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Macron below

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Diacritical mark

◌̱
Macron below
U+0331 ◌̱COMBINING MACRON BELOW

A̱a̱ḆḇC̱c̱

Macron below is acombining diacritical mark that is used in various orthographies.^[1]

A non-combining form isU+02CD ˍMODIFIER LETTER LOW MACRON. It is not to be confused withU+0320 ◌̠COMBINING MINUS SIGN BELOW,U+0332 ◌̲COMBINING LOW LINE andU+005F _LOW LINE. The difference between "macron below" and "low line" is that the latter results in an unbroken underline when it is run together: comparea̱ḇc̱ anda̲b̲c̲ (only the latter should look likeabc).^[2]

Unicode

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Macron below character

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Unicode defines several characters for the macron below:

macron below
combining			spacing
character	Unicode	HTML	character	Unicode	HTML
◌̱ single	U+0331	̱	ˍ letter	U+02CD	ˍ
◌͟◌ double	U+035F	͟

There are many similar marks covered elsewhere:

Spacingunderscores, including
- U+005F _LOW LINE (&lowbar;, &UnderBar;)
- U+2017 ‗DOUBLE LOW LINE
Combiningunderlines, including
- U+0332 ◌̲COMBINING LOW LINE
- U+0333 ◌̳COMBINING DOUBLE LOW LINE
- U+0347 ◌͇COMBINING EQUALS SIGN BELOW;
- U+FE2B ◌︫COMBINING MACRON LEFT HALF BELOW
- U+FE2C ◌︬COMBINING MACRON RIGHT HALF BELOW
- U+FE2D ◌︭COMBINING CONJOINING MACRON BELOW
International Phonetic Alphabet mark forretracted or backed articulation:^[1]
- U+0320 ◌̠COMBINING MINUS SIGN BELOW
- U+02D7 ˗MODIFIER LETTER MINUS SIGN

Precomposed characters

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Variousprecomposed letters with a macron below are defined in Unicode:

upper case			lower case			notes
letter	Unicode	HTML	letter	Unicode	HTML	notes
Ḇ	U+1E06	Ḇ	ḇ	U+1E07	ḇ	Used in the transliteration ofBiblical Hebrew into the Roman alphabet to show thefricative value of the letterbeth (ב) representing [v], or perhaps[β].
Ḏ	U+1E0E	Ḏ	ḏ	U+1E0F	ḏ	Used in the transliteration ofBiblical Hebrew,Syriac andArabic into the Roman alphabet to show thefricative value of the letterdalet (ד),[ð], and in the romanization ofPashto, it is used sometimes to representretroflex D. In Dravidian languages' transcription it represents an alveolar /d/.
			ẖ	U+1E96	ẖ	Sometimes used for Arabicخẖāʼ, Hebrew ח‎heth,Egyptian𓄡 \|(ẖ). There is noprecomposed upper case equivalent ofẖ so it uses acombining macron below instead:H̱.
Ḵ	U+1E34	Ḵ	ḵ	U+1E35	ḵ	Used in the transliteration of Biblical Hebrew into the Roman alphabet to show the fricative value of the letterkaph (כ) representing[x]. Used inTlingit andHaida (among otherPacific Northwest languages) for thevoiceless uvular stop[q]. Close toKorean ㄲ kk; closest English "shocking". Used optionally in the K-dialect ofMāori in the South Island of New Zealand, where an original ng has merged with k. The ḵ indicates that it corresponds to ng in other dialects. There is no difference in pronunciation between ḵ and k.
Ḻ	U+1E3A	Ḻ	ḻ	U+1E3B	ḻ	One possibletransliteration of the Dravidian retroflex approximant /ɻ/ as inTamil letterழ. Ḻ is used in theSeri language to represent[l], like Englishl, while unmodified "l" represents[ɬ], like Welshll. It is also used in theproposed Unified Alphabet forMapudungun.
Ṉ	U+1E48	Ṉ	ṉ	U+1E49	ṉ	Used inPitjantjatjara to represent[ɳ], and inSaanich to represent both plain andglottalized[ɴ]. In the romanization ofPashto, it is used sometimes to representretroflex N. In Dravidian languages' transcription it represents an alveolar /n/.
Ṟ	U+1E5E	Ṟ	ṟ	U+1E5F	ṟ	Used inPitjantjatjara to represent[ɻ], and sometimes in the romanization ofPashto to represent theretroflex R. In Dravidian languages' transcription it represents an alveolar trill /r/.
Ṯ	U+1E6E	Ṯ	ṯ	U+1E6F	ṯ	Used in theproposed Unified Alphabet forMapudungun language representing[t̪]. In the romanization ofPashto, it is used sometimes to representretroflex T. In Dravidian languages' transcription it represents an alveolar /t/. In the romanization ofArabic this letter is used to transcribe the letterṮāʾ.
Ẕ	U+1E94	Ẕ	ẕ	U+1E95	ẕ	Used in the 1953 Hebrew AcademyRomanization of Hebrew to representtsade (צ).
			₫	U+20AB	₫	Vietnamese đồng.

Note that the Unicode character names of precomposed characters whosedecompositions containU+0331 ◌̱COMBINING MACRON BELOW use "WITH LINE BELOW" rather than "WITH MACRON BELOW". Thus,U+1E07 ḇLATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH LINE BELOW decomposes toU+0062 bLATIN SMALL LETTER B andU+0331 ◌̱COMBINING MACRON BELOW.^[3]

TheVietnamese đồng currency sign resembles a lower case d with a stroke and macron below:U+20AB ₫DONG SIGN but is neither a letter nor decomposable.^[4]

InSwedish,o̱ is frequently used as a substitute for&, particularly in handwriting and in prose.^[5]

References

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^^a ^b"Combining Diacritical Marks Code Chart, Range: 0300–036F"(PDF).The Unicode Standard. Retrieved2016-11-21.
^"6.2 General Punctuation"(PDF).The Unicode Standard. Version 11.0.0. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2018. p. 273.ISBN 978-1-936213-19-1. Retrieved2018-12-12.Spacing Overscores and Underscores. U+203E OVERLINE is the above-the-line counterpart to U+005F low line. It is a spacing character, not to be confused with U+0305 COMBINING OVERLINE. As with all overscores and underscores, a sequence of these characters should connect in an unbroken line. The overscoring characters also must be distinguished from U+0304 COMBINING MACRON, which does not connect horizontally in this way.
^"Latin Extended Additional Code Chart, Range: 1E00–1EFF"(PDF).The Unicode Standard. Retrieved2016-11-21.
^"Unicode character database".The Unicode Standard. Retrieved2016-11-21.
^"Varifrån kommer o med streck under?" (in Swedish). Språkrådet. 2013-04-14. Archived fromthe original on 2014-04-02.

v t e Diacritics
In Latin, Cyrillic and Greek	◌́ ◌̋ acute andRoman apex,double acute ◌̆ ◌̑ breve,inverted breve ◌̌ caron, háček ◌̧ cedilla ◌̂ circumflex ◌̈ diaeresis,umlaut,other ◌̇ ◌̣ dot ◌̀ ◌̏ grave,double grave ◌̉ hook above ◌̡ ◌̢ palatal hook,retroflex hook ◌̛ horn ◌ͅ iota subscript ◌̄ macron ◌̨ ogonek,nosinė ◌̊ ◌̥ overring,underring ◌͂ perispomene ◌͗ sicilicus ◌̃ tilde ◌᷃ Vietnamese tilde ◌῾ ◌᾿ rough breathing,smooth breathing
InEarly Cyrillic	◌҄ palatalization sign ◌҇ pokrytie ◌҃ titlo
InIndic	ं ং ଂ ം anusvara ऽ ঽ ଽ ఽ ഽ ྅ avagraha ँ ఁ ྃ chandrabindu ़ nuqta ् ് ్ ್ ් ် virama ः ঃ ଃ ஃ visarga
In other scripts	Arabic diacritics Greek diacritics Gurmukhī diacritics Hebrew diacritics diacritics in IPA Japanesekana diacritics ◌゙ ◌゚ dakuten, handakuten Khmer diacritics Syriac diacritics Thai diacritics
Marks used as diacritics	’ apostrophe / bar : colon , comma . full stop/period ˗ hyphen ′ prime
Non-diacritic uses	^ caret ° degree symbol ~ tilde § Mathematics
InUnicode	◌ dotted circle (placeholder glyph character) combining character § Unicode ranges
See also: English terms with diacritical marks Metal umlaut Punctuation marks Category: Diacritics

Latin script

Alphabets (list)

Classical Latin alphabet
ISO basic Latin alphabet
Phonetic alphabets
- International Phonetic Alphabet
- X-SAMPA
Spelling alphabet

Letters (list)

Letters of theISO basic Latin alphabet
Aa	Bb	Cc	Dd	Ee	Ff	Gg	Hh	Ii	Jj	Kk	Ll	Mm	Nn	Oo	Pp	Qq	Rr	Ss	Tt	Uu	Vv	Ww	Xx	Yy	Zz
Additional Latin letters
Æ æ	Ɑ ɑ	Ʌ ʌ	Ꞵ ꞵ	Ð ð	Ɛ ɛ	Ə ə	Ǝ ə	Ɣ ɣ	Ƣ ƣ	Ɩ ɩ	Ɥ ɥ	Ꟛ ꟛ	Ŋ ŋ	Œ œ	Ɔ ɔ	Ɤ ɤ	Kʼ ĸ	Ʀ ʀ	ẞ ß	Ʃ ʃ	Ɯ ɯ	Ʊ ʊ	Ꞷ ꞷ	Ʋ ʋ	Ƿ ƿ
Ȝ ȝ	ϴ θ	Ʒ ʒ	Ƹ ƹ	Þ þ	Ȣ ȣ	Ꭓ ꭓ	Ɂ ʔ ɂ	꟎ ʕ ꟏	ǀ	ǁ	ǂ	ǃ	ʘ	ʻ	ʼ	Ꞌ ꞌ	3	Ꜫ ꜫ	Ꜭ ꜭ	7
Letters usingmacron sign ( ◌̄, ◌̱ )
Āā	Ḇḇ	Ḏḏ	Ēē	Ḡḡ	H̱ẖ	Ī ī	Ḵḵ	Ḻḻ	Ṉṉ	Ōō	Ṟṟ	Ṯṯ	Ūū	X̱x̱	Ȳȳ	Ẕẕ