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Ra
Example glyphs
Assamese	ৰ
Bengali
Tibetan
Tamil
Thai	ร
Malayalam	ര
Sinhala	ර
Ashoka Brahmi
Devanagari
Cognates
Hebrew	ר
Greek	Ρ
Latin	R
Cyrillic	Р
Properties
Phonemic representation	/ɾ/
IAST transliteration	r R
ISCII code point	CF (207)

This article contains uncommonUnicode characters. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of the intended characters.

Ra is a consonant ofIndic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ra is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through theGupta letter. Most Indic scripts have differing forms of Ra when used in combination with other consonants, including subjoined and repha forms. Some of these are encoded in computer text as separate characters, while others are generated dynamically using conjunct shaping with avirama.

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to theGreek numerals, even after the invention ofIndian numerals. The values of the different forms of र are:^[1]

• र[ɾə] = 40 (४०)
• रि[ɾɪ] = 4,000 (४ ०००)
• रु[ɾʊ] = 400,000 (४ ०० ०००)
• रृ[ɾri] = 40,000,000 (४ ०० ०० ०००)
• रॢ[ɾlə] = 4×10⁹ (४×१०^९)
• रे[ɾe] = 4×10¹¹ (४×१०^११)
• रै[ɾɛː] = 4×10¹³ (४×१०^१३)
• रो[ɾoː] = 4×10¹⁵ (४×१०^१५)
• रौ[ɾɔː] = 4×10¹⁷ (४×१०^१७)

There are three different general early historic scripts -Brahmi and its variants,Kharoṣṭhī, andTocharian, the so-calledslanting Brahmi. Ra as found in standardBrahmi,, was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta. The Tocharian Ra had an alternateFremdzeichen form,. The third form of ra, in Kharoshthi (), was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

The Brahmi letter, Ra, isprobably derived from the AramaicResh, and is thus related to the modern LatinR and GreekRho.^[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ra can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.^[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on theEdicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Ra historic forms

Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE)	Girnar (~150 BCE)	Kushana (~150-250 CE)	Gujarat (~250 CE)	Gupta (~350 CE)

The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi, and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of Rä. The use of repha forms in modern Indic scripts is similar to the Fremdzeichen Ra in Tocharian.

Tocharian Ra with vowel marks

Ra	Rā	Ri	Rī	Ru	Rū	Rr	Rr̄	Re	Rai	Ro	Rau	Rä	Fremdzeichen

The Kharoṣṭhī letter is generally accepted as being derived from the AramaicResh, and is thus related toR andRho, in addition to the Brahmi Ra.^[2]

Ra (र) is a consonant of theDevanagariabugida. It ultimately arose from theBrahmi letter, after having gone through theGupta letter. Letters that derive from it are theGujarati letterર, and theModi letter 𑘨. Ra, along with theLatin capital letter R, is the basis ofthe currency symbol ₹, which representsthe Indian rupee.

In all languages, र is pronounced as[ɾə] or[ɾ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent/ə/ vowel:

Several languages use the dotted formRra for the[r] sound instead of र. ऱ combines with vowel marks identically to र.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari, withMarathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.^[4]

When in conjuncts with other letters, र takes on several different forms, the most important of which are Repha and Rakar.Repha is used to indicate that a conjunct begins with "R". It is crescent shape attached atop the headline of the rest of the conjunct at the right, immediately above the vertical stem, if present. The other members of the conjunct ignore Repha for shaping, combining with the other members of the conjunct to form ligatures or stacked conjuncts normally.

Rakar is used to indicate a consonant conjunct ending in "Ra". It is an upward-pointing wedge shape that is found either centered below the rest of the conjunct, or tilted to the right and integrated with the bottom of the stemline. Like with Repha, the rest of the conjunct ignores Rakar for shaping, except for minor alteration of the bottom of any stemline.

The third conjunct form of Ra is the so-calledEyelash Ra. It resembles a half-form in retaining the head line, with a shape below that connects to the following letter, but this remaining eyelash shape does not resemble either र or ऱ. The eyelash Ra is used inNepali andMarathi texts instead of Repha for an initial "R" sound in a conjunct. Even though those languages both use the dotted Ra ऱ, eyelash Ra is the default form of Ra + Virama inUnicode for backwards compatibility, and the Repha form is mapped individually as a ligature with each other Devanagari consonant.

• Repha र্ (r) + ब (ba) gives the ligature rba:^note

• Repha र্ (r) + भ (b^ha) gives the ligature rb^ha:

• Repha र্ (r) + च (ca) gives the ligature rca:

• Repha र্ (r) + छ (c^ha) gives the ligature rc^ha:

• Repha र্ (r) + द (da) gives the ligature rda:

• Repha र্ (r) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa:

• Repha र্ (r) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature rḍʱa:

• Repha र্ (r) + द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rddʱa:

• Repha र্ (r) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa:

• Repha र্ (r) + द্ (d) + व (va) gives the ligature rdva:

• Repha र্ (r) + ग (ga) gives the ligature rga:

• Repha र্ (r) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature rɡʱa:

• Repha र্ (r) + ह (ha) gives the ligature rha:

• Repha र্ (r) + ज (ja) gives the ligature rja:

• Repha र্ (r) + झ (j^ha) gives the ligature rj^ha:

• Repha र্ (r) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature rjña:

• Repha र্ (r) + क (ka) gives the ligature rka:

• Repha र্ (r) + ख (k^ha) gives the ligature rk^ha:

• Repha र্ (r) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rkṣa:

• Repha र্ (r) + ल (la) gives the ligature rla:

• Repha र্ (r) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature rḷa:

• Repha र্ (r) + म (ma) gives the ligature rma:

• Repha र্ (r) + न (na) gives the ligature rna:

• Repha र্ (r) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa:

• Repha र্ (r) + ङ্ (ŋ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature rŋga:

• Repha र্ (r) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature rṇa:

• Repha र্ (r) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature rña:

• Repha र্ (r) + प (pa) gives the ligature rpa:

• Repha र্ (r) + फ (p^ha) gives the ligature rp^ha:

• Repha र্ (r) + र (ra) gives the ligature rra:

• Repha र্ (r) + स (sa) gives the ligature rsa:

• Repha र্ (r) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa:

• Repha र্ (r) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rṣa:

• Repha र্ (r) + स্ (s) + व (va) gives the ligature rsva:

• Repha र্ (r) + त (ta) gives the ligature rta:

• Repha र্ (r) + थ (t^ha) gives the ligature rt^ha:

• Repha र্ (r) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature rṭa:

• Repha र্ (r) + त্ (t) + त (ta) gives the ligature rtta:

• Repha र্ (r) + ठ (ṭ^ha) gives the ligature rṭ^ha:

• Repha र্ (r) + व (va) gives the ligature rva:

• Repha र্ (r) + य (ya) gives the ligature rya:

• भ্ (b^h) + र (ra) gives the ligature b^hra:

• ब্ (b) + र (ra) gives the ligature bra:

• छ্ (c^h) + र (ra) gives the ligature c^hra:

• च্ (c) + र (ra) gives the ligature cra:

• द্ (d) + ब্ (b) + र (ra) gives the ligature dbra:

• ढ্ (ḍʱ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ḍʱra:

• ड্ (ḍ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ḍra:

• द্ (d) + द্ (d) + र (ra) gives the ligature ddra:

• द্ (d) + ग্ (g) + र (ra) gives the ligature dgra:

• ध্ (dʱ) + र (ra) gives the ligature dʱra:

• द্ (d) + र (ra) gives the ligature dra:

• घ্ (ɡʱ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ɡʱra:

• ग্ (g) + र (ra) gives the ligature gra:

• ग্ (g) + र্ (r) + य (ya) gives the ligature grya:

• ह্ (h) + र (ra) gives the ligature hra:

• झ্ (j^h) + र (ra) gives the ligature j^hra:

• ज্ (j) + र (ra) gives the ligature jra:

• क্ (k) + र (ra) gives the ligature kra:

• क্ (k) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives the ligature ktra:

• ळ্ (ḷ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ḷra:

• ल্ (l) + र (ra) gives the ligature lra:

• म্ (m) + र (ra) gives the ligature mra:

• ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + र (ra) gives the ligature ŋkra:

• ङ্ (ŋ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ŋra:

• ण্ (ṇ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ṇra:

• न্ (n) + र (ra) gives the ligature nra:

• ञ্ (ñ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ñra:

• फ্ (p^h) + र (ra) gives the ligature p^hra:

• प্ (p) + र (ra) gives the ligature pra:

• प্ (p) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives the ligature ptra:

• श্ (ʃ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ʃra:

• स্ (s) + र (ra) gives the ligature sra:

• ष্ (ṣ) + क্ (k) + र (ra) gives the ligature ṣkra:

• ष্ (ṣ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ṣra:

• थ্ (t^h) + र (ra) gives the ligature t^hra:

• त্ (t) + र (ra) gives the ligature tra:

• त্ (t) + र্ (r) + य (ya) gives the ligature trya:

• ठ্ (ṭ^h) + र (ra) gives the ligature ṭ^hra:

• ट্ (ṭ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ṭra:

• त্ (t) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives the ligature ttra:

• व্ (v) + र (ra) gives the ligature vra:

• य্ (y) + र (ra) gives the ligature yra:

• र্ (r) + ध্ (dʱ) + र (ra) gives the ligature rdʱra:

• र্ (r) + ष্ (ṣ) + ट্ (ṭ) + र (ra) gives the ligature rṣṭra:

• र্ (r) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives the ligature rtra:

• र্ (r) + त্ (t) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives the ligature rttra:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ब (ba) gives the ligature rba:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + भ (b^ha) gives the ligature rb^ha:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + च (ca) gives the ligature rca:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + छ (c^ha) gives the ligature rc^ha:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + द (da) gives the ligature rda:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature rḍʱa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ग (ga) gives the ligature rga:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature rɡʱa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ह (ha) gives the ligature rha:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ज (ja) gives the ligature rja:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + झ (j^ha) gives the ligature rj^ha:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature rjña:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + क (ka) gives the ligature rka:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ख (k^ha) gives the ligature rk^ha:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rkṣa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ल (la) gives the ligature rla:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature rḷa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + म (ma) gives the ligature rma:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + न (na) gives the ligature rna:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature rṇa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature rña:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + प (pa) gives the ligature rpa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + फ (p^ha) gives the ligature rp^ha:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + स (sa) gives the ligature rsa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rṣa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + त (ta) gives the ligature rta:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + थ (t^ha) gives the ligature rt^ha:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature rṭa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ठ (ṭ^ha) gives the ligature rṭ^ha:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + व (va) gives the ligature rva:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + य (ya) gives the ligature rya:

The Bengali script র and Assamese script ৰ are derived from theSiddhaṃ, and are marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than their Devanagari counterpart, र. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter র will sometimes be transliterated as "ro" instead of "ra". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /ro/. Although the inherent vowel of Assamese consonant letters is different (/ɑ/), the bare letter ৰ is also transliterated as "ro" or "ra".Like all Indic consonants, র/ৰ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

র or ৰ is used as a basic consonant character in many of the Bengali-Assamese script orthographies, includingBengali andAssamese. Bengali uses র and Assamese uses ৰ. In Assamese, র was used earlier forwa but now it is standardised as a separate letter ৱ.

Bengali/Assamese র/ৰ exhibit conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. Much like other Indic scripts, Bengali-Assamese র/ৰ also rarely appear in conjuncts in full form, and have special unrelated graphic forms for both initial and trailing র/ৰ in conjuncts called Repha and Ra phala (in Bengali) or Ra kar (in Assamese).^[5]

The letters র/ৰ have a special form when used as the last letter of a conjunct called "Ra phala/kar" (or "Ro pholo"). This reduced form of র/ৰ is appended to the bottom of a letter or conjunct. BothYa andVa have a similar "phala" trailing form. Ra-phala and Ya-phala can be found together in many conjuncts.

• ভ্ (b^h) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature b^hra:

• ব্ (b) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature bra:

• চ্ (c) + ছ্ (c^h) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature cc^hra:

• দ্ (d) + ভ্ (b^h) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature db^hra:

• ঢ্ (ḍʱ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ḍʱra:

• ড্ (ḍ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ḍra:

• ধ্ (dʱ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature dʱra:

• দ্ (d) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature dra:

• দ্ (d) + র্/ৰ্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature drya, with theya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

• গ্ (g) + ধ্ (dʱ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature gdʱra:

• ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ɡʱra:

• গ্ (g) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature gra:

• গ্ (g) + র্/ৰ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature grya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

• জ্ (j) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature jra:

• খ্ (k^h) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature k^hra:

• ক্ (k) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature kra:

• ক্ (k) + ত্ (t) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ktra:

• ক্ (k) + ট্ (ṭ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature kṭra:

• ম্ (m) + ভ্ (b^h) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature mb^hra:

• ম্ (m) + প্ (p) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature mpra:

• ম্ (m) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature mra:

• ম্ (m) + ব্ (v) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature mvra:

• ন্ (n) + ড্ (ḍ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature nḍra:

• ন্ (n) + ধ্ (dʱ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ndʱra:

• ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ndra:

• ঙ্ (ŋ) + ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ŋɡʱra:

• ঙ্ (ŋ) + ক্ (k) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ŋkra:

• ণ্ (ṇ) + ড্ (ḍ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ṇḍra:

• ন্ (n) + থ্ (t^h) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature nt^hra:

• ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ntra:

• ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + র্/ৰ্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature ntrya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

• ন্ (n) + ট্ (ṭ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature nṭra:

• ফ্ (p^h) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature p^hra:

• প্ (p) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature pra:

• প্ (p) + র্/ৰ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature prya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

• শ্ (ʃ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ʃra:

• স্ (s) + ক্ (k) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature skra:

• স্ (s) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature sra:

• ষ্ (ṣ) + ক্ (k) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ṣkra:

• ষ্ (ṣ) + প্ (p) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ṣpra:

• ষ্ (ṣ) + ট্ (ṭ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ṣṭra:

• স্ (s) + ত্ (t) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature stra:

• স্ (s) + ট্ (ṭ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature sṭra:

• থ্ (t^h) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature t^hra:

• ত্ (t) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature tra:

• ত্ (t) + র্/ৰ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature trya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

• ট্ (ṭ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ṭra:

Unlike other letters, র/ৰ also have a special form when used as the initial letter of a conjunct called "Repha". This reduced form of র is on top of the following letter or conjunct. Repha can be found in combination with Ra-phala, Ya-phala/kar and Va-phala/kar in many conjuncts.

• র্ (r) + ভ (b^ha) gives the ligature rb^ha:

• র্ (r) + ব্ (b) + য (ya) gives the ligature rbya, with the ya phala suffix:

• র্ (r) + চ (ca) gives the ligature rca:

• র্ (r) + ছ (c^ha) gives the ligature rc^ha:

• র্ (r) + চ্ (c) + য (ya) gives the ligature rcya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + দ (da) gives the ligature rda:

• র্ (r) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa:

• র্ (r) + ঢ্ (ḍʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rḍʱya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa:

• র্ (r) + ধ্ (dʱ) + ব (va) gives the ligature rdʱva, with theva phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives the ligature rdra:

• র্ (r) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature rdva, with the va phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + গ (ga) gives the ligature rga:

• র্ (r) + ঘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature rɡʱa:

• র্ (r) + (ɡʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rɡʱya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + গ্ (ga) + য (ya) gives the ligature rɡya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + হ (ha) gives the ligature rha:

• র্ (r) + হ্ (h) + য (ya) gives the ligature rhya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + জ (ja) gives the ligature rja:

• র্ (r) + ঝ (j^ha) gives the ligature rj^ha:

• র্ (r) + জ্ (j) + য (ya) gives the ligature rjya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + ক (ka) gives the ligature rka:

• র্ (r) + খ (k^ha) gives the ligature rk^ha:

• র্ (r) + খ্ (k^h) + য (ya) gives the ligature rk^hya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + ক্ (k) + য (ya) gives the ligature rkya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + ল (la) gives the ligature rla:

• র্ (r) + ম (ma) gives the ligature rma:

• র্ (r) + ম্ (m) + য (ya) gives the ligature rmya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + ন (na) gives the ligature rna:

• র্ (r) + ণ (ṇa) gives the ligature rṇa:

• র্ (r) + ণ্ (ṇ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rṇya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + প (pa) gives the ligature rpa:

• র্ (r) + ফ (p^ha) gives the ligature rp^ha:

• র্ (r) + স (sa) gives the ligature rsa:

• র্ (r) + শ (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa:

• র্ (r) + শ্ (ʃ) + ব (va) gives the ligature rʃva, with the va phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + শ্ (ʃ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rʃya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + ষ (ṣa) gives the ligature rṣa:

• র্ (r) + ষ্ (ṣ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rṣya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + ত (ta) gives the ligature rta:

• র্ (r) + থ (t^ha) gives the ligature rt^ha:

• র্ (r) + থ্ (t^h) + য (ya) gives the ligature rt^hya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives the ligature rtra:

• র্ (r) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature rṭa:

• র্ (r) + ত্ (t) + য (ya) gives the ligature rtya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature rya, with repha, not ya phala:

Ra (ર) is twenty-seventh consonant of theGujaratiabugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ra with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately theBrahmi letter. When combined with certain vowels, the Gujarati Ra may assume unique forms, such as રુ and રૂ.

The Gujarati script is used to write theGujarati andKutchi languages. In both languages, ર is pronounced as[rə] or[r] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Ra	Rā	Ri	Rī	Ru	Rū	Rr	Rl	Rr̄	Rl̄	Rĕ	Re	Rai	Rŏ	Ro	Rau	R
Gujarati Ra syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Gujarati ર exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Ra does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari.True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. The most common conjunct variants are the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. A leading consonant or conjunct will use its full form, rather than half form, when being modified by a trailing Rakar.

Telugu independent and subjoined Ra.

Ra (ర) is a consonant of theTeluguabugida. It ultimately arose from theBrahmi letter. It is closely related to theKannada letterರ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras.Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Like the Rakar forms in other Indic scripts, the subjoined Ra in Telugu is not immediately related to the full form of Ra. Unlike other the Repha in other Indic scripts, there is no special prefix form of Ra in Telugu. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form ofṢa (borrowed fromKannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Telugu independent and subjoined Rra.

In addition, Telugu also contains a second /r/ consonant,Rra (ఱ). It is closely related to theKannada letterಱ. Since it lacks the v-shaped headstroke common to most Telugu letters, ఱ remains unaltered by most vowel matras, and its subjoined form is simply a smaller version of the normal letter shape.

Ra (ര) is a consonant of theMalayalamabugida. It ultimately arose from theBrahmi letter, via theGrantha letterRa. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Chillu R and conjoining Ra

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicitcandrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Like in most Indic scripts, Malayalam Ra has special forms, including a chillu letter and a conjoining form for a trailingra, which appears before the other elements of a conjunct but is pronounced after. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography,put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts inpaḻaya lipi, due tochanges undertaken in the 1970s by theGovernment of Kerala.

• ക് (k) + ര (ra) gives the ligature kra:

• ഖ് (k^h) + ര (ra) gives the ligature k^hra:

• ഗ് (g) + ര (ra) gives the ligature gra:

• ഘ് (ɡʱ) + ര (ra) gives the ligature ɡʱra:

Ṟa (റ) is a consonant of theMalayalamabugida. It is related to the MalayalamRa consonant and has a similar pronunciation.

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicitcandrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography,put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts inpaḻaya lipi, due tochanges undertaken in the 1970s by theGovernment of Kerala.

• ന് (n) + റ (ṟa) gives the ligature nṟa:

• റ് (ṟ) + റ (ṟa) gives the ligature ṟṟa:

ᕂ,ᕆ,ᕈ andᕋ are the base characters "Re", "Ri", "Ro" and "Ra" in theCanadian Aboriginal Syllabics. The bare consonantᕐ (R) is a small version of the A-series letter ᕋ, although the Western Cree letter ᕑ, derived fromPitman shorthand was the original bare consonant symbol for R. The character ᕂ is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter र, without the headline or vertical stem, and the forms for different vowels are derived by mirroring and rotation.^[6][7]Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks.

Ra (ର) is a consonant of theOdiaabugida. It ultimately arose from theBrahmi letter, via theSiddhaṃ letterRa. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Repha and Ra Phala

s is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The subjoined form of Ra is one of these mismatched forms, and is referred to as "Ra Phala". In addition, an initial Ra is indicated with a special form called "Repha". The Repha and Ra-Phala forms are the only way conjuncts with Ra are made.

• ର୍ (r) + କ (ka) gives the ligature rka:

• ର୍ (r) + ଖ (k^ha) gives the ligature rk^ha:

• ର୍ (r) + ଗ (ga) gives the ligature rga:

• ର୍ (r) + ଘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature rɡʱa:

• ର୍ (r) + ଙ (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa:

• ର୍ (r) + ର (ra) gives the ligature rra:

• କ୍ (k) + ର (ra) gives the ligature kra:

• ଖ୍ (k^h) + ର (ra) gives the ligature k^hra:

• ଗ୍ (g) + ର (ra) gives the ligature gra:

• ଘ୍ (ɡʱ) + ର (ra) gives the ligature ɡʱra:

• ଙ୍ (ŋ) + ର (ra) gives the ligature ŋra:

• ଲ୍ (l) + ର (ra) gives the ligature lra:

Ra (𑒩) is a consonant of theTirhutaabugida. It ultimately arose from theBrahmi letter, via theSiddhaṃ letterRa. Like in other Indic scripts, Tirhuta consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent sylables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

As is common in Indic scripts, Tirhuta joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. Conjuncts ofra in almost all scripts are indicated with arepha orrakar mark attached to the adjacent consonant cluster.

• 𑒦୍ (bʰ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature bʰra:

• 𑒕୍ (cʰ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature cʰra:

• 𑒔୍ (c) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature cra:

• 𑒜୍ (ḍʱ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature ḍʱra:

• 𑒛୍ (ḍ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature ḍra:

• 𑒡୍ (dʱ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature dʱra:

• 𑒠୍ (d) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature dra:

• 𑒒୍ (ɡʱ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature ɡʱra:

• 𑒑୍ (g) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature gra:

• 𑒯୍ (h) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature hra:

• 𑒗୍ (jʰ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature jʰra:

• 𑒖୍ (j) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature jra:

• 𑒐୍ (kʰ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature kʰra:

• 𑒏୍ (k) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature kra:

• 𑒪୍ (l) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature lra:

• 𑒧୍ (m) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature mra:

• 𑒓୍ (ŋ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature ŋra:

• 𑒝୍ (ṇ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature ṇra:

• 𑒢୍ (n) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature nra:

• 𑒘୍ (ñ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature ñra:

• 𑒤୍ (pʰ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature pʰra:

• 𑒣୍ (p) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature pra:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒥 (ba) gives the ligature rba:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒦 (bʰa) gives the ligature rbʰa:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒔 (ca) gives the ligature rca:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒕 (cʰa) gives the ligature rcʰa:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒠 (da) gives the ligature rda:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒛 (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒡 (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒑 (ga) gives the ligature rga:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒒 (ɡʱa) gives the ligature rɡʱa:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒯 (ha) gives the ligature rha:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒖 (ja) gives the ligature rja:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒗 (jʰa) gives the ligature rjʰa:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒖୍ (j) + 𑒘 (ña) gives the ligature rjña:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒏 (ka) gives the ligature rka:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒐 (kʰa) gives the ligature rkʰa:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒏୍ (k) + 𑒭 (ṣa) gives the ligature rkṣa:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒪 (la) gives the ligature rla:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒧 (ma) gives the ligature rma:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒢 (na) gives the ligature rna:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒓 (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒝 (ṇa) gives the ligature rṇa:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒘 (ña) gives the ligature rña:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒣 (pa) gives the ligature rpa:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒤 (pʰa) gives the ligature rpʰa:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature rra:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒮 (sa) gives the ligature rsa:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒬 (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒭 (ṣa) gives the ligature rṣa:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒞 (ta) gives the ligature rta:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒟 (tʰa) gives the ligature rtʰa:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒙 (ṭa) gives the ligature rṭa:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒚 (ṭʰa) gives the ligature rṭʰa:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒫 (va) gives the ligature rva:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒨 (ya) gives the ligature rya:

• 𑒬୍ (ʃ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature ʃra:

• 𑒮୍ (s) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature sra:

• 𑒭୍ (ṣ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature ṣra:

• 𑒟୍ (tʰ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature tʰra:

• 𑒞୍ (t) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature tra:

• 𑒚୍ (ṭʰ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature ṭʰra:

• 𑒙୍ (ṭ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature ṭra:

• 𑒫୍ (v) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature vra:

• 𑒨୍ (y) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature yra:

Unlike other conjuncts, the letter Ba 𑒥 does not add a rakar form when followed by Ra 𑒩:

• 𑒥୍ (b) + 𑒩 (ra) has an explicit virama bra:

Ra 𑒩 is one of the few Tirhuta letters that forms true ligatures when attached to some vowel matras:

• 𑒩 (r) + 𑒳 (u) gives the ligature ru:

• 𑒩 (r) + 𑒴 (ū) gives the ligature rū:

Kaithi bare Ra consonant.

Ra (𑂩) is a consonant of theKaithiabugida. It ultimately arose from theBrahmi letter, via theSiddhaṃ letterRa. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjuncts ofra are indicated with arepha orrakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster.

Kaithi Repha and Rakar.

Kaithirepha takes the form of a crescent attached to the top of a following consonant or consonant cluster.

• 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂍 (ka) gives the ligature rka:

Kaithirakar take the form of a diagonal stroke attached near the bottom of the vertical stem of the preceding consonant or consonant cluster.

• 𑂍୍ (k) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature kra:

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ra, are related as well.

Comparison of Ra in different scripts

Aramaic Kharoṣṭhī 𐨪 Ashoka Brahmi Kushana Brahmi[a] Tocharian[b]  /  Gupta Brahmi Pallava Kadamba - Bhaiksuki 𑰨 Siddhaṃ Grantha 𑌰 Cham ꨣ Sinhala ර Pyu / Old Mon[c] - Tibetan Newa 𑐬 Ahom 𑜍 Malayalam ര Telugu ర Burmese ရ Lepcha ᰛ Ranjana Saurashtra ꢬ Dives Akuru 𑤧 Kannada ರ Kayah Li ꤚ Limbu ᤖ Soyombo[d] 𑩼 Khmer រ Tamil Chakma 𑄢 Tai Tham ᩁ Meitei Mayek ꯔ Gaudi - Thai ร Lao ຣ / ຮ Tai Le - Marchen 𑲊 Tirhuta 𑒩 New Tai Lue ᦣ Tai Viet ꪦ / ꪧ Aksara Kawi 'Phags-pa ꡘ Odia ର Sharada 𑆫 Rejang ꤽ Batak ᯒ Buginese ᨑ Zanabazar Square 𑨫 Bengali-Assamese Takri 𑚤 Javanese ꦫ Balinese ᬭ Makasar 𑻭 Hangul[e] - Northern Nagari - Dogri 𑠤 Laṇḍā - Sundanese ᮛ Baybayin - Modi 𑘨 Gujarati ર Khojki 𑈦 Khudabadi 𑋙 Mahajani 𑅭 Tagbanwa - Devanagari Nandinagari 𑧈 Kaithi Gurmukhi ਰ Multani 𑊢 Buhid ᝍ Canadian Syllabics[f] ᕂ Soyombo[g] 𑩼 Sylheti Nagari ꠞ Gunjala Gondi 𑶈 Masaram Gondi[h] 𑴦 Hanuno'o ᜭ Notes ^The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms. ^Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession. ^Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script ^May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table) ^TheOrigin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida. ^Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas. ^May also be derived from Ranjana (see above) ^Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.

Most Indic scripts are encoded in theUnicode Standard, and as such the letter Ra in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ra from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such asISCII.

Character information

Preview							ర		ର		ರ		ര		ર		ਰ
Unicode name	DEVANAGARI LETTER RA		BENGALI LETTER RA		TAMIL LETTER RA		TELUGU LETTER RA		ORIYA LETTER RA		KANNADA LETTER RA		MALAYALAM LETTER RA		GUJARATI LETTER RA		GURMUKHI LETTER RA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	2352	U+0930	2480	U+09B0	2992	U+0BB0	3120	U+0C30	2864	U+0B30	3248	U+0CB0	3376	U+0D30	2736	U+0AB0	2608	U+0A30
UTF-8	224 164 176	E0 A4 B0	224 166 176	E0 A6 B0	224 174 176	E0 AE B0	224 176 176	E0 B0 B0	224 172 176	E0 AC B0	224 178 176	E0 B2 B0	224 180 176	E0 B4 B0	224 170 176	E0 AA B0	224 168 176	E0 A8 B0
Numeric character reference	र	र	র	র	ர	ர	ర	ర	ର	ର	ರ	ರ	ര	ര	ર	ર	ਰ	ਰ
ISCII	207	CF	207	CF	207	CF	207	CF	207	CF	207	CF	207	CF	207	CF	207	CF

Character information

Preview	Ashoka Kushana Gupta		𐨪				𑌰
Unicode name	BRAHMI LETTER RA		KHAROSHTHI LETTER RA		SIDDHAM LETTER RA		GRANTHA LETTER RA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	69677	U+1102D	68138	U+10A2A	71080	U+115A8	70448	U+11330
UTF-8	240 145 128 173	F0 91 80 AD	240 144 168 170	F0 90 A8 AA	240 145 150 168	F0 91 96 A8	240 145 140 176	F0 91 8C B0
UTF-16	55300 56365	D804 DC2D	55298 56874	D802 DE2A	55301 56744	D805 DDA8	55300 57136	D804 DF30
Numeric character reference	𑀭	𑀭	𐨪	𐨪	𑖨	𑖨	𑌰	𑌰

Character information

Preview			ྲ		ꡘ		𑨫		𑐬		𑰨		𑆫
Unicode name	TIBETAN LETTER RA		TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER RA		PHAGS-PA LETTER RA		ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER RA		NEWA LETTER RA		BHAIKSUKI LETTER RA		SHARADA LETTER RA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	3938	U+0F62	4018	U+0FB2	43096	U+A858	72235	U+11A2B	70700	U+1142C	72744	U+11C28	70059	U+111AB
UTF-8	224 189 162	E0 BD A2	224 190 178	E0 BE B2	234 161 152	EA A1 98	240 145 168 171	F0 91 A8 AB	240 145 144 172	F0 91 90 AC	240 145 176 168	F0 91 B0 A8	240 145 134 171	F0 91 86 AB
UTF-16	3938	0F62	4018	0FB2	43096	A858	55302 56875	D806 DE2B	55301 56364	D805 DC2C	55303 56360	D807 DC28	55300 56747	D804 DDAB
Numeric character reference	ར	ར	ྲ	ྲ	ꡘ	ꡘ	𑨫	𑨫	𑐬	𑐬	𑰨	𑰨	𑆫	𑆫

• See further below for Tai Tham codepoints.

Character information

Preview	𑘨		𑧈		𑩼		ꠞ		𑶈
Unicode name	MODI LETTER RA		NANDINAGARI LETTER RA		SOYOMBO LETTER RA		SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER RO		GUNJALA GONDI LETTER RA		KAITHI LETTER RA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	71208	U+11628	72136	U+119C8	72316	U+11A7C	43038	U+A81E	73096	U+11D88	69801	U+110A9
UTF-8	240 145 152 168	F0 91 98 A8	240 145 167 136	F0 91 A7 88	240 145 169 188	F0 91 A9 BC	234 160 158	EA A0 9E	240 145 182 136	F0 91 B6 88	240 145 130 169	F0 91 82 A9
UTF-16	55301 56872	D805 DE28	55302 56776	D806 DDC8	55302 56956	D806 DE7C	43038	A81E	55303 56712	D807 DD88	55300 56489	D804 DCA9
Numeric character reference	𑘨	𑘨	𑧈	𑧈	𑩼	𑩼	ꠞ	ꠞ	𑶈	𑶈	𑂩	𑂩

• The full range ofRE Canadian syllabic characters can be found at the codepoint ranges 1542-1550, 1622-1627, 18CE-18D3, 18B0-18B3, 18DC-18DD.

^note Conjuncts are identified byIAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant +Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".

• Indic letters

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