Šibenik (Croatian:[ʃîbeniːk]ⓘ) is a historic town inCroatia, located in centralDalmatia, where the riverKrka flows into theAdriatic Sea. Šibenik is one of the oldestCroatian self-governing cities[4] on theAdriatic, the capital and cultural, educational, administrative and economic center ofŠibenik-Knin County, and is also thethird-largest town in the Dalmatian region. As of 2021, the town has 31,115 inhabitants, while the municipality has 42,599 inhabitants.[5]The seat is theŠibenik Diocese.
It was first mentioned onChristmas 1066 in a grant ofPeter Krešimir IV, so it is also called "Krešimir's Town". Until theplague pandemic in 17th century it was the largest city on the entire eastern coast of the Adriatic.[6][7] Šibenik was thede facto capital of theCroatia from December 1944 to May 1945. It is also significant as the place offoundation of theCroatian Navy.
There are multiple interpretations of how Šibenik was named. In his fifteenth-century bookDe situ Illiriae et civitate Sibenici,Giorgio Sisgoreo describes the name and location of Šibenik. He attributes the name of the city to it being surrounded by a palisade made ofšibe 'switches/twigs'.[8] Some argue the name is of Illyrian origin, or derived from the family name of theŠubićs.[8] Another interpretation is associated with the forest through the LatintoponymSibinicum, which covered a narrower microregion within Šibenik on and around the area ofSt. Michael's Fortress.[9]
Tarion was an ancient city located in the area between theKrka River in the north and Cape Ploče in the south, branching out along the coast. According to Pliny's notes, Tarion was the home of the Tarioti people, who were indigenous people.[10] According to Pliny's notes, the Tarioti people mainly practiced a pastoral lifestyle, which can be determined by archaeological remains dedicated to the god Silvanus. Of course, in addition to their pastoral lifestyle, their geographical position allowed them to connect with other important cities of the time, such as Danilo, and to have a quality road connection, which is why it was important for the Romans themselves and the people who lived in the area.[11]
Šibenik is one of the oldest native Croatian towns on theAdriatic Sea. Not much is known about the earliest history of Šibenik, or the exact date of its foundation. According to current scientific discoveries, it is assumed that it was founded during the reign of PrinceDomagoj in the 9th century. It initially developed as a fortress (castrum) with an older suburb (suburbium) in the Dolac area and a younger one on the eastern side of the castle, where the church of St. Chrysogonus was built in the 12th century, around which the core of the medieval town later developed. Šibenik belonged to the group of so-called Croatian towns, and it arose on a hill 70 m above the sea (today'sSt. Michael's Fortress). In the area of Šibenik, no traces of ancient urban tradition have been found to this day, but there are certain indications of life in late antiquity. It was first mentioned on Christmas1066 when KingPeter Krešimir IV, at a meeting of high state and church dignitaries, issued a document granting royal freedom and protection to theBenedictine Monastery of St. Mary inZadar.[12] It was at this time that Šibenik was strengthened, as part of the king's efforts to create a counterbalance to the Romanesque cities of the Byzantine theme of Dalmatia with the help of Croatian cities. After the battle with theHungarian army at the Peter's Mountain in 1097 and the death of the Croatian rulerPeter Snačić, Šibenik recognized the rule of theCroatian-Hungarian kingKoloman in 1105.
In the period after the loss of the national ruler on the Croatian throne,Venice,Byzantium andArpadović fought for power over Šibenik continuously until 1180. In the 12th century, in the legal sense, it was a fortified settlement (castrum,oppidum), not a city (civitas), so its future efforts were directed towards achieving a city status, which would reach other Dalmatian cities (such asZadar,Trogir andSplit. In 1169, Šibenik was granted city status and the right to mint coins by the Hungarian kingStephen III. However, only after bitter disputes and a long struggle with Trogir did Šibenik manage to win its own diocese and in 1298 theŠibenik diocese was founded – the true status of a city in the Middle Ages. The Šibenik diocese was established by a bull of Pope Boniface VIII on 1 May 1298. The act of establishment itself took place in Šibenik on 28 June of the same year, and the papal bull was proclaimed and the first bishop, Fr. Martin Rabljanin, was consecrated. The cathedral church was the then Church of St. James the Apostle. It was destroyed by fire in 1380. Soon, people began to think about building a new, larger cathedral.[13]
From the end of the 13th century, Šibenik recognized the rule of Croatian princes, first princeDomald (1200–1226), and then theprinces of Bribir (until 1322). During the reign of the latter, Šibenik became the episcopal seat and gained a city status, but it lagged behind economically due to heavy taxes and obligations. This was the cause of the outbreak of a rebellion against theBribirski government; then, with the support of theRepublic of Venice, the city managed to fight off the rule ofMladen II., but eventually lost its autonomy and the right to freely elect a prince, who was elected by the Venetians from then on. The city again came underAngevin rule after the defeat of the Venetian Republic in the war withLouis I Angevin and the signing of the Peace of Zadar (1358). From 1390, together with other cities in Dalmatia (except Zadar), it recognized the rule of the Bosnian kingTvrtko I. Kotromanić, and at the beginning of the 15th century, of the Bosnian dukeHrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić and kingLadislav of Naples.[14]
Unlike other cities along the Adriatic coast, which were established by Greeks, Illyrians and Romans, Šibenik was founded bySlavs.[15] It was mentioned for the first time under its present name in 1066 in a Charter of theCroatian KingPetar Krešimir IV[15] and, for a period of time, it was a seat of this Croatian King. For that reason, Šibenik is also called "Krešimirov grad" (Krešimir's city).
Between the 11th and 12th centuries, Šibenik was tossed back and forth amongVenice,Byzantium, andHungary. It was conquered by theRepublic of Venice in 1116,[16] who held it until 1124, when they briefly lost it to the Byzantine Empire,[17] and then held it again until 1133 when it was retaken by theKingdom of Hungary.[18] It would change hands among the aforementioned states several more times until 1180.
Šibenik in 1486, painted by Konrad von GrünbergerŠibenik in 1575, by Braun and Hogenberg
The city, like the rest ofDalmatia, initially resisted theVenetian Republic, but it was taken over after a three-year war in 1412.[15] Under Venetian rule, Šibenik became in 1412 the seat of the maincustoms office and the seat of the salt consumers office with amonopoly on the salt trade inChioggia and on the wholeAdriatic Sea.
In August 1417, Venetian authorities were concerned with the "Morlachs and other Slavs" from the hinterland, that were a threat to security in Šibenik.[20] TheOttoman Empire started to threaten Šibenik (known asSebenico), as part of their struggle against Venice, at the end of the 15th century,[16] but they never succeeded in conquering it. In the 16th century,St. Nicholas Fortress was built and, by the 17th century, its fortifications were improved again by the fortresses of St. John (Tanaja) and Šubićevac (Barone).
In 1872, at the time in theKingdom of Dalmatia,Ante Šupuk became the town's first Croat mayor elected under universal suffrage. He was instrumental in the process of the modernization of the city, and is particularly remembered for the 1895 project to providestreet lights powered by the early ACJaruga Hydroelectric Power Plant. On 28 August 1895, Šibenik became the world's first city withalternating current-powered street lights.[23]
With the collapse of the Venetian state, Šibenik came under the rule of theAustria in 1797. This was preceded by popular unrest led by the pro-Austrian clergy who were afraid ofsecularists and the bourgeois revolution brought about by the French occupation of the Venetian Republic, and saw all the former Venetian officials as enemies. In these riots in Šibenik, the entire family of the honorary French consul was executed, and most of the other nobles fled to the neighboring islands. In early 1806, the French army entered the city and Šibenik became part of theFrench Empire, and from 1810 of the autonomousIllyrian Provinces, when after many centuries "Illyrian" briefly became the official language. At the beginning of the century, construction of the road to Knin viaKonjevrate andDrniš began, which was completed in 1802, and after the arrival of the French, the road network towards Split, Zadar andRijeka was improved. The French governors were appalled by the backwardness of Venetian Dalmatia, so they tried to modernize agriculture in it, establish a school system, build the first hospital, an orphanage, implement anti-epidemiological protection of the population, and modernize the administration and judiciary. AfterNapoleon Bonaparte's defeat, the Austrian army conquered Dalmatia and entered Šibenik at the end of 1813.[24][25]
Šibenik remained part of the Habsburg Monarchy until 1918, as did the rest of theKingdom of Dalmatia. The beginning of the second part of Austrian absolutist rule represented a period of stagnation in all areas of life. Austria raised strong border control towards Bosnia and defended caravan trade, maritime trade also declined due to the loss of sailing ships, and also due to Austria's lack of a naval strategy, which caused Šibenik to stagnate again. In 1839, the first signs of national awakening appeared, more precisely theIllyrian Movement, by two ŠibenikSerbs, Božidar Petranović and Špiro Popović, who created a joint Croatian-Serbian front against the Italianization of Dalmatia. They were visited twice in 1841 byGaj andMažuranić. At the same time, among educated citizens, the autonomist and Italian current was even stronger and more widespread, seeing its idol in the Šibenik nativeNicoli Tommase, who also became a minister in the government of the briefly restored Venetian Republic. It was not until 1848/49 that the political activity of Šibenik under Austrian rule became more strongly manifested, when a people's municipal assembly was briefly elected after a landslide victory over the autonomists. The Croatian national revival in the city grew stronger, and in 1851,ban Jelačić visited him, in whom the people placed their hopes that he would unite Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia, and the city gave him a welcome bigger than when Emperor Francis visited in 1818, but on the eve of Bach's absolutism, Jelačić did not mention unification in his welcoming speech.[26] During the dictatorship, all political life died down for a whole decade and all pro-Slavic ideas were banned, which allowed the re-strengthening of the autonomists who won the first elections in 1865. A particularly significant event for the further development of folk reproducibility occurred in 1866 when the National Slavonic Reading Room was founded, and unlike other cities, the people of Šibenik built the theater themselves in 1870 without the help of the government and the municipality.[27] The turning point occurred in the elections for the Dalmatian Parliament in 1870, when thePeople's Party won a landslide victory in Šibenik and its surroundings.[28] In 1872, the nationalists won the municipal elections and the following year established the first Croatian municipal administration withAnte Šupuk as mayor, who greatly contributed to the economic and communal progress of the city, which until then was the largest working-class city on the Adriatic. During his term, theCroatian language was introduced as the official language in the municipal administration.
Šibenik'sBorgo di Terra (land-side borough) in 1907 - today'sPoljana. In the foreground the National Theatre and in the background theFortress (Tvrđava sv. Mihovila/Castel vecchio).
At the beginning of the 19th century, Šibenik society was considered class-based. They ate mainly barley products and various vegetables. Until the arrival of the French government, poor people lived in difficult living conditions in Šibenik. With the arrival of the French government on the territory of Šibenik, modernization began, which also brought a new system of social values and attempted to eliminate inequality among the citizens of Šibenik who belonged to different classes. The hospital was renovated, and citizens could use it free of charge.[29] In the 1870s, Šibenik began to experience even greater prosperity, and this period of Šibenik's history is called the "Šupuk era". At that time, Šibenik was promised a railway that would connect Šibenik with other cities and thus facilitate trade. One of the most important features of Šibenik's development in the 19th century is considered to be the construction of a hydroelectric power plant on the Krka River on August 28, 1895. Possession of a larger amount of electricity only meant accelerated development of Šibenik and enabled the development of various manufacturing and craft facilities.[30]
DuringWorld War I, the Austro-Hungarian navy used the port facilities of Šibenik, and the light cruisers and destroyers which escaped the Allied force after the battle of Cape Rodoni (or Gargano) returned to safety in the city, where some battleships were based.[31] After the war Šibenik was occupied by theKingdom of Italy until 12 June 1921 within the framework of theoccupation of the eastern Adriatic. As a result of theTreaty of Rapallo, the Italians gave up their claim to the city and it became a part of theKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. After World War I, the exodus of theDalmatian Italians from the city began.[32] DuringWorld War II, Šibenik was annexed byItaly and was part of the ItalianGovernorate of Dalmatia from 1941 to 1943 being part of theprovince of Zara. Communist partisans liberated Šibenik on 3 November 1944.
After World War II it became a part of theSFR Yugoslavia until Croatia declared independence in 1991.
During theCroatian War of Independence (1991–95), Šibenik was heavily attacked by theYugoslav People's Army and Serbian paramilitary troops.[16][better source needed] Although under-armed, the nascentCroatian army and the people of Šibenik managed to defend the city. The battle lasted for six days (16–22 September), often referred to as the "September battle". The bombings damaged numerous buildings and monuments, including the dome of theŠibenik Cathedral of St James and the 1870-built theatre building.
In an August 1995military operation, the Croatian Army defeated the Serb forces and reconquered the occupied areas,[16] which allowed the region to recover from the war and continue to develop as the centre of Šibenik-Knin county. Since then, the damaged areas of the city have been fully restored.
Šibenik is located at 43˚44'north latitude and 15˚55'east longitude. Geographical position of the city lies amphitheatrically around the Šibenik Bay (one of the best natural harbors in the Adriatic), on the hills ofTrtar (496 m), not far from the mouth of theKrka into the sea. It is connected toZadar in the northwest (79 km away) andSplit in the southeast (80 km) by theAdriatic Highway, a highway and a railway. It is connected to the Šibenik islands (Prvić,Zlarin,Žirje,Kaprije, Obonjan) by ferry connections. Therelief is characterized by a very indented coast, a wide strip of the hinterland of the coastal-Dinaric karst ofZagora, a hilly area in the hinterland.
The landscape is diverse, and the sea is the greatest wealth and the basic natural resource that determines the economic basis. The air length of the coast is 56.2 km, and the actual length is as much as 805.9 km. The county is home to twonational parks,Krka andKornati, and the southeastern (smaller) part of the nature parkVransko jezero. The average population density is 51.5 inhabitants per km2.
Šibenik has amediterranean climate (Csa), with mild, humid winters and hot, dry summers. January and February are the coldest months, July and August are the hottest months. In July the average maximum temperature is around 30 °C (86 °F). TheKöppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Csa" (Mediterranean Climate).[33]
Since records began in 1949, the highest temperature recorded at the local weather station at an elevation of 77 metres (253 ft) was 39.4 °C (102.9 °F), on 10 August 2017.[34] The coldest temperature was −11.0 °C (12.2 °F), on 10 February 1956.[35]
Šibenik is a city with 24 churches, 6 monasteries, 4 fortresses, and 2851 city steps, as well as the largest number of baroque organs. One of the major attractions is theVrana (Vransko) Lake Nature Park, which is the largest natural lake in Croatia, with 256 species of birds. The biggest church, and the most important monument of Šibenik isŠibenik Cathedral. The Cathedral of St. James in Šibenik is aUNESCOWorld Heritage Site and one of the most significant monuments ofRenaissance architecture in Croatia. Constructed between 1431 and 1536 entirely ofstone, without the use of mortar or wood, it represents a unique structural and artistic achievement. The cathedral was designed and built by several prominent masters, most notablyJuraj Dalmatinac (Giorgio da Sebenico) andNikola Firentinac, who combined Gothic and early Renaissance elements into a harmonious whole. Its most distinctive features include the sculpted frieze of 71human heads encircling the exterior apse, the monumental stonedome, and a richly articulated interior with barrel vaulting. The cathedral stands as an exceptional testimony to the interchange of artistic influences between northern Italy, Dalmatia, and the Adriatic cultural sphere during the 15th and 16th centuries.
Several successive architects built it completely in stone between 1431 and 1536,[15] both inGothic and inRenaissance style. The interlocking stone slabs of the cathedral's roof were damaged when the city was shelled byYugoslav forces in 1991. The damage has since been repaired.
Šibenik developed an extensivefortification system from the 11th to the 17th century in response to its strategic position on theAdriatic and the threat ofOttoman expansion. For centuries, Šibenik’s growth and urban form were heavily influenced by its geopolitical location — perched at a strategic coastal entry point exposed to both maritime powers and continental threats. As a result, the city became a focal point of medieval defenses, Venetian military engineering, Ottoman campaigns, and later Habsburg and modern military use. The city of Šibenik has four fortresses, each of which has views of the city, sea and nearby islands. The fortresses are now tourist sightseeing destinations.[37]
The medievalSt. Michael's Fortress (Croatian:Tvrđava Sv. Mihovila) The oldest city fortress is a major cultural and historical monument in Šibenik. This medieval stronghold represents the birthplace of the city, first mentioned in historical records in 1066, and was constructed to control and defend the Šibenik lagoon and the mouth of theKrka River. The impressive scale and strength of its fortified quadrangular layout made the fortress the dominant guardian of the surrounding area. Today, the fortress is known for open-air stage venue with 1,077 seats, which in a remarkably short time has become one of the most prestigious performance venues in the region and it has been used for performances such as:Lorde,Gregory Porter,Michael Kiwanuka,The National,Maksim Mrvica,Neno Belan and many more.[38]
St. Nicholas Fortress (Croatian:Tvrđava Sv. Nikole) is a fortress located on the island ofLjuljevac, at the entrance to theSt. Anthony Channel, across from theJadrija beach lighthouse. The construction of the fortress was a major undertaking, significant not only for the citizens of Šibenik but also for its rulers, as it was built to defend the city against Ottoman attacks from the sea. Erected at the entrance to a narrow channel approximately 1,500 metres long, the fortress became a key strategic defensive structure, contributing decisively to the inviolability of Šibenik’s harbour and the city itself. Since the channel represented the only possible access to the Šibenik Bay, the fortress enabled effective defence and complete control over all maritime traffic entering the area. It is included inUNESCO'sWorld Heritage Site list as part ofVenetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries:Stato da Terra – westernStato da Mar in 2017.[39]
St. John Fortress (Croatian:Tvrđava sv. Ivana) - St. John’s Fortress is located above Šibenik’s historic old town, at an elevation of 115 metresabove sea level. It was constructed in August and September 1646, in 58 days, as the central element of a newly established defensive system, built in anticipation of a major Ottoman military attack. The fortress was erected by the citizens of Šibenik using their own labour and resources, following the plans of the Genoese engineerFra Antonio Leni. Designed as a star-shaped fortification, the structure has undergone multiple reconstructions and reinforcements throughout its history. In recent times, it also gained international recognition as a filming location for the globally popular television seriesGame of Thrones.[40]
Barone Fortress (Croatian:Tvrđava Barone) - Barone Fortress, situated 90 metres above sea level on a hill formerly known asVidakuša, is one of the three land fortifications that protected Šibenik from enemy attacks. In the mid-17th century, deteriorating relations between the Ottoman Empire and Venice, coupled with the outbreak of theCretan War, brought opposing forces close to Šibenik. In response, the citizens—united in solidarity—built this fortress in 58 days. Shortly after its completion, the city faced the largest assault in its history, when Bosnian PashaTekijeli arrived with an army of 25,000 to 30,000 soldiers. The citizens of Šibenik successfully defended the city, with Barone Fortress playing a crucial role in securing this historic victory.[41]
Roughly 18 kilometres (11 mi) north of the city is theKrka National Park, similar to thePlitvice Lakes National Park, known for its many waterfalls, flora, fauna, and historical and archaeological remains.
TheKornati archipelago, west of Šibenik, consists of 150 islands in a sea area of about 320 km2 (124 sq mi), making it the densestarchipelago in theMediterranean Sea.[42]
The composerJakov Gotovac founded the city's "Philharmonia Society" in 1922. The 19th-century composerFranz von Suppé was part of the city's cultural fabric, as he was a native of nearbySplit.
Each summer, a number of concerts and events take place in the city, many of them in the St. Michael Fortress. Also, starting in 2016 on a nearby island of Obonjan (6 kilometres (3.7 miles) southwest of the city), an annual music, art, health and workshop festival is being held.
The annual Šibenik International Children's Festival (Međunarodni Dječji Festival) takes place every summer and hosts children's workshops, plays and other activities.From 2011 to 2013 the Terraneo festival (music festival) was held in August on a yearly basis on a former military area in Šibenik, and since 2014 Šibenik (and other nearby towns) are the home of its spiritual successor Super Uho festival. Šibenik hosts the Dalmatian Chanson Evenings festival (Večeri Dalmatinske Šansone), held in the second half of August.[43]
The famous multi-purpose Baldekin Sports Hall was the home arena ofKK Šibenik, the famous basketball club which played in the final of theFIBA Korać Cup twice, as well as in the final of the1982–83 Yugoslav league championship. The team was led by then 19-year-old Dražen Petrović.[44]
The dissolved men's basketball club,Jolly Jadranska banka, played in the play-offs semifinals of the Croatian league championship twice, as well as in theKrešimir Ćosić Cup final game in the 2016–17 season.[46][47]
Šubićevac stadium, which is located in the neighbourhood of the same name, has been the home ground of theHNK Šibenik football club, which had played many years in theYugoslav Second League, and later many years in theCroatian First League. In the 2009–10 season, the club played in theCroatian Cup final, which they lost to powerhouseHajduk Split. As of 2021, the club again competes in the Croatian First League.
Croatian water polo internationals, Perica Bukić and Renato Vrbičić, are Olympic medalists. They won gold medals at the1996 Summer Olympics inAtlanta. Ivica Tucak has been the most successful coach of the senior men's Croatian national team ever.
Source: Naselja i stanovništvo Republike Hrvatske 1857–2021,DZS
In the 2021 Croatian census, Šibenik's total city population was 42,599 which makes it the eleventh-largest city in Croatia, with 31,115 in the urban settlement.[5]
Throughout history, there was a significantItalian-speaking community in Šibenik. According to the Austrian censuses, there were 1,018 residents of the central settlement that usedItalian as theirhabitual language[52] (14.5% of the total population) in 1890, and 810 (6.4%) in 1910.[53] The commune as a whole had 1,090 (5.3%) Italian speakers in 1890, and 836 (2.8%) in 1910.[53] In 2011, only 16 people declared themselves as Italians, corresponding to 0.03% of the total population.[54]
In the mid-19th and early 20th centuries, Šibenik was one of the most important economic centers of southern Croatia, and was economically significant in the trade, crafts and industry of Dalmatia. It was greatly helped by the transport connection withLika and part ofBosnia and Herzegovina, and due to the aforementioned transport connection, it was the main export port for wood and ores.[55] Although part of the population was employed in the aforementioned economic branches, agriculture was still the main economic branch. They were mainly engaged ingrape growing,olive growing andgardening.[56]
According to the data of the Croatian Chamber of Economy, in the city of Šibenik in 2010, a total of 838 companies were registered, of which 3 were large, 12 medium-sized, and 823 small. Of the total number, 799 were limited liability companies, 16 joint-stock companies, 14 institutions, 8 public companies, and 1 company with a foreign founder. According to the Central Trades Register, in 2010, there were 1,321 registered tradesmen in Šibenik. According to the Register of Associations, in 2010, there were 445 registered associations with headquarters in the City of Šibenik.
Today, Šibenik is the capital, cultural, educational, administrative and economic center of theŠibensko-kninska županija, which has 46,332 inhabitants (2011, including suburban settlements). Until the 1980s, Šibenik was a strong industrial center (factories "TEF" and "TLM"), the Šibenik port was among the largest in the former Yugoslavia, but an economic decline occurred, and in the 1990s, TEF ceased operations (the factory was removed), and TLM, which was significantly damaged in theGreater Serbian aggression, significantly reduced production capacities.
The Šibenik Port had an important influence on the development of the economy in the city of Šibenik. During theAustro-Hungarian rule, the Šibenik Port was the third most important port (right afterTrieste andFiumme). At that time, the city of Šibenik and its port played an extremely important role as indispensable urban and port environments in the process of socio-economic integration of the Adriatic region on the one hand, as well as connecting that region with the Balkan hinterland on the other.
Šibenik is one of the best protected ports on the Croatian Adriatic and is situated on the estuary of theKrka River. The approach channel is navigable by ships up to 50,000 tonnesdeadweight. The port itself has depths up to 40 m.[57]
The city of Šibenik has started the construction and expansion of the port. According to the idea of the architect Puljiz, on the space of 44,000 square meters, where the terminal will be located, a cruise ship of up to 260 meters, a large ferry of 180 meters, and two liners of 60 meters each will be able to dock at the same time. The terminal would be environmentally friendly and would use thermal pumps immersed in the sea for heating and cooling, and with solar collectors that would be integrated into the roof structure, the terminal would thus provide up to 40 percent of its energy needs. The total investment amounts to 24 million euros, and the completion of the works is expected by 2014 or 2015.[58]
^Monumenta spectantia historiam Slavorum meridionalium: Edidit Academia Scienciarum et Artium Slavorum Meridionalium, Volume 1. Croatia: Jugoslavenska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti. 1868. p. 171.
^Alen Miletić (1 December 2008)."Castellum Tariona".Vjesnik za arheologiju i povijest dalmatinsku (in Croatian).101 (1):59–74. Retrieved3 May 2021.
^Dr. Ferdo Čulinović: Šibenik from the fall of Venice to the collapse of the French government (1797-1813); "Šibenik-spomen zbornik o 900. oblijetnici", Muzej grada Šibenik, Šibenik, 1976. p. 289-315
^Slavo Grubišić: "Šibenik through the centuries", Šibenik City Museum, Šibenik, 1974.
^Dr. Stjepo Obad: Economic, social and political development of Šibenik from 1814 to 1859; "Šibenik-spomen zbornik o 900. oblijetnici", Muzej grada Šibenik, Šibenik, 1976. pp. 329-376
^Prof. Julije Grabovac: Triumph of national thought in Šibenik; "Šibenik-spomen zbornik o 900. obljetnici", Muzej grada Šibenik, Šibenik, 1976. pp. 377-408
^Skračiċ, Vladimir (2003).Kornat Islands. Zadar: Forum.ISBN953-179-600-9.
^"Dalmatian Chanson Evenings".Šibenik Tourist Board.Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved6 January 2021.Live performances with orchestra and choir accompany the best Croatian artists, composers and songwriters.
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