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InNorse mythology,Útgarðar (literally: "Outyards", the plural ofÚtgarðr; the word can, according toOld Norse orthography, be anglicized asUtgard,Utgardar and in other ways) surrounded a stronghold of thejötnar. They are associated withÚtgarða-Loki, a great and deviousjotunn featured in one of the myths concerningThor and the otherLoki who competed in rigged competitions held in the Outyards. These outdoor arenas contrasted with the putrid, indoor cave where Útgarða-Loki is said to have dwelt, when chained, in the 12th-centuryGesta Danorum.
In another version of Norse mythology, Utgard is thought to be the last of the three worlds connected toYggdrasil, being the home of the external cosmic forces. Utgard needs to be compared with theMidgard, the world of human affairs, andAsgard, variously attested at the crux of the matter, the centre of the world, as identified withTroy bySnorri Sturluson.[1]
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