estate sale management & appraisal services, estate planners & lawyers, real estate agents & brokers | — | Identity Digital[ID 55] | Yes | Yes |
| .events | Event planners, sports & gaming agencies/sites, ticket sale/resale sites, city guides & community centers, performance halls, music clubs/bars | — | Identity Digital[ID 56] | Yes | Yes |
| .exchange | Foreign currency exchanges, stock brokers, investment fund traders, ETF distributors, brokers, & dealers | — | Identity Digital[ID 57] | Yes | Yes |
| .expert | Home services providers, online review sites, skilled worker databases, freelancers, consultants, & subject matter experts | — | Identity Digital[ID 58] | Yes | Yes |
| .exposed | Tabloid sites, celebrity romance blog, TV spoiler sites, sites that host leaked documents, investigative journalism sites | — | Identity Digital[ID 59] | Yes | Yes |
| .express | Transportation services, messenger services, delivery & shipping services, direct-to-consumer stores | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .fail | Online meme aggregators, humor websites, video sites | — | Identity Digital[ID 60] | Yes | Yes |
| .faith | religion and churches | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[10] | Unknown | Yes |
| .family | Family-focused travel sites, blogs about family-friendly activities & games, family history sites, photo sites, obstetricians & family practice doctors | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .fan | Fan sites, current events & gossip sites, sport blogs and forums, personal & business sites about niche topics | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .fans | general | — | ZDNS International Limited | Unknown | Yes |
| .farm | Real estate brokers/agents, farming services & equipment dealers, farmers & ranchers, property managers, health food distributors, cryptocurrency farmers | — | Identity Digital[ID 61] | Yes | Yes |
| .fashion | clothing industry | — | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Yes | Yes |
| .fast | Reserved forAmazon | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .feedback | feedback and reviews | — | Top Level Spectrum | Unknown | Yes |
| .fiat | Reserved forStellantis (previouslyFiat Chrysler Automobiles andFiat S.p.A.) | Stellantis N.V. | Unknown | ||
| .film | films | — | Motion Picture Domain Registry Pty Ltd[11] | Yes | |
| .final | final versions of anything | — | Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR -NIC.br[11] | Yes | |
| .finance | Investment services, banks & financial institutes, credit counselors & financial planners, accounting firms, lenders | — | Identity Digital[ID 62] | Yes | Yes |
| .financial | Investment services, banks & financial institutions, credit counselors & financial planners, accounting firms, lenders | — | Identity Digital[ID 63] | Yes | Yes |
| .fire | Reserved forAmazon (promotion of Fire devices) | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .fish | Seafood markets, restaurants & suppliers, sport fishing & fly fishing enthusiasts, fishing gear, tackle, & product manufacturers, travel outfitters & fishing guide companies, aquariums, pet & fish supply stores, marine biology programs & conservation organizations | — | Identity Digital[ID 64] | Yes | Yes |
| .fishing | fishing businesses, sports, and interests | — | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Yes | Yes |
| .fit | Fitness and exercise | — | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Unknown | Yes |
| .fitness | Gyms, athletic clubs & family health organizations, personal trainers, weight loss, health & wellness clinics, health & exercise blogs, fitness competition & events companies | — | Identity Digital[ID 65] | Yes | Yes |
| .flights | Airline-related products or services, helicopter rides, skydiving, & hang gliding, travel agencies & travel services, private pilots, airport transportation | — | Identity Digital[ID 66] | Yes | Yes |
| .florist | Florists, flower delivery services, floral designers, flower seed suppliers | — | Identity Digital[ID 67] | Yes | Yes |
| .flowers | florists and gardens | — | Uniregistry | Yes | Yes |
| .fly | travel | To be restricted to verified airlines, travel agencies and travel resellers[40] | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] | Unknown | Yes |
| .foo | programming and development | —[41] | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] | Yes | Yes |
| .food | — | Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .foodnetwork | Reserved forFood Network | Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.[11] | |||
| .football | Professional & amateur football & soccer teams, football clothing, gear & fan merchandise, football equipment manufacturers, football coaches & players | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .forsale | Individual real estate brokers and brokerages, wholesalers and retailers across many product categories, discount, flash sale and deal websites, auction sites and individuals selling items they no longer need | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
| .forum | forums | — | Fegistry, LLC[11] | Arabic[12] | Yes |
| .foundation | Charitable organizations, public school foundations, other philanthropic organizations & foundations | — | Public Interest Registry | Yes | Yes |
| .free | sales | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | |
| .frontdoor | Reserved forHGTV | Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.[11] | |||
| .fun | — | Radix Registry | Yes | Yes | |
| .fund | Investment services, banks & financial institutions, credit counselors & financial planners, lenders | — | Identity Digital[ID 68] | Yes | Yes |
| .furniture | Home décor and furnishing stores, department stores, home designers, vintage stores, antique dealers | — | Identity Digital[ID 69] | Yes | Yes |
| .fyi | "for your information" | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .gallery | Galleries, professional photographers, camera and equipment retailers, photo studios & photography schools, wedding and specialty photographers, anyone who wants to share photos online | — | Identity Digital[ID 70] | Yes | Yes |
| .game | gaming | — | XYZ.COM LLC[42] | Yes | Yes |
| .games | Gaming sites, forums & reviews, online or brick & mortar game stores/clubs, sports events, clubs—professional & recreational, casinos | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .garden | gardening | — | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Yes | Yes |
| .gay | Individuals in theLGBTQ community and/ or supportive organisations and people | — | Top Level Design[ID 71] | Yes | Yes |
| .gdn | general | — | GDN Registry | Yes[44] | Yes |
| .gift | gift-giving | — | Uniregistry | Yes[18] | Yes |
| .gifts | Gift buyers, discount sites, corporate HR departments, bargain hunters | — | Identity Digital[ID 72] | Yes | Yes |
| .gives | Philanthropic organizations and foundations, charities, nonprofits, corporate giving initiatives, volunteer organizations | — | Public Interest Registry | Yes | Yes |
| .glass | Glass & glass repair shops, glass departments within home supply stores, contractors, windshield repair & auto glass businesses, DIYers/artists | — | Identity Digital[ID 73] | Yes | Yes |
| .gle | Google abbreviations | In use for some URL abbreviations related to Google such asforms.gle and goo.gle. | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[45] | Unknown | Yes |
| .global | general, companies or individuals with a global focus or presence | — | Dot GLOBAL | Yes | Yes |
| .gmbh | Germanlimited liability companies | — | Binky Moon, LLC | Yes | |
| .gold | Jewelers, gold traders and dealers, coin sellers and traders, trophy and awards shops | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .golf | Professional & amateur golf organizations, golf courses, equipment suppliers & manufacturers, golf travel & event companies, golf players, enthusiasts & spectators, sports networks | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| In use for some websites related to Google such asblog | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google). | Unknown | Yes | ||
| .gop | Republican Party politics | — | Republican State Leadership Committee | Spanish[46] | Yes |
| .graphics | Web design firms, freelance designers, graphic artists | — | Identity Digital[ID 74] | Yes | Yes |
| .green | the environmentally-focused | "As a Registrant you may not ... use a .green name or its content in a way that negatively affects the mission, purpose of the .green TLD, or its brand."[47] | Identity Digital | Unknown | Yes |
| .gripe | Online complaint sites, online forums, customer service providers, feedback sites, blogs about scams | — | Identity Digital[ID 75] | Yes | Yes |
| .grocery | Reserved forWalmart | Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .group | Groups based on hobbies or interests (running, crafts, gaming), group-based businesses (medical practices, law firms, financial advisors), professional associations, support groups | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .guide | City resource sites for locals and travelers, travel writers & bloggers, local reviews websites, tourist attractions & guides, outdoor adventure companies | — | Identity Digital[ID 76] | Yes | Yes |
| .guitars | Guitars | — | Uniregistry | Yes[18] | Yes |
| .guru | Mindfulness & yoga practices, spiritual leadership sites, any training program, work-for-hire sites, freelancers, consultants, & subject matter experts | — | Identity Digital[ID 77] | Yes[48] | Yes |
| Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .hair | haircare products and services | — | XYZ.com[11] | Yes | |
| .hangout | Reserved forGoogle Hangouts | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[11] | Yes | ||
| .hamburg | Companies, organizations and private individuals with a connection to the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg | Unrestricted for inhabitants of Hamburg | Hamburg Top-Level-Domain GmbH | Yes | |
| .haus | German housing and real estate | — | Identity Digital | Yes | |
| .health | health and related topics | — | DotHealth, LLC[11] | Yes | |
| .healthcare | Primary/secondary care physicians, hospitals & clinics, healthcare insurance providers & brokers, company HR/benefits departments | — | Identity Digital[ID 78] | Yes | Yes |
| .help | help sites | — | Uniregistry | Yes[18] | Yes |
| .here | generic geographic | — | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] | Unknown | Yes |
| .hiphop | Hip hop culture | — | Dot Hip Hop, LLC | Yes[49] | Yes |
| .hiv | AIDS andHIV awareness | — | dotHIV | Unknown | Yes |
| .hockey | Sports media, sporting goods stores & hockey equipment suppliers, professional, minor league & amateur hockey teams, hockey fans, fantasy leagues, sponsors, coaches & referees | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .holdings | Holding companies, private equity firms, real estate developers | — | Identity Digital[ID 79] | Yes | Yes |
| .holiday | Airline-related products or services, travel agencies, resources & services, travel writers & bloggers, city guides & resource sites, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging | — | Identity Digital[ID 80] | Yes | Yes |
| .homegoods | Reserved forHomeGoods | The TJX Companies, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .homes | real estate professionals | — | Dominion Enterprises | Unknown | Yes |
| .homesense | Reserved forHomeSense | The TJX Companies, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .horse | horse-related businesses and interest | — | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Yes | Yes |
| .hospital | Hospitals & clinics, healthcare providers, medical, dental, or vision specialists, insurance providers | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .host | network companies | — | Radix Registry | Unknown | Yes |
| .hosting | — | Uniregistry | Yes[18] | Yes | |
| .hot | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .hotels | Reserved forBooking.com | Booking.com B.V.[11] | Yes | ||
| .house | Real estate brokers/agents, mortgage companies, home builders, construction/home improvement suppliers, home improvement sites & blogs | — | Identity Digital[ID 81] | Yes | Yes |
| .how | how-to guides | — | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] | Unknown | Yes |
| Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .ice | Reserved forIntercontinental Exchange | IntercontinentalExchange, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .icu | entrepreneurs and business owners | — | ShortDot SA | Yes | |
| .inc | Corporations | — | Intercap Registry Inc. | Yes | |
| .industries | Machine or equipment manufacturers, manufacturers, tech or biotech companies, professional associations, businesses with “industries” in their names | — | Identity Digital[ID 82] | Yes | Yes |
| .info | information | — | Identity Digital | German[12] | Yes |
| .ing | Verbal suffix: e.g., "jump.ing" | — | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] | Unknown | Yes |
| .ink | creative printing or tattooing[50] | — | Top Level Design | Yes | Yes |
| .institute[51] | Educational institutions, training programs, foundations, research organizations, military schools | — | Identity Digital[ID 83] | Yes | Yes |
| .insurance | insurance companies | — | fTLD Registry Services LLC[11] | Yes | |
| .insure | Insurance companies (life, auto, homeowners, renters), insurance divisions of larger companies (car rentals, warranties), insurance brokers & advisors | — | Identity Digital[ID 84] | Yes | Yes |
| .international | Any organization with an international presence, international consultants, import/export businesses, international travel organizations | — | Identity Digital[ID 85] | Yes | Yes |
| .investments | Investment services (institutional, private), wealth management services, financial planners, brokerage firms | — | Identity Digital[ID 86] | Yes | Yes |
| .irish | Airline-related products or services, domestic/International travel agencies, resources & services, travel writers & bloggers, Ireland travel guides & resource sites, seasonal opportunities (St. Patrick's Day) | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .jewelry | Jewelers, jewelry buyers, online retailers, department stores | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .jobs | Employment | For websites with job opportunities and job listings.[52] | Employ Media | No | Yes |
| .joy | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes |
| Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .kim | Kim (Korean surname) | — | Identity Digital | Unknown | Yes |
| .kitchen | Restaurants, cafes, & delis, food stands & mobile vendors, meal services & personal chefs, kitchen supply stores, food blogs & recipe sites | — | Identity Digital[ID 87] | Yes | Yes |
| .kosher | Kosher food certification and regulations | — | OK Kosher Certification | Yes | |
| .kpn | Dutch Telecom Company | Only available to KPN. | Yes |
| Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .land | Real estate brokers and agents, residential/commercial land developers, home builders, mortgage companies, traditional “classified” sites | — | Identity Digital[ID 88] | Yes | Yes |
| .lat | Latin American communities and users | — | ECOM-LAC[11] | Yes | |
| .law | practitioners and educators in law | Restricted to qualified lawyers, courts of law, law schools, and legal regulators.[53] | Minds + Machines Group Limited[11] | Yes | |
| .lawyer | Independent attorneys and law firms of any size, legal services entities, elected officials and judges, professional organizations, law students | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
| .lease | Real estate brokers/agents, property managers, condo/apartment developers, real estate law firms | — | Identity Digital[ID 89] | Yes | Yes |
| .leclerc | Reserved forE.Leclerc | A.C.D. LEC Association des Centres Distributeurs Edouard Leclerc | Yes | ||
| .legal | Attorneys, lawyers & law firms, corporate legal teams, paralegals, legal advocates, committees, associations and interest groups associated with the law | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .lgbt | the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community | — | Identity Digital | Unknown | Yes |
| .life | Wellness and health experts, charities, coaches & personal development enthusiasts, lifestyle bloggers, anyone who wants to share personal stories | — | Identity Digital[ID 90] | Yes | Yes |
| .lifeinsurance | life insurance | — | American Council of Life Insurers[11] | Yes | |
| .lighting | Lighting & lighting repair shops, lighting departments within home supply stores, contractors, commercial/residential architects, DIYers | — | Identity Digital[ID 91] | Yes | Yes |
| .like | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .limited | Private companies, limited by shares, limited companies, businesses with “limited” or “LTD” in their names, specialty products and services, businesses that sell limited-quantity products | — | Identity Digital[ID 92][54] | Yes | Yes |
| .limo | Airline & travel-related products or services, city guides & tourist attractions, transportation businesses, hotels, lodging, weddings, party and occasion-related services | — | Identity Digital[ID 93] | Yes | Yes |
| .link | connecting to information[55] | — | Uniregistry | Yes[18] | Yes |
| .live | Live streaming sites, entertainment/music venues, news sites/blogs, ticket sale/resale sites, video production companies | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .living | — | Internet Naming Co.[56] | Yes | ||
| .loan | banks and lenders | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[10] | Unknown | Yes |
| .loans | Mortgage companies, personal loan agencies, auto loan agencies & car dealerships, credit consolidation services | — | Identity Digital[ID 94] | Yes | Yes |
| .locker | Reserved for DISH DBS Corporation | Dish DBS Corporation[11] | Yes | ||
| .lol | LOL: laughing out loud (humorous or comedic content) | — | Uniregistry[57] | Unknown | Yes |
| .lotto | lottery | — | Identity Digital | Unknown | Yes |
| .love | dating sites | — | Unknown | Yes | |
| .ltd | Private companies, limited by shares, limited companies, businesses with “limited” or “LTD” in their names, specialty products and services, businesses that sell limited-quantity products | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .luxury | businesses catering to the wealthy | — | Luxury Partners | Yes | Yes |
| Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .makeup | — | XYZ.com[11] | Yes | ||
| .management | Property managers, wealth management firms, money management, systems & network managers, leadership teams | — | Identity Digital[ID 95] | Yes | Yes |
| .map | maps and navigation | — | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[11] | No | Yes |
| .market | Online retailers, independent or chain grocery stores, buyer and seller communities, discount sites & coupon sites | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
| .marketing | Advertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, media buying/production companies (digital & traditional), staffing agencies, marketing consultants | — | Identity Digital[ID 96] | Yes | Yes |
| .markets | — | Donuts[ID 97] | Unknown | Yes | |
| .mba | Colleges, universities, & graduate programs, online educational sites, job search sites, MBA candidates | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .med | medicine and related topics | — | Medistry LLC[11] | Yes | |
| .media | Advertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, media buying/production companies (digital & traditional), news outlets, media bloggers, celebrity publications, digital publishers & graphic designers | — | Identity Digital[ID 98] | Yes | Yes |
| .meet | social gatherings, meeting new people | — | Identity Digital | Unknown | Yes |
| .meme | Internet memes | — | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] | Unknown | Yes |
| .memorial | News site obituaries, personal tribute sites, floral & funeral arrangement companies | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .men | men | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[10] | Unknown | Yes |
| .menu | restaurants | — | Wedding TLD2 | Yes | Yes |
| .mint | Reserved forIntuit Mint | Intuit Administrative Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .mobi | mobile devices | Must be used for mobile-compatible sites in accordance with standards. | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .mobile | — | Dish DBS Corporation[11] | Yes | ||
| .mobily | Reserved forMobily | GreenTech Consultancy Company W.L.L.[11] | |||
| .moda | For people and organizations interested and engaged in the world of fashion and style.[58] | — | Identity Digital[ID 99] | Yes | Yes |
| .moe | Japanese otaku culture; seemoe (slang) | — | Interlink | Yes | Yes |
| .mom | mothers | — | Uniregistry, Corp.[11] | Yes | |
| .money | Lenders, financial services businesses, money blogs & news sites, investment bankers & brokers, financial planners & experts | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .monster | — | XYZ.com | Yes | Yes | |
| .mortgage | Mortgage brokers, real estate brokers/agents, home buyers, traditional “classified” sites | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
| .motorcycles | motorcycles | — | DERMotorcycles | Unknown | Yes |
| .mov | digital video | — | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] | Unknown | Yes |
| .movie | Streaming movie services, movie studios & distributors, movie theaters & entertainment outlets, ticket sale/resale sites, movie review sites | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .museum | museums | Must be verified as a legitimate museum. | Museum Domain Management Association | Latin script[12] | Yes |
| .music | Music dissemination and appreciation | — | DotMusic Limited[59] | Yes |
| Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .name | individuals, by name | Open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register; however, registrations may be challenged later if they are not by individuals (or the owners of fictional characters) in accordance with the domain's charter. | Verisign | Yes[12] | Yes |
| .navy | Naval training schools, navy supply stores, military recruiters, credit unions, navy members and veterans | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
| .network | IT professionals, tech consultants, career sites, industry-specific professional groups, social networks | — | Identity Digital[ID 100] | Yes | Yes |
| .new | Websites where people can create something | The second-level domain name must be the thing to be created immediately when a user visits the .new website. Most likely, the .new will redirect to a company's main website. | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] | Unknown | Yes |
| .news | News organizations, educational publications, trade publications, neighborhood news blogs | — | Unknown | Yes | |
| .nexus | — | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] | Unknown | Yes | |
| .ngo | Non-governmental organizations. | Restricted to validated NGOs, as determined by PIR.[60] | Public Interest Registry | Unknown | Yes |
| .ninja | Sites promoting specialized skills, repair services (auto, appliance, etc.), gaming sites, martial arts organizations | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
| .now | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .ntt | Restricted to use by NTT Japan.[61] | Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation.[11] | Yes | Yes |
| Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .observer | — | Donuts[ID 97] | Yes | ||
| .org | general | — | Public Interest Registry | Yes | |
| .one | general | — | One Registry | Unknown | Yes |
| .ong | Non-governmental organizations. | Restricted to validated NGOs, as determined by PIR.[60] | Public Interest Registry | Unknown | Yes |
| .onl | generic | — | I-REGISTRY | Unknown | Yes |
| .online | generic | — | Radix Registry | Unknown | Yes |
| .ooo | general | — | Infibeam | Yes | Yes |
| .open | private to the "Registry Operator and its qualified Affiliates and Trademark Licensees"[62] | — | American Express Travel Related Services Company, Inc.[11] | Yes | |
| .organic | organic gardeners, farmers, foods, etc. | Registrants must be verified as a member of the organic community.[63] | Identity Digital | Unknown | Yes |
| .origins | Reserved forOrigins | TheEstée Lauder Companies Inc.[11] | Yes |
| Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .page | — | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[11] | Yes | ||
| .partners | Law firms, real estate agencies, investment firms, accounting firms, nonprofit organizations | — | Identity Digital[ID 101] | Yes | Yes |
| .parts | Appliance wholesalers & service, tool rentals & service businesses, auto/boat/heavy equipment businesses | — | Identity Digital[ID 102] | Yes | Yes |
| .party | nightclubs and social gatherings or political parties | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[10] | Unknown | Yes |
| .pay | electronic payments | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | |
| .pet | animals and pets | — | Identity Digital[11] | Yes | |
| .pharmacy | pharmacies | "All registrants within the .pharmacy gTLD are vetted prior to registration to confirm that they meet all applicable regulatory standards, including pharmacy licensure and valid prescription requirements, in the jurisdictions where they are based and where they serve patients."[64] | National Association of Boards of Pharmacy | Unknown | Yes |
| .phone | telephone-related businesses | — | Dish DBS Corporation[11] | Yes | |
| .photo | photography and photo-sharing | — | Registry Services, LLC[65] | Yes[18] | Yes |
| .photography | Professional photographers, camera and equipment retailers, photo studios & photography schools, wedding and specialty photographers, anyone who wants to share photos online | — | Identity Digital[ID 103] | Yes | Yes |
| .photos | Professional photographers, camera and equipment retailers, photo studios & photography schools, wedding and specialty photographers, anyone who wants to share photos online | — | Identity Digital[ID 104] | Yes | Yes |
| .physio | physical therapists | Must be eligible for membership within an association that is a member of theWorld Confederation for Physical Therapy, have proper training as a physical therapist outside WCPT's reach, or otherwise supports physical therapy.[66][67] | PhysBiz | Unknown | Yes |
| .pics | photography and photo-sharing | — | Uniregistry | Yes[18] | Yes |
| .pictures | Professional photographers, camera and equipment retailers, photo studios & photography schools, wedding and specialty photographers, anyone who wants to share photos online | — | Identity Digital[ID 105] | Yes | Yes |
| .pid | personal identification | — | Top Level Spectrum | Unknown | Yes |
| .pin | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .pink | those who like the color pink | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .pizza | Pizzerias, take & bake pizza shops, Italian or Greek restaurants, pizza brands found in grocery stores | — | Identity Digital[ID 106] | Yes | Yes |
| .place | Airline-related products or services, travel agencies, resources & services, travel writers & bloggers, tourist attractions, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging | — | Identity Digital[ID 107] | Yes | Yes |
| .plumbing | Plumbers & plumbing repair businesses, plumbing departments within home supply stores, contractors/subcontractors, DIYers | — | Identity Digital[ID 108] | Yes | Yes |
| .plus | Consumer commodity stores & sites, clothing (plus, big & tall), service-based businesses, any entity wanting to show their competitive advantage | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .poker | Poker players and sites | — | Identity Digital[ID 109] | Unknown | Yes |
| .porn | adult entertainment (pornography) | For sites providing sexually explicit content, such as pornography. | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .post | postal services | The .post TLD is restricted to Postal Administrations as defined in theUniversal Postal Union constitution, and their large customers who wish to provide "Trusted Postal Services".[68] | Universal Postal Union | No[69] | Yes |
| .press | publishing and journalism | — | Radix Registry | Unknown | Yes |
| .prime | Reserved forAmazon Prime | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .pro | professions/professionals | — | Identity Digital[70] | No | Yes |
| .productions | Advertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, media buying/production companies (digital & traditional), video production services, anyone in the film industry | — | Identity Digital[ID 110] | Yes | Yes |
| .prof | Professors, teachers and learning | — | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] | Unknown | Yes |
| .promo | advertising | — | Identity Digital[11] | Yes | |
| .properties | Real estate brokers/agents, residential/Commercial land developers, property (condo/apartment) managers, home builders, mortgage companies | — | Identity Digital[ID 111] | Yes | Yes |
| .property | real estate | — | Uniregistry | Yes[18] | Yes |
| .protection | security | — | XYZ.COM LLC[11] | Yes | |
| .pub | Pubs, bars & nightclubs, burger joints, breweries & taphouses, beer distributors, restaurant & bar suppliers publications | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
| Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .qpon | coupons | — | DOTQPON LLC.[71] | Unknown | Yes |
| .quebec | People and businesses in Quebec | — | PointQuébec Inc[72] | Unknown | Yes |
| Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .racing | racing | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[10] | Unknown | Yes |
| .radio | radio stations, amateur radio operators | Restricted to people and companies with an active interest in the radio sector.[73] | European Broadcasting Union (EBU)[11] | Yes | |
| .read | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .realestate | real estate | — | dotRealEstate LLC[11] | Yes | |
| .realtor | realtors | To be restricted to members of theNational Association of Realtors and theCanadian Real Estate Association, and related associations.[74] | Real Estate Domains | Unknown | Yes |
| .realty | realty and housing | — | Fegistry, LLC[11] | Yes | |
| .recipes | Recipe sites, food & beverage grocery brands, health & fitness organizations, cooking enthusiasts, personal/professional chefs | — | Identity Digital[ID 112] | Yes | Yes |
| .red | those who like the color red[75] Also Spanish variant of .net Also likely to be attractive fordomain hacks for words that end with '-red'. | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .rehab | Physical and occupational therapists and professionals, drug, alcohol and gambling addiction counselors, rehabilitation facilities and recovery centers, online health directories, physical or emotional health associations | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
| .reit | real estate investment trusts | Restricted to REITs, as determined by national law.[76] | National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts | Unknown | Yes |
| .rent | Real estate professionals and small businesses | — | xyz.xyz | Unknown | Yes |
| .rentals | Real estate brokers/agents, city guides, college housing centers, & community centers, vehicle, equipment, or entertainment/event rentals, property managers, condo/apartment developers | — | Identity Digital[ID 113] | Yes | Yes |
| .repair | General or specialty repair shops, construction contractors/subcontractors, DIYers, appliance wholesalers & service, auto/boat businesses | — | Identity Digital[ID 114] | Yes | Yes |
| .report | News and current events sites, financial reporting sites, financial or business analysts, consumer product reviews, police, school, or other community report listings | — | Identity Digital[ID 115] | Yes | Yes |
| .republican | Political candidates, lobbyists, political parties, fundraising organizations | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
| .rest | Restaurants and related industry | — | Punto 2012 | Yes[77] | Yes |
| .restaurant | Casual eateries, gourmet restaurants, suppliers, chains, review sites, reservation sites & services | — | Identity Digital[ID 116] | Yes | Yes |
| .review | public reviews | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[10] | Unknown | Yes |
| .reviews | News media, food publications, travel publications, literary publications, any product & service with online reviews | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
| .rich | businesses catering to the wealthy | — | I-REGISTRY | Unknown | Yes |
| .rip | Loved ones seeking to memorialize the deceased, funeral homes and cemeteries, businesses that support the funeral industry, obituary websites[78] | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
| .rocks | Pop culture sites, niche and fan sites, musicians, gemstone & jewelry companies | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
| .rodeo | Rodeo interest | — | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Yes | Yes |
| .room | lodging or room design | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | |
| .rugby | rugby | — | World Rugby Strategic Developments Limited[11] | Yes | |
| .run | Runners, running shoe retailers, specialty running gear shops, running event organizers | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .safe | security and safety | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | |
| .sale | Online and brick-and-mortar retailers and wholesalers, automotive and motorcycle dealers, discount, flash sale, and deal websites, auction sites and individuals selling items they no longer need | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .salon | Hair salons, nail salons, beauty product companies, beauty schools | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .save | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .sbi | — | State Bank of India | Yes | ||
| .scholarships | scholarship related | — | Scholarships.com[79][80] | Unknown | Yes |
| .school | Public schools, private & charter schools, specialty and trade schools, online learning sites, resource sites for teachers | — | Identity Digital[ID 117] | Yes | Yes |
| .science | science-related sites | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[10] | Unknown | Yes |
| .search | search engines | — | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[11] | Yes | |
| .secure | security | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | |
| .security | — | XYZ.COM LLC[11] | Yes | ||
| .select | — | iSelect Ltd[11] | Yes | ||
| .services | Service division of any company, home services (cleaning, landscaping, plumbing, pet care), business services (tech support, interior design, translation services), community service organizations | — | Identity Digital[ID 118] | Yes | Yes |
| .sex | adult entertainment (pornography) | For sites providing sexually explicit content, such as pornography. | ICM Registry | Yes | Yes |
| .sexy | adult entertainment | — | Uniregistry | Yes[18] | Yes |
| .shoes | Shoe stores, department stores, online retailers, athletic shoe retailers, discount shoe stores | — | Identity Digital[ID 119] | Yes | Yes |
| .shop | — | GMO Registry, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .shopping | Online retailers, shopping centers, personal shoppers, discount sites & coupon sites, shopping blogs & product reviews | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .show | Ticket sale/resale sites, performance halls, music clubs/bars, streaming video services, movie review sites, travel sites & city guides | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .showtime | Reserved forShowtime | CBS Domains Inc.[11] | |||
| .silk | Reserved forAmazon Silk | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .singles | (Tickets) Ticket sale/resale sites, gaming agencies, movie review sites, city guides, sports sites (Dating) Dating & matchmaker sites, singles meetup groups, traditional “classified” sites, travel sites & city guides | — | Identity Digital[ID 120] | Yes | Yes |
| .site | general | — | Radix Registry | Unknown | Yes |
| .ski | skiing | — | STARTING DOT LIMITED[11] | Yes | |
| .skin | — | XYZ.com | Yes | ||
| .sky | — | Sky International AG[11] | Yes | ||
| .sling | Reserved forSling Media | Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation[11] | Yes | ||
| .smart | Reserved toSmart Communications, a wireless telecommunications in thePhilippines. | Smart Communications, Inc. | No | No | |
| .smile | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .sncf | Reserved to the SNCF company. | SNCF | Yes | ||
| .soccer | Professional & amateur soccer clubs, soccer equipment suppliers & manufacturers, soccer & sports media networks, soccer players, enthusiasts, & spectators, soccer camps, coaches, & training organizations | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .social | Advertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, media buying/production companies (digital & traditional), blogs & forums, event & meetup groups, any person or organization driving awareness of their social presence (Actual use also includesFediverse services, such asMastodon) | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
| .software | Software testing, support, & consulting companies, software product developers & manufacturers, software training & educational institutions, software resellers | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
| .solar | Renewable & sustainable energy producers, solar panel, roof tile, & storage producers, solar cell battery, chargers, lights, speakers, & generator manufacturers, sunglass, shades, UV clothing, sunblock & other solar protection products | — | Identity Digital[ID 121] | Yes | Yes |
| .solutions | SaaS providers, people who offer do-it-yourself tips and tutorials, consultants, any business focused on providing the right solutions to their customers’ problems. | — | Identity Digital[ID 122] | Yes | Yes |
| .song | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .spa | Spas | — | Identity Digital[ID 122][81] | Yes | |
| .space | as a creative space | — | Radix Registry | Unknown | Yes |
| .spreadbetting | Spread betting | — | DOTSPREADBETTING REGISTRY LTD[11] | ||
| .spot | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .sport | sport institutions | — | Global Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF) | Yes | |
| .srl | Spanish/Italian/Romanian/Frenchlimited liability companies | — | InterNetX GmbH | Yes | |
| .storage | Self storage | — | Self Storage Company LLC[11] | Yes | |
| .store | stores | — | Radix Registry | Yes | Yes |
| .stream | streaming media | Global Registry Services Ltd[10] | Yes | ||
| .studio | Advertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, creative freelancers, other creative agencies (i.e., animation, production), dance, yoga, or fitness studios | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
| .study | education | — | OPEN UNIVERSITIES AUSTRALIA PTY LTD[11] | Yes | |
| .style | Fashion bloggers, department stores, designers, online retailers | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .sucks | gripe sites | — | Vox Populi | Unknown | Yes |
| .supplies | Contractors, distribution companies, appliance wholesalers & service, auto/boat/heavy equipment businesses, home services retailers | — | Identity Digital[ID 123] | Yes | Yes |
| .supply | Contractors, distribution companies, appliance wholesalers & service, auto/boat/heavy equipment businesses | — | Identity Digital[ID 124] | Yes | Yes |
| .support | IT/Tech support services, social services, customer service & support departments, independent consultants & consulting firms, staffing services | — | Identity Digital[ID 125] | Yes[82] | Yes |
| .surf | surfing | — | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Unknown | Yes |
| .surgery | Surgeons, primary/secondary care physicians, hospitals & clinics, healthcare providers, insurance providers | — | Identity Digital[ID 126] | Yes | Yes |
| .systems | IT businesses, other tech-focused businesses, businesses that sell electronics or home security systems, organizational consultants | — | Identity Digital[ID 127] | Yes | Yes |
| Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .talk | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .tattoo | tattoo aficionados | — | Uniregistry | Yes[18] | Yes |
| .tax | Accounting & bookkeeping firms, tax advisors, auditors, financial experts & advisors | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .taxi | Airline & travel-related products or services, city guides & tourist attractions, transportation businesses, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging, tourist attractions | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .team | Professional & amateur sports teams, sports equipment suppliers & manufacturers, sports media, athletes & fans, clubs, online communities & business organizations | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .tech | technology | — | Radix Registry | Yes | Yes |
| .technology | Tech-focused businesses & tech startups, businesses that sell to tech companies, developers, coders, programmers, computer retailers, technology blogs, news sites, & review sites, hardware & software companies, R&D companies, tech product manufacturers | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .tel | internet communication services | A contact directory housing all types of contact information directly in the Domain Name System. | Yes[83] | Yes | |
| .tennis | Tennis courts, clubs & other venues, tennis equipment suppliers and retailers, professional & amateur tennis players, sports media | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .theater | Entertainment & movie theater outlets, live performance theaters, professional performer associations, movie review sites, travel sites & city guides | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .theatre | theatre | — | XYZ.COM LLC[11] | Yes | |
| .tickets | ticket resale | — | XYZ.COM LLC[11] | Yes | |
| .tips | Travel, hotel & hospitality companies, cooking & recipe publications, parenting & and relationship publications, manufacturers of any product with assembly instructions, publications that provide advice on gratuity practices around the world | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .tires | Tire wholesalers, tire retailers, auto repair shops | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .today | News & current event sites, websites that publish daily content, daily inspiration sites, sites with daily rotating deals or offers, anyone who wants to spur immediate action | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .tools | Tool shops, tool departments within home supply stores, contractors, subcontractors, construction-related businesses | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .top | general | — | Jiangsu Bangning | Unknown | Yes |
| .tours | Airline-related products or services, travel agencies, resources & services, tourist attractions, outdoor adventure companies, private plane/helicopter tours & services | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .town | Travel agencies, resources & services, local business associations, city guides & resource sites, transportation businesses, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .toys | Toy stores, online retailers, department stores, game companies, sporting goods companies | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .trade | businesses | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[10] | Yes | Yes |
| .trading | — | DOTTRADING REGISTRY LTD[11] | Yes | ||
| .training | Personal trainers & nutrition coaches, gyms and fitness centers, sports medicine practitioners, business that sell sports gear or apparel, or fan merchandise, animal trainers, career or vocational training centers | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .travel | Airline-related products or services, travel agencies, resources, bloggers & services, city guides & tourist attractions, transportation businesses, destination resorts, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging, any other travel or transportation business | Must be verified as a legitimate travel-related entity. | No | Yes | |
| .travelersinsurance | Reserved forTravelers Insurance | Travelers TLD, LLC[11] | Yes | ||
| .trust | — | UNR Corp.[11] | Yes | ||
| .tube | — | Latin American Telecom LLC[11] | Yes | ||
| .tunes | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes |
| Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .uconnect | — | Not assigned[11][84] | |||
| .university | Online universities, brick-and-mortar universities, university-related clubs & organizations | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .uno | general,Spanish andItalian speakers,Uno (card game) | — | Radix Technologies Inc. | Yes |
| Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .vacations | Airline-related products or services, travel agencies, resources, bloggers & services, city guides & tourist attractions, transportation businesses, destination resorts, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .ventures | Venture capital investment firms, business financial services, business consultants, programs & services for entrepreneurs | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .vet | Veterinarians, veterinary clinics and hospitals, wholesale suppliers for veterinary supplies | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .video | Video production & media companies, videographers, video editors, script writers, & producers, streaming video sites services, creative agencies | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .villas | International real estate brokers/agents, international travel agencies, resources & services, travel writers & bloggers, traditional “classified” sites | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .vin | Wineries, wine shops & wine bars, wine distributors, wine clubs & online retailers, wine review sites and apps | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .vip | Very important persons | — | Minds + Machines Group Limited[11] | Yes | |
| .vision | Opticians & optometry clinics, healthcare providers, insurance provider, glasses retailers, online and brick & mortar | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .vodka | vodka-related businesses and interest | — | Yes | Yes | |
| .volvo | Only Volvo Holding Sverige Aktiebolag and its Affiliates are eligible to register a Domain Name under the .volvo Domain[85] | AB Volvo | Unknown | Yes | |
| .vote | democratic elections and campaign websites | Must use the domain in connection with a "clearly identified political/democratic process."[86] | Identity Digital | Unknown | Yes |
| .voting | polling sites | — | Latin andCyrillic scripts[12] | Yes | |
| .voyage | Airline-related products or services, travel agencies, resources, bloggers & services, city guides & tourist attractions, transportation businesses, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .wang | general Wǎng is a Chinese Mandarinpinyin rendering of 网 (traditional 網) meaning "web" or "portal".[87] Wang is also a common surname in mainland China. | — | Zodiac Registry | Yes[88] | Yes |
| .watch | Watchmakers, jewelry stores, watch repair shops, neighborhood watch groups | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .watches | watches | — | Identity Digital[11] | Yes | Yes |
| .weather | Reserved forThe Weather Channel | International Business Machines Corporation[11] | Yes | ||
| .webcam | web cam shows and video sharing | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[10] | Yes | Yes |
| .website | general | — | Radix Registry | Unknown | Yes |
| .wed | engaged couples and wedding-oriented businesses | This TLD is intended primarily for engaged couples on a short-term basis (two years with large third-year renewal fees for second-level domains).[89] And although the registry is advertising for multiple world languages, all domains appear to need to be in Latin script.[90] | No | Yes | |
| .wedding | wedding-oriented businesses | — | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Yes | Yes |
| .whoswho | Who's Who (general) | An open TLD, any person or entity is permitted to register. Conceived for those cited in one of the Who's Who reference titles published around the world, the registry was opened for use by private individuals, and for-profit and nonprofit entities, including those with social media aspirations. Registry policies allow for rapid takedown of non-compliant domains, for violations including imposturous registration of another's names, and proscribed uses, including pornography or adult services/applications. | Who's Who Registry | Yes | Yes |
| .wiki | wikis | "An open TLD for anyone interested in community resource creation" | Top Level Design | Yes | Yes |
| .win | games,Microsoft Windows | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[10] | Unknown | Yes |
| .wine | Wineries, wine bars, wine shops, wine distributors, wine clubs & online retailers, wine review sites | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .winners | Reserved forTJX Companies | The TJX Companies, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .work | general | — | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Yes | Yes |
| .works | Contractors, distribution companies, appliance wholesalers & service, auto/boat/heavy equipment businesses, companies with solution based products or services | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .world | Brands with an international presence, nonprofits and charities, travel agencies & adventure companies, world travelers & global communities, any business with “world” in its name | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .wow | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .wtf | Bargain websites, photo & video aggregators, meme sites, news of the weird | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .xxx | adult entertainment (pornography) | For sites providing sexually explicit content, such aspornography. | Uniregistry | Yes | Yes |
| .xyz | general | — | XYZ.com | Yes[91] | Yes |
| Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .yachts | yachts | — | DERYachts, LLC | [11] | Yes |
| .yoga | yoga | — | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Yes | Yes |
| .you | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .youtube | Reserved forYouTube | Google, LLC | Yes |
| Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .zero | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | Yes | ||
| .zip | digital storage information, providers, and related entities. | — | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[11] | Yes | Yes |
| .zone | Sports fans, technology groups & followers, entertainment, fairs, destinations with a “zone”, city planners & zoning regulators, any topic with a following | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| Name | Chinese term | Translation | Restrictions | Operator | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .ren | 人rén | "people/person" in Mandarinpinyin | Restricted TLD[92] | (Cancelled)[93] | Unknown | Yes |
| .shouji | 手机shǒujī | mobile phone | — | QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD. | ||
| .tushu | 图书túshū | books | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc. | ||
| .wanggou | 网购wǎnggòu | online shopping | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc. | ||
| 微博wēibó | microblogging | — | Sina Corporation | |||
| .xihuan | 喜欢xǐhuān | like | — | QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD. | ||
| .xin | 信xìn | credit; honest | — | Alibaba Group |
| Name | Translation | Restrictions | Operator | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .arte | "ARTE means Association relating to European television" | — | Association Relative à la Télévision Européenne G.E.I.E. | [11] | |
| .clinique | "clinic or hospital" | — | The Estée Lauder Companies Inc. | [11] | |
| .luxe | "luxury" | — | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Unknown | Yes |
| .maison | "house" | — | Identity Digital[ID 128] | Yes | Yes |
| .moi | "me" | — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc. | [11] | |
| .rsvp | Invitations and replies | — | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] | Unknown | Yes |
| .sarl | Société à responsabilité limitée, FrancophoneLimited liability company | — | Identity Digital[ID 129] | Yes | Yes |
| Name | Translation | Restrictions | Operator | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .epost | — | Deutsche Post AG | |||
| .gmbh | GmbH | Upon request, you will be required to demonstrate current or pending designation as a GmbH company whose existence can be validated with the respective public authorities in Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein or Switzerland. | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .haus | "house" | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
| .immobilien | "real estate" | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes[12] | Yes |
| .jetzt | "now" | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .kaufen | "buy" | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes[12] | Yes |
| .kinder | "children" | restricted .brand TLD | Ferrero Trading Lux S.A. | ||
| .reise | "travel" | Must be an eligible member of the travel business community; also, domain must be used for travel-related purposes.[94] | Identity Digital | Yes[12] | Yes |
| .reisen | "traveling" | — | Identity Digital[ID 130] | Yes[12] | Yes |
| .schule | "school" | — | Identity Digital[ID 131] | Yes | Yes |
| .versicherung | "insurance" | — | Latin script[12] | Yes |
| Name | Translation | Restrictions | Operator | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .desi | देसी,Hindi for the peoples and cultures ofSouth Asia See alsoDesi | — | Desi Networks | Unknown | Yes |
| .shiksha | शिक्षा,Marathi andHindi for "education". | — | Identity Digital | Unknown | Yes |
| Name | Translation | Restrictions | Operator | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .casa | "house" | — | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Yes | Yes |
| .immo | French,German,[95] andItalian abbreviation for "real estate" | — | Identity Digital[ID 132] | Yes | Yes |
| .moda | "fashion" | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes[12] | Yes |
| .voto | "vote", for election and campaign websites | Must use the domain in connection with a "clearly identified political/democratic process."[96] Initially only available to registrations in the United States.[97] | Identity Digital | Unknown | Yes |
| Name | Translation | Restrictions | Operator | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .bom | good | — | Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR - NIC.br | ||
| .passagens | ticket | — | Travel Reservations SRL |
| Name | Translation | Restrictions | Operator | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .abogado | "lawyer" | To be restricted to licensed lawyers or law firms.[98] | Minds + Machines[n 3] | Unknown | Yes |
| .futbol | "Football" (soccer) | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Yes | Yes |
| .gratis | "free" | — | Identity Digital[ID 133] | Yes | Yes |
| .hoteles | "hotels" | — | Travel Reservations SRL | ||
| .juegos | "games" | — | Uniregistry | Yes[18] | Yes |
| .ltda | companies in South America | Domains are limited to registeredLTDAs (like LLCs) in Brazil, Colombia, Chile, and Ecuador.[99] | InterNetX | Unknown | Yes |
| .soy | "I am" Also refers to thesoybean and its food derivatives | — | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] | Latin script, Japanese[100] | Yes |
| .tienda | "shop", "store" | — | Identity Digital | Yes | Yes |
| .uno | "one", for websites targeting Spanish speaking consumers | — | Spanish | Yes | |
| .viajes | "travel" or "trips" | — | Identity Digital | Spanish | Yes |
| .vuelos | "flights" | — | Travel Reservations SRL | Yes | Yes |
All of these TLDs areinternationalized domain names (IDN) and support second-level IDNs.
| DNS Name | IDN | Language | Script | Transliteration | English Translation | Notes | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| xn--4gbrim[101] | .موقع | Arabic | Arabic | mawqiʿ | "site" or "location" | Open TLD | Yes |
| xn--fhbei[101] | .كوم | Arabic | kwm | com | Owned by: VeriSign Sarl[11] | ||
| xn--mgbb9fbpob[101] | .موبايلي | Arabic | mūbāylī | Mobily | Owned by: GreenTech Consultancy Company W.L.L.[11] | ||
| xn--mgbi4ecexp[101] | .كاثوليك | Arabic | kāthūlīk | Catholic | Owned by: Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (PCCS) (Pontifical Council for Social Communication)[11] | ||
| xn--ngbc5azd[101] | .شبكة | Arabic | Arabic | shabaka | "network" | Open TLD | Yes |
| xn--ngbe9e0a[101] | .بيتك | Arabic | baytak | your home | Owned by: Kuwait Finance House[11] | ||
| xn--mgbab2bd[101] | .بازار | Persian | Arabic | bâzâr | "market", "bazaar" | Open TLD | Yes |
| DNS Name | IDN | Language | Script | Transliteration | English Translation | Notes | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| xn--3ds443g[101] | .在线 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | zàixiàn | "online" | Open TLD. The Chinese Government quickly bought 20,000 internationalized subdomains for localities.[102] | Yes |
| xn--fiq228c5hs[101] | .中文网 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | Zhōngwén wǎng | "(written) Chinese (language) network" | Open TLD. The Chinese Government quickly bought 20,000 IDN for localities.[102] | Yes |
| xn--ses554g[101] | .网址 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | wǎngzhǐ | "network address" or "website" | Open TLD | Yes |
| xn--5tzm5g[101] | .网站 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | wǎngzhàn | "website" | Open TLD | Yes |
| xn--io0a7i[101] | .网络 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | wǎngluò | "network" | Open TLD | Yes |
| xn--55qx5d[101] | .公司 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified andTraditional) | gōngsī | "business organization" or "company" | Open TLD | Yes |
| xn--czru2d[101] | .商城 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified andTraditional) | shāngchéng | "mall" | Open TLD | Yes |
| xn--nqv7f[101] | .机构 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | jīgòu | "agency" | Open TLD | Yes |
| xn--6qq986b3xl[101] | .我爱你 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | wǒ ài nǐ | "I love you" | Open TLD | Yes |
| xn--czr694b[101] | .商标 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | shāngbiāo | "trademark" | Open TLD | Yes |
| xn--rhqv96g[101] | .世界 | Chinese andJapanese | Chinese (Simplified andTraditional),Kanji (Shinjitai andKyūjitai) | shìjiè sekai | "world" | Open TLD | Yes |
| xn--3bst00m[101] | .集团 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | jítuán | "conglomerate" | Open TLD | Yes |
| xn--30rr7y[101] | .慈善 | Chinese andJapanese | Chinese (Simplified andTraditional),Kanji (Kyūjitai andShinjitai) | císhàn jizen | "philanthropy" | Open TLD | Yes |
| xn--45q11c[101] | .八卦 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified andTraditional) | bāguà | "gossip" | Open TLD | Yes |
| xn--55qw42g[101] | .公益 | Chinese andJapanese | Chinese (Simplified andTraditional),Kanji (Shinjitai andKyūjitai) | gōngyì kōeki | "philanthropy" | Open TLD | Yes |
| xn--g2xx48c[101] | .购物 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified andTraditional) | gòuwù | "shopping" | Open TLD | Yes |
| xn--kput3i[101] | .手机 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified andTraditional) | shǒujī | "cell phone" | Open TLD | Yes |
| xn--mxtq1m[101] | .政府 | Hani Chinese | Chinese (Simplified andTraditional) | zhèngfǔ | "public affairs | Second level restricted toISO3166-1 country codes; third level registrations restricted to governmental organizations, or public institutions[103] | Yes |
| DNS Name | IDN | Language | Script | Transliteration | English Translation | Notes | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| xn--d1acj3b[101] | .дети | Russian | Cyrillic (Russian) | dyeti | "kids" or "children" | Open TLD | Yes |
| xn--80aqecdr1a[101] | .католик | Cyrillic | Katolik | "сatholic" (as noun) | Owned by: Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (Pontifical Council for Social Communications)[11] | ||
| xn--j1aef[101] | .ком | Russian | Cyrillic (Russian) | kom | "com" | Owned by: VeriSign Sarl | |
| xn--80asehdb[101] | .онлайн | Russian | Cyrillic (Russian) | onlain | "online" | Open TLD | Yes |
| xn--c1avg[101] | .орг | Russian | Cyrillic (Russian) | org | "org" or "organization" | Open TLD | Yes |
| xn--80aswg[101] | .сайт | Russian | Cyrillic (Russian) | sait | "site" | Open TLD | Yes |
| DNS Name | IDN | Language | Script | Transliteration | English Translation | Notes | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| xn--q9jyb4c[101] | .みんな | Japanese | Hiragana | minna | everyone | Open TLD[104] | Yes |
| xn--1ck2e1b[101] | .セール | Japanese | Katakana | sēru | sale | Owned by: Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] | |
| xn--bck1b9a5dre4c[101] | .ファッション | Japanese | Katakana | fasshon | fashion | ||
| xn--cck2b3b[101] | .ストア | Japanese | Katakana | sutoa | store | ||
| xn--eckvdtc9d[101] | .ポイント | Japanese | Katakana | pointo | point | ||
| xn--gckr3f0f[101] | .クラウド | Japanese | Katakana | kuraudo | cloud | ||
| xn--tckwe[101] | .コム | Japanese | Katakana | komu | com | Owned by: VeriSign Sarl[11] |
| DNS Name | IDN | Language | Script | Transliteration | English Translation | Notes | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| xn--54b7fta0cc[105] | .বাংলা | Bengali | Bengali | Bānlā | Bangla | Open TLD | |
| xn‑‑h2brj9c[106] | .भारत | Hindi | Devanagari | bharat | India | ||
| xn--i1b6b1a6a2e[101] | .संगठन | Marathi, Hindi | Devanagari | saṅgaṭhana | "organization" | Open TLD | Yes |
| xn--11b4c3d[101] | .कॉम | Marathi, Hindi | Devanagari | kom | com | ||
| xn--c2br7g[101] | .नेट | Marathi, Hindi | Devanagari | net | net | ||
| xn--mk1bu44c[101] | .닷컴 | Korean | Hangul | datkeom / tatk'ŏm | dotcom | ||
| xn--t60b56a[101] | .닷넷 | Korean | Hangul | datnet / tatnet | dotnet | ||
| xn--9dbq2a[101] | .קום | Hebrew | Hebrew | qwm | com | Open TLD | Yes |
| xn--42c2d9a[101] | .คอม | Thai | Thai | khom | com |
| Name | Entity | Notes | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| .africa | Africa | [11][107] | Yes | |
| .capetown | Cape Town, South Africa | [108] | Unknown | Yes |
| .durban |  Durban, South Africa | [109] | Unknown | Yes |
| .joburg |  Johannesburg, South Africa | [110] | Unknown | Yes |
| Name | Entity | Notes | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| .abudhabi |  Abu Dhabi,UAE | [11] | Yes | |
| .arab |  League of Arab States | [11] | Yes | |
| .asia | Asia–Pacific region | This is a TLD for companies, organizations, and individuals based in the region of Asia, Australia, and the Pacific. | Chinese, Japanese, Korean[12] | Yes |
| .doha | Doha,Qatar | [11] | ||
| .dubai | Dubai, UAE | [11] | Yes | |
| .krd |  Kurdistan | This is a TLD for companies, organizations, and individuals based in the region of Kurdistan[111][112] | Kurdish | Yes |
| .kyoto |  Kyoto,Japan | [113] | Yes | |
| .nagoya |  Nagoya, Japan | [114] | Japanese[12] | Yes |
| .okinawa |  Okinawa, Japan | [115] | Japanese | Yes |
| .osaka |  Osaka, Japan | [11] | Yes | |
| .ryukyu | Ryukyu Islands, Japan | [116] | Unknown | Yes |
| .taipei | Taipei, Taiwan | Introduced in September 2014[117] | Unknown | Yes |
| .tokyo |  Tokyo, Japan | [118] | Yes | Yes |
| .yokohama |  Yokohama, Japan | [119] | Japanese | Yes |
| Name | Entity | Notes | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| .alsace |  Alsace | "The purpose of .ALSACE is to bring Alsatian culture and identity to the Internet, make our region more visible internationally and boost the digital economy in Alsace."[120] | Unknown | Yes |
| .bzh |  Brittany;Breton language and culture | Breizh inBreton.[121] This is a TLD for Web sites in the Breton language or related to Breton culture | French[12] | Yes |
| .corsica |  Corsica | TLD Related to Corsican Culture | Unknown | Yes |
| .eus |  Basque, Spain and France | Euskal Herria inBasque. Web sites must be in theBasque language and are checked periodically.[122] | Unknown | Yes |
| .paris |  Paris | "Must be an individual or corporate entity with a bona fide presence in the Greater area of Paris"[123] | Yes | Yes |
| Name | Entity | Notes | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| .bcn |  Barcelona | [11] | Yes | |
| .barcelona | Unknown | Yes | ||
| .cat |  Catalonia;Catalan language and culture | This is a TLD for Web sites in theCatalan language or related to Catalan culture.[124] | Catalan[12] | Yes |
| .eus | Basque, Spain and France | Euskal Herria inBasque. Web sites must be in theBasque language and are checked periodically.[122] | Unknown | Yes |
| .gal |  Galicia | This is a TLD for Web sites in theGalician language or related toGalician culture.[125] | Unknown | Yes |
| .madrid |  Madrid | [126] | Unknown | Yes |
| Name | Entity | Notes | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| .bayern |  Bavaria | [127] | Yes | Yes |
| .berlin |  Berlin | Must have a connection to Berlin, Germany for example a company based in Berlin or a person from Berlin etc.[128] | Latin andCyrillic scripts[12] | Yes |
| .cologne |  Cologne | [129] | Yes | Yes |
| .koeln | [130] | Yes | Yes | |
| .hamburg |  Hamburg | Latin script[12] | Yes | |
| .nrw |  North Rhine-Westphalia | [131] | Yes | Yes |
| .ruhr | Ruhr | [132] | German[12] | Yes |
| .saarland |  Saarland | [133] | Unknown | Yes |
| Name | Entity | Notes | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| .eu |  EU,European Union | [134] Available for any person, company or organization based in the European Union. | Yes | Yes |
| .amsterdam |  Amsterdam,Netherlands | [135] | Unknown | Yes |
| .bar |  Bar,Montenegro | [11] Mostly used for bars and other alcohol facilities worldwide | Unknown | Yes |
| .brussels |  Brussels,Belgium | [136] | Latin script[12] | Yes |
| .cymru |  Wales,United Kingdom | [137] | Welsh[12] | Yes |
| .wales | [137] | Welsh[12] | Yes | |
| .frl |  Friesland,Netherlands | Fryslân in (West) Frisian, one of the twelve provinces in the Netherlands.[138] | Unknown | Yes |
| .gent |  Ghent,Belgium | [139] | Unknown | Yes |
| .helsinki |  Helsinki,Finland | Unknown | Yes | |
| .irish |  Ireland; global Irish community | Unknown | Yes | |
| .ist | İstanbul,Turkey | Unknown | Yes | |
| .istanbul | Unknown | Yes | ||
| .london | London,United Kingdom | [140] | Yes | Yes |
| .moscow [ru] |  Moscow,Russia | [141] | Yes | Yes |
| .scot |  Scotland,United Kingdom | [142] | Unknown | Yes |
| .stockholm |  Stockholm,Sweden | [11] | Yes[143] | Yes |
| .swiss |  Switzerland | [11] | Yes[144] | Yes |
| .tatar | Tatar peoples and places | Tatarstan is a region inRussia, though this TLD is meant for the global Tatar community.[145] | Unknown | Yes |
| .tirol |  Tyrol,Austria | [146] | Yes[12] | Yes |
| .vlaanderen |  Flanders,Belgium | [147] | Latin script[12] | Yes |
| .wien |  Vienna,Austria | [148] | Latin script[12] | Yes |
| .zuerich |  Zurich,Switzerland | [149] | Unknown | Yes |
| .su |  Soviet Union | [150] | Yes[12] | Yes |
| Name | Entity | Notes | IDN | DNSSEC | Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .boston |  Boston,Massachusetts | [11] | Yes | .boston.ma.us | |
| .miami |  Miami,Florida | [151] | Unknown | Yes | .miami.us |
| .nyc |  New York City,New York | [152] | Spanish[12] | Yes | .new-york.ny.us |
| .quebec |  Quebec,Canada | [153] | Unknown | Yes | .qc.ca |
| .vegas |  Las Vegas,Nevada | [154] | Yes | Yes | .las-vegas.nv.us |
| Name | Entity | Notes | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| .kiwi |  New Zealanders | [155] | Latin script[12] | Yes |
| .melbourne |  Melbourne,Australia | [156] | Unknown | Yes |
| .sydney |  Sydney,Australia | [157] | Unknown | Yes |
| Name | Entity | Notes | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| .lat |  Latin America | [158] | Spanish[159] | Yes |
| .rio |  Rio de Janeiro,Brazil | [160] | Unknown | Yes |
| DNS name | Display name | Entity | Language | Script | Transliteration | Notes | Other TLD | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| xn--1qqw23a[101] | .佛山 | Foshan, China | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | fat6 saan1 | [161] | Yes | Yes | |
| xn--xhq521b[101] | .广东 | Guangdong, China | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | gwong2 dung1 | [11] | |||
| xn--80adxhks[101] | .москва [ru] | Moscow, Russia | Russian | Cyrillic (Russian) | moskva | [162] | .moscow | Russian[12] | Yes |
| xn--p1acf[101] | .рус | Russian language,post-Soviet states | Russian | Cyrillic (Russian) | rus | [11] | .su | ||
| xn--mgbca7dzdo[101] | .ابوظبي | Abu Dhabi | Arabic | Arabic | Abū Ẓabī | [11] | .abudhabi | ||
| xn--ngbrx[101] | .عرب | Arab | Arabic | Arabic | ‘Arab | [11] |
| DNS name | IDN TLD | Entity | Script | Transliteration | Comments | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| xn--jlq480n2rg | .亚马逊 | Amazon | Chinese (Simplified) | Yàmǎxùn | [237] | Yes |
| xn—cckwcxetd | .アマゾン | Amazon | Katakana | amazon | [238] | Yes |
| xn--mgba3a3ejt | .ارامكو | Aramco Services Company | Arabic | [11] | ||
| xn--mgbaakc7dvf | .اتصالات | Emirates Telecommunications Corporation (trading as Etisalat) | Arabic | [11] | ||
| xn--8y0a063a | .联通 | China United Network Communications Corporation Limited | Chinese (Simplified) | Liántōng | [11] | |
| xn--6frz82g | .移动 | China Mobile Communications Corporation | Chinese (Simplified) | Yídòng | ||
| xn--fiq64b | .中信 | CITIC Group | Chinese | zhōngxìn | [239] | Yes |
| xn--5su34j936bgsg | .香格里拉 | Shangri‐La International Hotel Management Limited | Chinese | Xiānggélǐlā | [11] | |
| xn--b4w605ferd | .淡马锡 | Temasek Holdings (Private) Limited | Chinese (Simplified) | Dànmǎxī | [11] | |
| xn--3oq18vl8pn36a | .大众汽车 | Volkswagen (China) Investment Co., Ltd. | Chinese (Simplified) | Dàzhòngqìchē | [11] | |
| xn--vermgensberater-ctb | .vermögensberater | Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft | Latin | [240] | Yes | |
| xn--vermgensberatung-pwb | .vermögensberatung | Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft | Latin | [241] | Yes | |
| xn--qcka1pmc | .グーグル | Katakana | gūguru | [242] | Yes | |
| xn--flw351e | .谷歌 | Chinese | gǔgē | [243] | Yes | |
| xn--estv75g | .工行 | Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited | Chinese | Gōngháng | [11] | |
| xn--w4rs40l | .嘉里 | Kerry Trading Co. Limited | Chinese | Jiālǐ | [11] | |
| xn--w4r85el8fhu5dnra | .嘉里大酒店 | Kerry Trading Co. Limited | Chinese | Jiālǐdàjiǔdiàn | [11] | |
| xn--kcrx77d1x4a | .飞利浦 | KoninklijkePhilips N.V. | Chinese (Simplified) | Fēilìpǔ | [11] | |
| xn--jlq61u9w7b | .诺基亚 | Nokia Corporation | Chinese (Simplified) | Nuòjīyà | [11][244] | |
| xn--fzys8d69uvgm | .電訊盈科 | PCCW Enterprises Limited | Chinese (Traditional) | din6 soen3 jing4 fo1 | [11] | |
| xn--cg4bki | .삼성 | Samsung | Hangul | samseong | [245] | Yes |
ICANN/IANA has created some special-use domain names which are meant for technical purposes. ICANN/IANA owns all of the special-use domain names.[246]
| Name | Entity | Notes | IDN |
|---|---|---|---|
| .example | Not installed as a domain name, but usable in text as an example. (example.com, example.net, and example.org are also reserved for this purpose but are active sites.) | Unknown | |
| .internal | Not installed as a domain name, but usable in private and internal networks. | Unknown | |
| .invalid | Not installed as a domain name, but usable in testing as a domain which wouldn't work. | Unknown | |
| .local | Local network. Must be used withmulticast DNS (mDNS).[247] | Unknown | |
| .localhost | Points back to own computer. | Unknown | |
| .onion | Connection to theTor network. | Unknown | |
| .test | Meant for testingDNS software. | Unknown |
Besides the TLDs managed (or at least tracked) by IANA or ICANN, other independent groups have created, or had attempted to create, their own TLDs with varying technical specifications, functions, and outcomes.
TheIETF has submitted severalrequests for comments on TLDs that could be used to represent local devices and services.
| Name | RFC | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| .home.arpa | RFC 8375[248] | A special-use domain for non-unique use in residential home networks. |
| .internal | RFC 6762 Appendix G[249] | ICANN has registered this top-level domain for private use.[250] |
| .intranet | The IETF does not recommend use of unregistered top-level domains at all, but should network operators decide to do this, the following top-level domains have been used on private internal networks without the problems caused by trying to reuse ".local" for this purpose. | |
| .private | ||
| .corp | Mentioned by ICANN for causing a name collision.[251] | |
| .home | ||
| .lan | Many routers automatically append ".lan" to local device hostnames, including those that useOpenWrt. |
Blockchain-based domains are registered and exchanged using a publicblockchain likeEthereum. Oftentimes, these domains serve specific functions such as creatinghuman-readable references tosmart contract addresses used inDApps or personalwallet addresses.[252] Generally, these non-standard domains are unreachable through the normal DNS resolution process and instead require clients to use some sort of transparent web proxy or gateway to access them
| Name | Blockchain | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| N/A | Handshake | Handshake is both analternative DNS root zone and a domain name-centricblockchain meant for managing TLDs in a decentralized way which allows virtually any domain to be registered as a TLD by end users. The project intends to be a more resilient and distributed implementation of the global root zone without needing a centralized organization, like ICANN, to manage or operate it. However, it doesn't aim to outright replace the existing root zone, as it reserves all existing TLDs so that a query forwikipedia.org, for example, that is sent to a Handshake node can be redirected to the traditional root.[253] |
| .eth | Ethereum | Domains under the.eth TLD are primarily used ashuman-readable aliases toEthereum wallet addresses, rather than IP addresses,[254] though some efforts into expanding the use of.eth into the traditional DNS space have been made. |
| .crypto, .zil | Ethereum, Zilliqa | Both.crypto and.zil aim to makecryptocurrency wallet address resolution easier, with the exception that, unlike the other examples mentioned here, the two TLDs are the product of a for-profit company, Unstoppable Domains, that markets the domains as analternative DNS root despite being entirely dependent on the traditional root zone.[255] |
| .bit | Namecoin | Namecoin's.bit TLD technically operates as a single-domain DNS root, though has historically peered with theOpenNIC root zone to provide greater accessibility. The popularity and usage of.bit domains is much lower than the other projects mentioned, despite it being the earliest example. This is primarily due to the negative reputation Namecoin has garnered after.bit domains became popular for sharing and distributing illegal or illicit content such as malware, which ultimately promptedOpenNIC to end its peering agreement and stop serving the TLD in its root zone in 2018.[256] |
| .xlm | Stellar | Soroban domain allows Stellar's blockchain addresses to be shortened as a.xlm address using a Soroban smart contract.[257] |
In the case ofalternative DNS roots, organizations or projects make use of the same mechanisms of the DNS but instead take on the role of ICANN in managing and administering an entirely separate root zone, thus having the ability to create new TLDs independently. However, this doesn't make these domains any less isolated from the rest of the internet, though the ability for clients to resolve them theoretically only requires switching to arecursive DNS resolver that recognizes and serves records underneath the alternate root zone.
| Name | Root | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| N/A | Handshake | The list of registered TLDs on the Handshake blockchain is too large and dynamic to enumerate here. |
| .bbs .chan .cyb .dyn .geek .gopher .indy .libre .neo .null .o .oss .oz .parody .pirate | OpenNIC | |
| .fur | FurNIC | |
| .lib .coin .emc .bazar | Emercoin | |
| .ku .te .ti .uu .ko .rm | New Nations |
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