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Hamza

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromئ)
Mark used in Arabic-based orthographies
This article is about the punctuation mark. For other uses, seeHamza (disambiguation). For the name transcribed by the same spelling, seeHamza (name).
Not to be confused withع‎ (‘ayn), which has a similar looking initial form.
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Hamza
همزة‎
ء
Usage
Writing systemArabic script
TypeAbjad
Language of originArabic language
Sound values/ʔ/
In UnicodeU+0621ARABIC LETTER HAMZA
Other
Writing directionRight-to-left
This article containsphonetic transcriptions in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Arabic alphabet
ابتثجحخدذرزسشصضطظعغفقكلمنهوي
Arabic script

Thehamza (Arabic:هَمْزَةhamza) (‏ء‎) is anArabic script character that, in theArabic alphabet, denotes aglottal stop and, in non-Arabic languages, indicates adiphthong,vowel, or other features, depending on the language. Derived from the letterʿayn (‏ع‎),[1] the hamza is written in initial, medial, and final positions as an unlinked letter or placed above or under a carrier character. Despite its common usage as a letter inModern Standard Arabic, it is generally not considered to be one ofits letters, although some argue that it should be considered so.

The hamza is oftenromanized as atypewriter apostrophe ('), amodifier letter apostrophe (ʼ), amodifier letter right half ring (ʾ), or as theInternational Phonetic Alphabet symbol/ʔ/. InArabizi, it is either written as "2" or not written at all.

In thePhoenician,Hebrew andAramaic alphabets, from which the Arabic alphabet is descended, the glottal stop was expressed byaleph (𐤀), continued byalif (‏ا‎) in the Arabic alphabet. However, alif was used to express both a glottal stop/ʔ/ and along vowel/aː/. In order to indicate that a glottal stop is used and not a mere vowel, it was added to alifdiacritically. Just as Greek vowels were used as diacritical marks to indicate vowel sounds in Western Syriac,[2] the Hamza (in effect a lower-case Greek Alpha) was used as a diacritical mark in Arabic to indicate the original Aleph glottal stop. In modernArabic orthography, hamza may also appear on the line under certain circumstances as though it were a full letter, independent of an alif.

Etymology

[edit]

Hamza is derived from the verbhamaza (هَمَزَ) meaning 'to prick, goad, drive' or 'to provide (a letter or word) with hamzah'.[3]

Hamzat al-waṣl (ٱ)

[edit]
See also:Wasla,Arabic definite article, andsun and moon letters

The hamza (ء) on its own ishamzat al-qaṭ‘ (هَمْزَة الْقَطْع, "thehamzah which breaks, ceases or halts", i.e. the broken, cessation, halting"), otherwise referred to asqaṭ‘at (قَطْعَة), that is, aphonemicglottal stop unlike thehamzat al-waṣl (هَمْزَة الوَصْل, "thehamzah which attaches, connects or joins", i.e. the attachment, connection, joining"), a non-phonemic glottal stop produced automatically only if at the beginning of an utterance, otherwise assimilated. Although thehamzat al-waṣl can be written as analif carrying awaṣlah signٱ (only in theQuran), it is normally indicated by a plain alif without a hamza (ا).[4]

ٱ occurs in:

  • the definite articleal-
  • some short words with two of their three-consonant roots apparent:ismاسْم,ibnابْن,imru'امْرُؤ (fem.imra'ahامْرَأَة),ithnāniاثْنَانِ (fem.ithnatāniاثْنَتَانِ)
  • theimperative verbs of forms I and VII to X
  • the perfective aspect of verb forms VII to X and their verbal nouns
  • some borrowed words that start withconsonant clusters such asistūdiyū

It is not pronounced following a vowel (البَيْتُ الكَبِير,al-baytu l-kabīru). This event occurs in thedefinite article, or at the beginning of a noun following apreposition, or a verb following arelative pronoun. If the definite articleal- is followed by asun letter, -l- also gives way for the next letter forlām (‏ل‎) is assimilated.

Orthography

[edit]

The hamza can be written either alone, as if it were aletter, or with a carrier, when it becomes adiacritic:

  • Alone: (only one isolated form):
Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)		ء‎(none)(none)(none)
  • By itself:
  • High Hamza (used inKazakh; only one isolated form, but actually used in medial and final positions where it will be non joining), after any Arabic letter (if that letter has an initial or medial form, these forms will be changed to isolated or final forms respectively):
Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)		ٴ‎(none)(none)(none)
  • Three-Quarter High Hamza (used inMalay; only one isolated form, but actually used in medial and final positions where it will be non joining):
Position in word:IsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)		ء(none)(none)(none)
This form has been proposed for the inclusion to the Unicode Standard,[5][6] but the Unicode Script Ad Hoc Group stated that it can be unified with the existingU+0674 ٴARABIC LETTER HIGH HAMZA.[7] The form above currently being displayed using a standard Arabic Hamza with an altered vertical position.
  • Combined with a letter:
  • Above or below anAlif:
Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)		أ‎ـأ‎ـأ‎أ‎
Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)		إ‎ـإ‎ـإ‎إ‎
  • Above aWāw:
Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)		ؤ‎ـؤ‎ـؤ‎ؤ‎
  • Above a dotlessYāʾ, also calledHamza ʿAlā Nabrah (Arabic:همزة على نبرة,lit. 'Hamza on a seat'). Joined medially and finally in Arabic, other languages written inArabic-based script may have it initially as well (or it may take its isolated or initial shape, even in Arabic, after a non-joining letter in the same word):
Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)		ئ‎ـئ‎ـئـ‎ئـ‎
  • AboveHāʾ. In thePersian andPashto alphabets, not used in Arabic:
Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)		هٔ‎ـهٔ‎ـهٔـ‎هٔـ‎
Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)		ځ‎ـځ‎ـځـ‎ځـ‎
Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)		ݬ‎ـݬ‎ـݬ‎ݬ‎
Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)		ۓ‎ـۓ‎ـۓ‎ۓ‎
Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)		ۂ‎ـۂ‎ـۂـ‎ۂـ‎

Arabic "seat" rules

[edit]

The rules for writing hamza differ somewhat between languages even if the writing is based on theArabic abjad. The following addresses Arabic specifically.

Summary

[edit]
  • Initial hamza is always placed over (أ forʾa- orʾu-) or under (إ forʾi-) an alif.
  • Medial hamza will have a seat or be written alone:
    • Surrounding vowels determine the seat of the hamza with preceding long vowels and diphthongs (such asaw oray) being ignored.
    • i- (ئ) overu- (ؤ) overa- (أ) if there are two conflicting vowels that count; on the line (ء) if there are none.
    • As a special case,āʾa, ūʾa andawʾa require hamza on the line, instead of over an alif as one would expect. (See III.1b below.)
  • Final hamza will have a seat or be written alone:
    • Alone on the line when preceded by a long vowel or final consonant.
    • Has a seat matching the final short vowel for words ending in a short vowel.
  • Two adjacent alifs are never allowed. If the rules call for this, replace the combination by a singlealif maddah.

Detailed description

[edit]
  • Logically, hamza is just like any other letter, but it may be written in different ways. It has no effect on the way other letters are written. In particular, surrounding long vowels are written just as they always are, regardless of the "seat" of the hamza—even if this results in the appearance of two consecutive wāws or yāʾs.
  • The hamza can be written in five ways: on its own ("on the line"), under an alif, or over an alif, wāw, or yāʾ, called the "seat" of the hamza. When written over yāʾ, the dots that would normally be written underneath are omitted.
  • When according to the rules below, a hamza with an alif seat would occur before an alif which represents the vowelā, a single alif is instead written with the maddah symbol over it.
  • The rules for hamza depend on whether it occurs as the initial, middle, or final letter (not sound) in a word. (Thus, final short inflectional vowels do not count, but-an is written as alif +nunation, counts, and the hamza is considered medial.)

I. If the hamza is initial:

  • If the following letter is a short vowel,fatḥah (a) (as inأَفْرَاد‎ʾafrād) orḍammah (u) (as inأُصُول‎ʾuṣūl), the hamza is written over a place-holding alif;kasrah (i) (as inإِسْلَام‎ʾislām) the hamza is written under a place-holding alif and is called "hamza on a wall."
  • If the letter following the hamza is an alif itself: (as inآكُل‎ʾākul) alif maddah will occur.

II. If the hamza is final:

  • If a short vowel precedes, the hamza is written over the letter (alif, wāw, oryāʾ) corresponding to the short vowel.
  • Otherwise, the hamza is written on the line (as inشَيْء‎shayʾ  "thing").

III. If the hamza is medial:

  • If a long vowel or diphthong precedes, the seat of the hamza is determined mostly by what follows:
  • Ifi oru follows, the hamza is written overyāʾ orwāw, accordingly.
  • Otherwise, the hamza would be written on the line. If ayāʾ precedes, however, that would conflict with the stroke joining theyāʾ to the following letter, so the hamza is written overyāʾ. (as inبطِيئَة‎)
  • Otherwise, both preceding and following vowels have an effect on the hamza.
  • If there is only one vowel (or two of the same kind), that vowel determines the seat (alif, wāw, oryāʾ).
  • If there are two conflicting vowels,i takes precedence overu,u overa somiʾah 'hundred' is writtenمِئَة‎, with hamza over theyāʾ.
  • Alif-maddah occurs if appropriate.

Not surprisingly, the complexity of the rules causes some disagreement.

  • Barron's201 Arabic Verbs follows the rules exactly (but the sequenceūʾū does not occur; see below).
  • John Mace'sTeach Yourself Arabic Verbs and Essential Grammar presents alternative forms in almost all cases when hamza is followed by a longū. The motivation appears to be to avoid twowāws in a row. Generally, the choice is between the form following the rules here or an alternative form using hamza over yāʾ in all cases. Example forms aremasʾūl (مَسْئُول‎, [adj: responsible, in charge, accountable]; [noun: official, functionary]),yajīʾūna (يَجِيئُونَ‎, verb:jāʾaجَاءَ‎ "to come"),yashāʾūna (يَشَائُونَ، يَشَاءُونَ‎, verb:shāʾaشَاءَ‎ "to will, to want, to intend, to wish"). Exceptions:
  • In the sequenceūʾū (yasūʾūna, verb:sā'aسَاءَ‎ "to act badly, be bad") the alternatives are hamza on the lineيَسُوءُونَ‎, or hamza overyāʾيَسُوئُونَ‎, when the rules here would call for hamza overwāw. Perhaps, the resulting sequence of three wāws would be especially repugnant.
  • In the sequenceyaqraʾūna (يَقْرَأُونَ‎, verb:qaraʾaقَرَأَ‎ "to read, to recite, to review/ study") the alternative form has hamza over alif, notyāʾ.
  • The formsyabṭuʾūna (يَبْطُؤُونَ‎, verb:baṭuʾaبَطُؤَ‎ "to be or become slow, late or backward, "to come late", "to move slowly") andyaʾūbu (يَؤُوبُ‎, verb:آبَ‎ "move to the back", "to return to come back", "to repent") have no alternative form. (Noteyaqraʾūna with the same sequence of vowels.)
  • Haywood and Nahmad'sA new Arabic Grammar of the Written Language does not write the paradigms out in full, but in general agrees with John Mace's book, including the alternative forms and sometimes lists a third alternative with the entire sequenceʾū written as a single hamza overwāw instead of as two letters.
  • Al-Kitāb fī Taʿallum... presents paradigms with hamza written the same way throughout, regardless of the rules above. Thusyabdaʾūna with hamza only over alif,yajīʾūna with hamza only overyāʾ,yaqraʾīna with hamza only over alif, but that is not allowed in any of the previous three books. (It appears to be an overgeneralization on the part of theal-Kitāb writers.)

Overview tables

[edit]

The letter ط‎ (ṭ) stands here for any consonant.

Note: The table shows only potential combinations and their graphic representations according to the spelling rules; not every possible combination exists in Arabic.
Intervocalic
firstsecond
ʾiṭʾuṭʾaṭʾīṭʾūṭʾāṭ
ṭiʾṭiʾiṭṭiʾuṭṭiʾaṭṭiʾīṭṭiʾūṭṭiʾāṭ
طِئِط‎ طِئُط‎ طِئَط‎ طِئِيط‎ طِئُوط‎ طِئَاط‎
ṭuʾṭuʾiṭṭuʾuṭṭuʾaṭṭuʾīṭṭuʾūṭ[a]ṭuʾāṭ
طُئِط‎ طُؤُط‎ طُؤَط‎ طُئِيط‎ طُؤُوط‎ طُؤَاط‎
ṭaʾṭaʾiṭṭaʾuṭṭaʾaṭṭaʾīṭṭaʾūṭ[a]ṭaʾāṭ
طَئِط‎ طَؤُط‎ طَأَط‎ طَئِيط‎ طَؤُوط‎ طَآط‎
ṭīʾṭīʾiṭṭīʾuṭṭīʾaṭṭīʾīṭṭīʾūṭṭīʾāṭ
طِيئِط‎ طِيئُط‎ طِيئَط‎ طِيئِيط‎ طِيئُوط‎ طِيئَاط‎
ṭayʾṭayʾiṭṭayʾuṭṭayʾaṭṭayʾīṭṭayʾūṭṭayʾāṭ
طَيْئِط‎ طَيْئُط‎ طَيْئَط‎ طَيْئِيط‎ طَيْئُوط‎ طَيْئَاط‎
ṭūʾṭūʾiṭṭūʾuṭṭūʾaṭṭūʾīṭṭūʾūṭṭūʾāṭ
طُوءِط‎ طُوءُط‎ طُوءَط‎ طُوءِيط‎ طُوءُوط‎ طُوءَاط‎
ṭawʾṭawʾiṭṭawʾuṭṭawʾaṭṭawʾīṭṭawʾūṭṭawʾāṭ
طَوْءِط‎ طَوْءُط‎ طَوْءَط‎ طَوْءِيط‎ طَوْءُوط‎ طَوْءَاط‎
طَوْئِط‎ طَوْؤُط‎ طَوْأَط‎ طَوْئِيط‎ طَوْآط‎
ṭāʾṭāʾiṭṭāʾuṭṭāʾaṭṭāʾīṭṭāʾūṭṭāʾāṭ
طَائِط‎ طَاؤُط‎ طَاءَط‎ طَائِيط‎ طَاءُوط‎ طَاءَاط‎
Other cases
conditionvowel
iuaīūā
#_VCʾiṭʾuṭʾaṭʾīṭʾūṭʾāṭ
إِط‎ أُط‎ أَط‎ إِيط‎ أُوط‎ آط‎
C_VCṭʾiṭṭʾuṭṭʾaṭṭʾīṭṭʾūṭṭʾāṭ
طْئِط‎ طْؤُط‎ طْأَط‎ طْئِيط‎ طْءُوط‎ طْآط‎
CV_Cṭiʾṭṭuʾṭṭaʾṭṭīʾṭṭūʾṭṭāʾṭ
طِئْط‎ طُؤْط‎ طَأْط‎ طِيئْط‎ طُوءْط‎ طَاءْط‎
CV_#ṭiʾṭuʾṭaʾṭīʾṭūʾṭāʾ
طِئ‎ طُؤ‎ طَأ‎ طِيء‎ طُوء‎ طَاء‎
طِء‎ طُء‎ طَء‎

Colours:

  The hamza is written overyāʾ ئ‎
  The hamza is written overwāw ؤ‎
  The hamza is written over or underalif أ‎, آ‎, إ‎
  The hamza is written on the line ء‎

Notes:

  1. ^abArabic writing has tried to avoid two consecutivewāws, however, in Modern Arabic this rule is less applicable, thus modernرُؤُوس‎ruʾūs "heads" corresponds toرُءُوس‎ in the Quran.

Hamza in other Arabic-script alphabets

[edit]

Jawi alphabet

[edit]

In theJawi alphabet (Arabic script used to writeMalay), hamza is used for various purposes, but is rarely used to denote a glottal stop except in certain Arabic loanwords. The default isolated hamza form (Malay:hamzah setara) is the second least common form of hamza,[6] whereas another form unique to the Jawi script, the three-quarter high hamza (Malay: hamzah tiga suku) is most commonly used in daily Jawi writing. The three-quarter high hamza itself is used in many cases:[8]

  • Separating vowel letters of a diphthongs such asai,au, andoi when present in certain positions within words
  • Preceding certain suffixes such as⟨ن‎⟩ (-an) and⟨ي‎⟩ (-i)
  • To write non-Malay single-syllable words (most commonly names) that starts with a vowel other thanalif⟨ا⟩
  • Glottal stops for archaic words (specifically titles and names which have a fixed spelling)
  • In some instances Arabic loanwords which change their original spelling may change the hamza to the three-quarter high hamza instead

This exact form is not available inUnicode Standard, as it is unified with ARABIC LETTER HIGH HAMZA, but the common way of writing this form is by using a normal hamza and altering its vertical position.

Hamza above alif⟨أ‎⟩ is used for prefixed words using the prefixes⟨ک‎⟩,⟨د‎⟩, or⟨س‎⟩, where its root word starts with a vowel (such asد+امبيل‎ (di+ambil), becomesدأمبيل‎ (diambil)). This form as well as hamza below alif⟨إ‎⟩ are both also in Arabic loanwords where the original spelling has been retained.

The hamza above ya⟨ئ‎⟩ is known as a "housed hamzah" (Malay:hamzah berumah), and is most commonly used in Arabic loanwords. It is also used for words which repeat or combine "i" and "é" vowels likeچميئيه‎ (cemeeh meaning "taunt") and for denoting a glottal stop in the middle of a word after a consonant such asسوبئيديتور‎ (subeditor). More commonly, however, it is used for denoting a schwa after the vowels "i", "é", "o", and "u" such asچندليئر‎ (chandelier).

Hamza above waw⟨ؤ‎⟩ is completely removed from the Jawi alphabet, and for Arabic loanwords using the letter, it is replaced with a normal waw followed by a three-quarter high hamza instead.[9]

Urdu (Shahmukhi) alphabet

[edit]

In theUrdu alphabet, hamza does not occur at the initial position over alif since alif is not used as a glottal stop in Urdu. In the middle position, if hamza is surrounded by vowels, it indicates adiphthong or syllable break between the two vowels. In the middle position, if hamza is surrounded by only one vowel, it takes the sound of that vowel. In the final position hamza is silent or produces a glottal sound, as in Arabic.

In Urdu, hamza usually represents a diphthong between two vowels. It rarely acts like the Arabic hamza except in a few loanwords from Arabic.

Hamza is also added at the last letter of the first word ofezāfe compound to represent -e- if the first word ends withyeh or withhe or overbari yeh if it is added at the end of the first word of the ezāfe compound.

Hamza is always written on the line in the middle position unless inwaw if that letter is preceded by a non-joiner letter; then, it is seated above waw. Hamza is also seated when written above baṛi yeh. In the final form, Hamza is written in its full form. In ezāfe, hamza is seated above choṭi he, yeh or baṛi yeh of the first word to represent the -e- of ezāfe compound.

Uyghur alphabet

[edit]

In theUyghur Arabic alphabet, the hamza is not a distinct letter and is not generally used to denote the glottal stop, but rather to indicate vowels. The hamza is only depicted with vowels in their initial or isolated forms, and only then when the vowel starts a word. It is also occasionally used when a word has two vowels in a row.[10]

Kazakh alphabet

[edit]

In theKazakh Arabic alphabet, the hamza is used only at the beginning of words, and the only form is high hamza. It is not used to denote any sound, but to indicate that the vowels in the word will be the four front vowels:⟨ٵ‎⟩ (ä),⟨ٸ‎⟩ (ı),⟨ٶ‎⟩ (ö),⟨ٷ‎⟩ (ü). However, it is not used for words containing another front vowel⟨ە‎⟩ (e) or words containing four consonants⟨گ‎⟩ (g),⟨غ‎⟩ (ğ),⟨ك‎⟩ (k),⟨ق‎⟩ (q).[11]

Persian alphabet

[edit]

In the Persian alphabet, the hamza often denotes glottal stop (a similar function to the letter 'ayn ⟨ع⟩), and is commonly found in Arabic loanwords only. Hamza below alif ⟨إ‎⟩ is completely removed from the Persian alphabet, and in Arabic loanwords,alif maddah ⟨آ⟩ is used instead.

The hamza may be used over the letters heh or yeh for theezāfe suffix, though a non-connecting yeh may be used instead.

Wavy hamza in Kashmiri

[edit]
ٲ
اٟ

TheKashmiri language written in Arabic script includes the diacritic or "wavy hamza". In Kashmiri the diacritic is calledāmālü mad when used above alif: ٲ to create the vowel/əː/.[12] Kashmiri calls the wavy hamzasāȳ when below the alif: اٟ to create the sound/ɨː/.[13]

Latin representations

[edit]

There are different ways to represent hamza in Latin transliteration:

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Hamza in Arabic – every thing you need to know". 2024-03-29. Retrieved2024-04-22.
  2. ^Ancient Scripts at theWayback Machine (archived 2012-08-12)
  3. ^Wehr, Hans (1994). "همزhamaza". In Cowan, J. M. (ed.).The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Arabic (4th ed.). Otto Harrassowitz KG.ISBN 978-0-87950-003-0.
  4. ^Wright, W.; Robertson Smith, W.; de Goeje, M. J. (1996).A grammar of the Arabic language. Cambridge University Press.OCLC 484549376.
  5. ^Shariya Haniz Zulkifli (2009-07-09)."Submit Jawi character to IANA - final"(PDF). Malaysia Network Information Center.
  6. ^abAhmad Ali A. Karim; (Tun) Suzana (Tun) Othman; Dr. Hasanuddin Yusof (2022-01-11)."Proposal to Encode ARABIC LETTER THREE QUARTER HIGH HAMZA for Jawi"(PDF).Unicode Technical Committee.
  7. ^Anderson, Deborah; Whistler, Ken; Pournader, Roozbeh; Constable, Peter (2022-04-15), "4c High Hamza",Recommendations to UTC #171 April 2022 on Script Proposals(PDF)
  8. ^Dahaman, Ismail bin; Ahmad, Manshoor bin Haji (2001).Daftar Kata Bahasa Melayu: Rumi-Sebutan-Jawi (Jilid 1) [Malay Language Word Directory: Rumi-Pronunciation-Jawi (Book 1)] (in Malay).Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia):Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. p. 129.ISBN 9789836246721.
  9. ^Haris bin Kasim, Haji (2019).بوکو تيک‌س جاءيس جاوي تاهون 4 [Year 4 Jawi JAIS Text Book] (in Malay). Seri Kembangan (Malaysia): Jabatan Agama Islam Selangor.ISBN 9789671650004.
  10. ^Nazarova, Gulnisa; Niyaz, Kurban (December 2013).Uyghur: An Elementary Textbook (Bilingual ed.). Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press. pp. 5–8.ISBN 9781589016842.
  11. ^Nayman, S (1985),Kazakh-Chinese Concise Dictionary (哈汉辞典. قازاقشا - حانزۋشا سوزدىك) (in Chinese and Kazakh), Ūlttar Baspasy (ۇلتتار باسپاسى),ISBN 9787105053520
  12. ^"Vowel 04: ٲ / ä – (aae)".Kashmiri Dictionary. 31 January 2021. Retrieved11 July 2024.
  13. ^"Vowel07: اٟ / ü ( ι )".Kashmiri Dictionary. 6 February 2021. Retrieved11 July 2024.

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