Stamps of the Soviet Union were issued in the period 1923 to 1991. They were labeled with the inscriptionRussian:"Почта СССР" ("Post of theUSSR"). In thethematics,Soviet stamps reflected to a large extent the history, politics, economics and culture of this world's firstsocialist state.^[1]

Notable designers of Soviet postage stamps wereIvan Dubasov (who designed theLenin Mourning issue, the first stamps portrayingVladimir Lenin in 1924) andVasily Zavyalov. By the mid-1970s, over 4,000 stamps came out in the USSR. In 1970, theCatalogue of Postage Stamps of the USSR, 1918–1969 was published inMoscow, the yearly supplements being produced afterwards. The history and design of Soviet postage stamps were elucidated in the annual publicationSoviet Collector and the monthly magazineFilateliya SSSR.^[1]

The firstpostage stamps of the newly proclaimedUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics were designed byGeorgy Pashkov and issued in August 1923 in relation to the First All-Russian Agricultural and Handicraft Exhibition.^[2]

The first series of the USSRdefinitive stamps known as theGold Standard issue appeared in October 1923. Theirdesign proposed byIvan Shadr included the busts of the worker,Red Army soldier and peasant.^[3][2] Also, there was a plan to sell more stamps in the international market. By targeting stamps for sales abroad, theSoviet government reckoned on earning hard currency.^[3]

• Examples of 1929 stamps with face values of 7 and 14 kopecks
• 
  Worker, soldier and peasant,
  3rd definitive issue, 1929
• 
  Lenin, 3rd definitive issue, 1929
• 
  1stAll-Union Pioneer Rally, 1929

Over the years, there was a steady increase in the number of different stamps issued annually by the USSR.^[3]Stamp denominations continued including internationalpostage rates. For instance, most new issues during 1939 and 1940 had face values between 10 and 30 kopecks, i.e. more than those for standard internalpostage.^[3]

One of the important topics represented on the USSR stamps was theCommunist Party of the Soviet Union. It was usually done in two ways:^[3]

• dedicating stamps to numerous remarkable Party members, both the living and the deceased,
• placing the Partyslogans and resolutions.

• 
  Stalin souvenir sheet of 1949 celebrating the 70th birth anniversary ofJoseph Stalin
• 
  Be a Hero!, the first USSR stamp dedicated to the Great Patriotic War, 1941
• 
  "Long live the victory of the Anglo-Soviet-American fighting alliance! (Stalin)", a 1943 stamp marking theTehran Conference

Vladimir Lenin was pictured on Soviet stamps most often among theBolsheviks, with the firstLeniniana stamps appeared after his death in January 1924. Lifetime images of Party members on stamps were used to emphasize the theme of state power. One of such examples was a 1935 set of stamps commemoratingMikhail Kalinin's 60th birthday and depicting him as a worker, a farmer, and an orator. These Kalinin stamps illustrated the motive powers of theSoviet state: the worker, the farmer, and the Communist Party. Such a practice is considered a worldwide trend when in-power politicians are shown on postage stamps symbolizing the state.^[3][4]

The Party slogans and resolutions on Soviet stamps changed over time. Earlier stamp themes in the 1920s reflected, though indirectly, the spirit ofNew Economic Policy. Since 1929, stamps had been used for a clear declaration of the changed economic policies. WhenJoseph Stalin initiatedindustrialisation, a special set of stamps was issued to support this effort. For example, the 10-kopecks stamp showed a series of tractors, saying "Let us increase the harvest by 35%". An inscription on the 20-kopecks stamp called for "More metal, more machines!". The 28-kopecks stamp pictured a blast furnace, a chart for iron-ore production and the slogan "Iron, 8 million tons".^[3][5]

• Slogans of the Industrialisation issue, 1929
• 
  "For the lower cost of goods sold, for work discipline, for the better quality of a product"
• 
  "Let us increase the harvest by 35%"
• 
  "More metal, more machines!"
• 
  "Iron, 8 million tons"

After theGreat Patriotic War, the government used stamps to call foreconomic reconstruction and mobilisation. A 1946 stamp issue summoned: "Give the country annually 127 million tons of grain", "60 million tons of oil", "60 million tons of steel", "500 million tons of coal", and "50 million tons of cast iron".^[3][6]

• 
  "Give the country annually 127 million tons of grain", 1946
• 
  "By 1980 livestock, cattle and chickens will be significantly increased. Production of meat will grow almost 4 times,
  milk almost 3 times", 1962

Short heroic slogans of the Stalin period calling for economic mobilization were substituted on Soviet stamps in the post-Stalin years. Party platforms with rather lengthy excerpts from Party documents and congresses' resolutions appeared on stamps at that time. Such was, for instance, the series of "Decisions of the22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union—into Life" that was designed by Vasily Zavyalov and A. Shmidshtein, and issued in 1962.^[3][7]

In later years, the style of stamp messages continued, differing from those of the Stalin times. They were no longer brief imperative commands but rather promises and explanations by the Party to Soviet society. For example, on a 1971souvenir sheet from the24th Party Congress series designed by Yu. Levinovsky and A. Shmidshtein, there was an inscription saying that "the main problem is to provide a significant increase of the material and cultural level of life of the people on the basis of high rates of development of socialist production, an increase of its effectiveness, scientific-technical progress, and an acceleration of the growth of the productiveness of labor".^{[3][8][note 1]}

Such messages were typical of stamps for theBrezhnev and post-Brezhnev period until the changes occurred underMikhail Gorbachev.^[3] New slogans, "perestroika", "uskoreniye", "demokratizatsiya", and "glasnost", were coined and appeared on the postage stamps of the USSR.

Perestroyka issues of 1988

• Soviet Union was a sport powerhouse
• 
  1956Spartakiad of Peoples of the USSR
• 
  1980 Summer Olympics inMoscow
• 
  1981 Bandy World Championship inKhabarovsk
• 
  1988World Allround Speed Skating Championships for Men inAlma-Ata (now "Almaty")

A unique complete pane of 25 early Soviet Union stamps is known asSoviet Air Post "Wide 5" surcharged. The stamp itself was produced in 1924 as a surcharge of 10 kopecks on 5-rouble green type II, basic stamp wide "5".^[9][10]

In 1925, a 15-kopeck yellow stamp of "Peasant" design was printed in a very small quantity within the Gold Standard issue. NamedLimonka, it is considered very rare, especially if in mint condition.^[11]

• 
  Limonka, 1925,
  15 kopecks
• 
  Aspidka, 1931, 50 kopecks, perforated

Another very rare Soviet stamp, issued in 1931, isAspidka, especially if imperforate; 24 imperforate specimens are known. Its design was created by Vasily Zavyalov.^[12]

In 1932, the All-Soviet Philatelic Exhibition was organized in Moscow. On that occasion, a souvenir sheet of four stamps known asPersonalised Kartonka was produced on thick card, with three-line overprint "To the best shock worker of the All Russian Philatelic Society – President of the Moscow Philatelic Organization E.M. Nurk". It is considered rare because only 25 souvenir sheets were issued.^[13][14]

ASan Francisco inverted surcharge with small Cyrillic "ф" ("f") is characteristic of a rare Soviet stamp calledLevanevsky with overprint. Possibly unique, it was designed by Vasily Zavyalov and issued in 1935.^[15]

• 
  Levanevsky with overprint, 1935, 1 rouble on 10 kopecks
• 
  Green souvenir sheet, 1964, 1 rouble
• 
  Russian Tokyo 1964. Trial edition - Goznak factory
• 
  tokyo olympiad 1964 attempt to colour red embossed sign goznak

Due to a plate error (asymmetric star), a variety of the first Soviet numbered Tokyo Olympic souvenir sheet of 1964 is now quite rare and known asGreen souvenir sheet.^[16] The Russian Goznak stamp factory has released several sheets of the Tokyo 1964 trial stamps, they are very rare and there are few left.^{[citation needed]}

Soviet Union stamps covered a great variety of themes. The thematics mirrored various aspects of Soviet history, politics, economics, and culture. These included:

• the accomplishments of theGreat October Socialist Revolution,
• achievements of industry, agriculture, science, and culture,
• various anniversary celebrations.^[1]

After 1929, the quality of the Soviet stamps improved. Theiragitational content expanded, as well. Increasing attention was given to stamps withface values of 7, 14, and 28kopecks used for international correspondence.^[3] These stamps were "supposed to tell the truth to the world about the victories of the workers' country of theSoviets".^[17]

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union

• Media related toStamps of the Soviet Union at Wikimedia Commons

• Postage stamps of the Soviet Union
• Lists of postage stamps
• 1923 introductions

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