| .303 British | ||||||||||||||||
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| Type | Rifle | |||||||||||||||
| Place of origin | United Kingdom | |||||||||||||||
| Service history | ||||||||||||||||
| In service | 1889–present | |||||||||||||||
| Used by | United Kingdom and many other countries | |||||||||||||||
| Wars |
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| Production history | ||||||||||||||||
| Produced | 1889–present | |||||||||||||||
| Specifications | ||||||||||||||||
| Case type | Rimmed, tapered, bottleneck | |||||||||||||||
| Bullet diameter | 7.92 mm (0.312 in) | |||||||||||||||
| Land diameter | 7.70 mm (0.303 in) | |||||||||||||||
| Neck diameter | 8.64 mm (0.340 in) | |||||||||||||||
| Shoulder diameter | 10.19 mm (0.401 in) | |||||||||||||||
| Base diameter | 11.68 mm (0.460 in) | |||||||||||||||
| Rim diameter | 13.72 mm (0.540 in) | |||||||||||||||
| Rim thickness | 1.63 mm (0.064 in) | |||||||||||||||
| Case length | 56.44 mm (2.222 in) | |||||||||||||||
| Overall length | 78.11 mm (3.075 in) | |||||||||||||||
| Case capacity | 3.64 cm3 (56.2 gr H2O) | |||||||||||||||
| Rifling twist | 254 mm (1-10 in) | |||||||||||||||
| Primer type | Large rifle | |||||||||||||||
| Maximum pressure (C.I.P.) | 365.00 MPa (52,939 psi) | |||||||||||||||
| Maximum pressure (SAAMI) | 337.84 MPa (49,000 psi) | |||||||||||||||
| Maximum CUP | 45,000 CUP | |||||||||||||||
| Ballistic performance | ||||||||||||||||
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| Test barrel length: 24 in (610 mm) Source: Accurate Powder[1][failed verification] | ||||||||||||||||
The.303 British (designated as the303 British by theC.I.P.[2] andSAAMI[3]) or7.7×56mmR, is a .303-inch (7.7 mm) calibrerimmedtapered bottleneck centerfirerifle cartridge. The .303-inch bore diameter is measured betweenrifling lands as is the common practice in Europe, which follows the traditional black powder convention.
It was first manufactured in Britain as a stop-gapblack powder round put into service in December 1888 for theLee–Metford rifle. From 1891, the cartridge usedsmokeless powder, which had been the intention from the outset, but the decision on which smokeless powder to adopt had been delayed.[4] It was the standard British andCommonwealth military cartridge forrifles andmachine guns from 1889 until it was replaced by the7.62×51mm NATO[2] in the 1950s.
The .303 British has a 3.64mL (56gr H2O) cartridge case capacity. The pronounced tapering exterior shape of the case was designed to promote reliable case feeding and extraction inbolt-action rifles andmachine guns alike, under challenging conditions.
Americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 ≈ 17 degrees. The commonriflingtwist rate for this cartridge is 254 mm (10.0 in), 5 grooves, Ø lands = 7.70 millimetres (0.303 in), Ø grooves = 7.92 millimetres (0.312 in), land width = 2.12 millimetres (0.083 in) and theprimer type is Berdan or Boxer (in large rifle size).
According to official rulings of theCommission internationale permanente pour l'épreuve des armes à feu portatives (CIP), the .303 British can handle up to 3,650 bars (365.0 MPa; 52,940 psi) Pmax piezo pressure.[5] In CIP-regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to beproofed at 125% of this maximum CIP pressure to certify for sale to consumers.[2]This means that .303 British chambered arms in CIP-regulated countries are, as of 2023[update], proof tested at 4,562 bars (456.2 MPa; 66,170 psi) PE piezo pressure.
TheSporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI) maximum average pressure (MAP) for this cartridge is 49,000 psi (338 MPa) piezo pressure (45,000CUP).[6]
The measurement .303 inches (7.7 mm) is thenominal size of the bore measured between the lands which follows the older black powder nomenclature. Measured between the grooves, the nominal size of the bore is .311 inches (7.9 mm). Bores for many .303military surplus rifles are often found ranging from around .309 to .318 inches (7.8–8.1 mm). Recommended bullet diameter for standard .303 British cartridges is .312 inches (7.9 mm).[7]
During a service life of over 70 years with the British Commonwealth armed forces, the .303-inch (7.7 mm) cartridge in its ball pattern progressed through ten marks, eventually extending to about 26 variations.[8]Thebolt thrust of the .303 British is relatively low compared to many other service rounds used in the early 20th century.[citation needed]
The original .303 British service cartridge employed black powder as a propellant, and was adopted for the Lee–Metford rifle, which hadrifling designed to lessen fouling from this propellant, which replaced theMartini-Henry rifle in 1888. Some Martini-Henrys were rebarrelled to use the new .303 as the "Martini–Metford".
The Lee–Metford was used as a trial platform by the British Committee on Explosives to experiment with many different smokeless powders then coming to market, includingBallistite,Cordite, andRifleite.[9][10][11] Ballistite was a stick-type smokeless powder composed of solublenitrocellulose andnitroglycerine.[11] Cordite was a stick-type or 'chopped' smokeless gunpowder composed of nitroglycerine,gun-cotton, and mineral jelly, whileRifleite was a true nitrocellulose powder, composed of soluble and insoluble nitrocellulose,phenyl amidazobense, and volatiles similar to French smokeless powders.[10][11] Unlike Cordite,Rifleite was a flake powder, and contained no nitroglycerine.[11] Excessive wear of the shallowMetford rifling with all smokeless powders then available caused ordnance authorities to institute a new type of barrel rifling designed by theRoyal Small Arms Factory at Enfield, to increase barrel life; the redesigned rifle introduced in 1895 as theLee–Enfield.[9] After extensive testing, the Committee on Explosives selected Cordite for use in the Mark II .303 British service cartridge.[9]
The initial .303 Mark I and Mk II service cartridges used a 215-grain (13.9 g), round-nosed, copper-nickelfull metal jacketed bullet with alead core. After tests determined that the service bullet had too thin a jacket when used with cordite, the Mk II bullet was introduced, with a flat base and thicker copper-nickel jacket.[12]
The Mk II round-nosed bullet was found to be unsatisfactory when used in combat, particularly when compared to the "dum-dum"expanding bullet rounds issued in limited numbers in 1897 during theChitral andTirah expeditions of 1897–98 on theNorth West Frontier of India.[12] This led to the 1898 introduction of theCartridge S.A. ball .303 inch Cordite Mark III, basically the original 215-grain (13.9 g) bullet with the jacketing cut back to expose the lead in the nose.[12][13] The Mk III load, however, was almost immediately withdrawn as a result of production issues leading to the introduction of the similar Mk IVhollow-point loading in February of the next year, which was put into mass production in Britain, Canada and New Zealand.[13] Following the pivotalBattle of Omdurman of theMahdist War, Major Mathias of theRoyal Army Medical Corps observed a young man who had been struck twice by Mark IV bullets:
He had a bullet wound of the left leg above the knee. The wound entrance was clean cut and very small. The projectile had struck the Femur, just above the internal condyle; the whole of the lower end of this bone, and upper end of the Tibia, were shattered to pieces, the knee joint being completely disorganised.
He had also been wounded in the right shoulder... The whole of the shoulder joint and scapular [sic] were shattered to pieces. In neither case was there any sign of a wound of exit.
The design of the Mk IV hollow-point bullet shifted bullet weight rearwards, improving stability and accuracy over the regular round-nose bullet.[12] These soft-nosed and hollow-point bullets, while effective against human targets, had a tendency to shed the outer metal jacket upon firing; the latter occasionally stuck in the bore, causing a dangerous obstruction.[12] This was addressed by the introduction of a revised Mk V loading later in October (controversially so, as by August the Hague Convention had already made the military implementation of such expanding bullets illegal) identical to the Mark IV round apart from the addition of 2% antimony to the lead core and an additional 1.3 mm in length.[13]
The concern about expanding bullets was brought up at theHague Convention of 1899 by Swiss and Dutch representatives. The Swiss were concerned about small arms ammunition that "increased suffering", and the Dutch focused on the British Mark III .303 loading in response to their treatment ofBoer settlers in South Africa. The British and American defence was that they should not focus on specific bullet designs, like hollow-points, but instead on rounds that caused "superfluous injury". The parties in the end agreed to abstain from using expanding bullets.[12] With the use of expanding bullets against signatories of the convention deemed inhumane, the Mk III, Mk IV, and Mk V were withdrawn from active service. The remaining stocks (over 45 million rounds) were used for target practice. The Mark III and other expanding versions of the .303 were not issued during theSecond Boer War (1899–1902). Boer guerrillas allegedly used expanding hunting ammunition against the British during the war, and New Zealand Commonwealth troops may have brought Mark III rounds with them privately after the Hague Convention without authorization.[14]
To replace the Mk III, IV, and V, theMark VI round was introduced in 1904, using a round nose bullet similar to the Mk II, but with a thinner jacket designed to produce some expansion, though this proved not to be the case.[15][16]
In 1898,Atelier de Construction de Puteaux (APX), with their "Balle D" design for the8×50mmR Lebel cartridge, revolutionised bullet design with the introduction of pointed "spitzer" rounds. In addition to being pointed, the bullet was also much lighter in order to deliver a higher muzzle velocity. It was found that as velocity increased the bullets suddenly became much more deadly.[17]
In 1910, the British took the opportunity to replace their Mk VI cartridge with a more modern design. TheMark VII loading used a 174 gr (11.28 g) pointed bullet with a flat-base. The .303 British Mark VII cartridge was loaded with 37 gr (2.40 g) of Cordite MDT 5-2 (cordite MD pressed into tubes) and had a muzzle velocity of 2,440 ft/s (744 m/s) and a maximum range of approximately 3,000 yd (2,700 m).[4][18][19] The Mk VII was different from earlier .303 bullet designs or spitzer projectiles in general. Although it appears to be a conventional spitzer-shape full metal jacket bullet, this appearance is deceptive: its designers made the front third of the interior of the Mk 7 bullets out of aluminium (from Canada) ortenite (cellulosic plastic), wood pulp or compressed paper, instead of lead and they were autoclaved to prevent wound infection. This lighter nose shifted thecentre of gravity of the bullet towards the rear, making it tail heavy. Although the bullet was stable in flight due to thegyroscopic forces imposed on it by therifling of the barrel, it behaved very differently upon hitting the target. As soon as the bullet hit the target and decelerated, its heavier lead base caused it topitch violently and deform. By tumbling, it inflicted more severegunshot wounds than a standard single-core spitzer design.[20] The Mk VII bullet was considered to be in compliance of theHague Convention as its metal jacket completely covered the cores. The convention only prohibited "the use of bullets which can easily expand or change their form inside the human body such as bullets with a hard covering which does not completely cover the core...".[21] It was noted by German Professor K. Stargardt in December 1914 that the Mk VII bullet would routinely "...disintegrate on the lightest contact with a firm body, such as a bone," resulting in an "explosive effect," and leaving artillery-like fragmentation in the body.[22][a]
TheMk VIIz (and later Mk VIIIz) rounds have versions utilizing 41 gr (2.66 g)Dupont No. 16 single-basesmokeless powder based on nitrocellulose flake shapedpropellants. The nitrocellulose versions—first introduced in World War I—were designated with a "z" postfix indicated after the type (e.g. Mark VIIz, with a bullet weight of 175 gr (11.34 g)) and inheadstamps.[25]
.303 British cartridges, along with theLee–Enfield rifle, were heavily criticized after the Second Boer War. Their heavy round-nosed bullets had low muzzle velocities and suffered compared to the7×57mm rounds fired from theMauser Model 1895. The high-velocity 7×57mm had a flatter trajectory and longer range that excelled on the open country of the South African plains. In 1910, work began on a long-range replacement cartridge, which emerged in 1912 as the.276 Enfield. The British also sought to replace the Lee–Enfield rifle with thePattern 1913 Enfield rifle, based on the Mauser M98 bolt action design. Although the round had better ballistics, troop trials in 1913 revealed problems including excessive recoil, muzzle flash, barrel wear and overheating. Attempts were made to find a cooler-burning propellant, but further trials were halted in 1914 by the onset ofWorld War I. As a result, the Lee–Enfield rifle was retained, and the .303 British cartridge (with the improved Mark VII loading) was kept in service.[26]
In 1938 theMark VIIIz "streamline ammunition" round was approved to obtain greater range from theVickers machine gun.[27] The streamlined bullet was based on the7.5×55mm Swiss GP11 projectiles and slightly longer and heavier than the Mk VII bullet at 175 gr (11.34 g), the primary difference was the addition of aboat tail at the end of the bullet and using 37 to 41 gr (2.40 to 2.66 g) of nitrocellulose smokeless powder as propellant in the case of the Mk VIIIz, giving a muzzle velocity of 2,525 ft/s (770 m/s). As a result, the chamber pressure was higher, at 40,000 to 42,000 psi (275.8 to 289.6 MPa), depending upon loading, compared to the 39,000 psi (268.9 MPa) of the Mark VII(z) round.[28][29] The Mark VIIIz streamline ammunition had a maximum range of approximately 4,500 yd (4,115 m).[30] Mk VIIIz ammunition was described as being for "All suitably-sighted .303-inch small arms and machine guns" – rifles andBren guns were proofed at 50,000 psi (344.7 MPa) – but caused significant bore erosion in weapons formerly using Mk VII ammunition, ascribed to the channelling effect of the boat-tail projectile. As a result, it was prohibited from general use with rifles and light machine guns except when low flash was important and in emergencies.[31] As a consequence of the official prohibition, ordnance personnel reported that every man who could get his hands on Mk VIIIz ammunition promptly used it in his own rifle.[27]
Tracer and armour-piercing cartridges were introduced during 1915, with explosivePomeroy bullets introduced as the Mark VII.Y in 1916.
Several incendiaries were privately developed from 1914 to counter theZeppelin threat but none were approved until the Brock design late in 1916 as BIK Mark VII.K[32] Wing CommanderFrank BrockRNVR, its inventor, was a member of theBrock fireworks-making family. Anti-zeppelin missions typically used machine guns loaded with a mixture of Brock bullets containingpotassium chlorate, Pomeroy bullets containingdynamite, and Buckingham bullets containingpyrophoric yellowphosphorus.[33] A later incendiary was known as thede Wilde, which had the advantage of leaving no visible trail when fired. The de Wilde was later used in some numbers in fighter guns during the 1940Battle of Britain.[34]
These rounds were extensively developed over the years and saw several Mark numbers. The last tracer round introduced into British service was the G Mark 8 in 1945, the last armour-piercing round was the W Mark 1Z in 1945 and the last incendiary round was the B Mark 7 in 1942. Explosive bullets were not produced in the UK after 1933 due to the relatively small amount of explosive that could be contained in the bullet, limiting their effectiveness, their role being taken by the use of Mark 6 and 7 incendiary bullets.
In 1935, the .303 O Mark 1 Observing round was introduced for use in machine guns. The bullet to this round was designed to break up with a puff of smoke on impact. The later Mark 6 and 7 incendiary rounds could also be used in this role.
During World War I British factories alone produced 7,000,000,000 rounds of .303 ammunition. Factories in other countries added greatly to this total.[35]
Spent .303 cartridges were used to make cases of the bullet pencils included in some of thePrincess Mary Christmas gift boxes given to troops in World War 1.[36]
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| Headstamp ID | Primer annulus colour | Bullet tip colour | Other features | Functional type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VII or VIIZ | Purple | None | None | Ball |
| VIIIZ | Purple | None | None | Ball |
| G1, G2, G3, G7 or G8 | Red | None | None | Tracer |
| G4, G4Z, G6 or G6Z | Red | White | None | Tracer |
| G5 or G5Z | Red | Grey | None | Tracer |
| PG1 or PG1Z | Red | None | Blue band on case base | Practice Tracer |
| W1 or W1Z | Green | None | None | Armour-piercing |
| VIIF or VIIFZ | None | None | None | Semi-armour piercing (1916–1918) |
| F1 | Green | None | None | Semi-armour piercing (1941) |
| B4 or B4Z | Blue | None | Step-in bullet jacket | Incendiary |
| B6 or B6Z | Blue | None | None | Incendiary |
| B7 or B7Z | Blue | Blue | None | Incendiary |
| O.1 | Black | Black | None | Observing |
| L V | None | None | crimped tip, strawboard wad in case neck | Blank Mark 5 |
| H1Z | None | None | Front half of case blackened | Grenade discharger (No.23 grenade) |
| H2 | None | None | Entire case blackened | Grenade discharger (rodded grenades) |
| H4 | None | None | rosette-crimped tip with red sealant, Case blackened3⁄4 in (19 mm) from each end | Grenade discharger (No.85 grenade from Lee-Enfield No.5 rifle ) |
| H7Z | None | None | rosette-crimped tip, Rear half of case blackened | Grenade discharger. Very powerful load. |
| D VI | None | None | white-metal alloy case with three red-enameled longitudinal grooves, Ball bullet over wooden dowel | Drill cartridge Mark 6 (training "dummy", used by recruits when practicing loading and unloading the Lee-Enfield rifle) |
| U V | None | None | white-metal case, solidgilding-metal bullet over wooden dowel. Weighs the same as a Ball Mk.VII cartridge | Dummy cartridge Mark 5 (a tool cartridge, used by armorers for weapon testing and operation) |
Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service adoptedRo-Go Ko-gata seaplane armed with a .303 MG in 1918, and the calibre was common on surplusEntente aircraft acquired by theImperial Japanese Army Air Service after WWI, so its usage continued during theInterbellum, and on naval aircraft even throughout WWII. Japan produced a number of machine guns that were direct copies of the BritishLewis (JapaneseType 92 machine gun) andVickers machine guns as well as ammunition for them. The 7.7 mm cartridge used by the Japanese versions of the British guns is a direct copy of the .303 British (7.7×56mmR) rimmed cartridge and is distinctly different from the7.7×58mm Arisaka rimless and7.7×58mm Type 92 semi-rimmed cartridges used in other Japanese machine guns and rifles.[37]
Note: standard Japanese ball ammunition was very similar to the British Mk 7 cartridge. The two had identical bullet weights and a "tail-heavy" design, as can be seen in the cut-away diagram.
The .303 cartridge has seen much sporting use with surplus military rifles, especially in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and to a lesser extent in the United States and South Africa. In Canada, it was found to be adequate for any game. In Australia, it was common for military rifles to be re-barrelled in.303/25 and.303/22. However the .303 round still retains a considerable following as a game cartridge for all game species, especiallySambar deer in wooded country. A change.org petition askingLithgow Arms to chamber the LA102 centrefire rifle in .303 as a special edition release has attracted considerable attention both in Australia and worldwide. In South Africa, .303 Lee–Enfield rifles captured by the Boers during theBoer War were adapted for sporting purposes and became popular with many hunters of non-dangerous game, being regarded as adequate for anything from the relatively smallimpala to the massiveeland andkudu.[38]
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The .303 British is one of the few (along with the.22 Hornet,.30-30 Winchester, and7.62×54mmR) bottlenecked rimmed centrefire rifle cartridges still in common use today. Most of the bottleneck rimmed cartridges of the late 1880s and 1890s fell into disuse by the end of the First World War. Commercial ammunition for weapons chambered in .303 British is readily available, as the cartridge is still manufactured by major producers such asRemington,Federal,Winchester,Sellier & Bellot, Denel-PMP,Prvi Partizan andWolf. Commercially produced ammunition is widely available in variousfull metal jacket bullet,soft point,hollow point, flat-based andboat tail designs, both spitzer and round-nosed.
The .303 British cartridge is suitable for all medium-sized game and is an excellent choice forwhitetail deer andblack bear hunting. In Canada it was a popular moose and deer cartridge when military surplus rifles were available and cheap; it is still used. The .303 British can offer very good penetrating ability due to a fast twist rate that enables it to fire long, heavy bullets with a highsectional density.Canadian Rangers use it for survival andpolar bear protection. In 2015, the Canadian Rangers began the process to evaluate rifles chambered for.308 Winchester. The Canadian Department of National Defence has since replaced the previously issuedLee–Enfield No. 4 rifles with theColt Canada C19 chambered as evaluated in7.62×51mm NATO/.308 Winchester.[39]
During the 1890s, Scottish gunsmith Daniel Fraser developed a rimless version of the cartridge known as ".303 Fraser Velox" or ".303 Fraser Rimless", loaded with a bullet of his own oblique ratchet design to enhance expansion which was patented in 1897[40][41][42] The bullet was also used in a proprietary loading of .303 British marketed as ".303 Fraser Flanged".[43]
Proprietary loadings of .303 British include the ".303 Marksman" byEley Brothers from before 1908.[44] and ".303 Swift" from before 1911.[45]
In 1899, the British service round was lengthened and necked-out to create the.375 Flanged Nitro Express hunting cartridge for single-shot and double rifles. Around 1905, it was necked down back to create.375/303 Westley Richards Accelerated Express.[citation needed]
In 1917, design work started on a more powerful military cartridge of the same calibre and overall length.[citation needed] In 1918 it was planned that the new round, also retaining the old rim diameter, would be used in rechambered P14 rifles with AP rounds to defeat German targets on the battlefield of WWI as well as in the RAF in modified Lewis gun. The cartridge was "produced in quantity" but not adopted formally. The case was 62mm long with the bullet (a Ball Mark VII or Mark VIIW) set deep within to keep overall length down. The ordinary round was designated "Cartridge S.A. ball .303 inch Rimless" despite the fact that it retained headspacing on its rim and wassemi-rimmed.[46] It is better known[citation needed] today under names like ".303 Lewis Semi-Rimmed".
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After WWII, Australians found themselves with quite a few .303" service rifles but at the same time newlegal restrictions on military ammunition, which led to development of manywildcat rounds,[47] the best-known of which are.303/25 and.303/22.[citation needed]
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In parallel to Australia, the same wildcatting was happening in other countries of the Commonwealth, and in 1969Pretoria Metal Pressings started factory production of a .303 necked down to 6 mm (.243") under the name of6 mm Musgrave.[48]
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Canadian Ellwood Epps, founder of Epps Sporting Goods, created an improved version of the .303 British.[when?] It has better ballistic performance than the standard .303 British cartridge. This is accomplished by increasing the shoulder angle from 16 to 35 degrees, and reducing the case taper from .062 inches (1.6 mm) to .009 inches (0.23 mm). These changes increase the case's internal volume by approximately 9%. The increased shoulder angle and reduced case taper eliminate the drooping shoulders of the original .303 British case, which, combined with reaming the chamber to .303 Epps, improves case life.[49]
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